Abstract: Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder that typically presents with cholestasis, cardiac, ocular, skeletal, vascular and renal abnormalities, and distinct facial features. Most cases are due to variants in the JAG1 gene, with only a small percentage involving a complete gene deletion. Objective: to contribute to the phenotype delineation and interpretation of a microdeletion not previously described in the literature on chromosome 20. Clinical Case: A 4-month-old female patient was diagnosed with a heart murmur. An echocardiogram revealed pulmonary artery stenosis, which, combined with a prominent forehead observed on physical examination, determined her referral to clinical genetics. Because ALGS was suspected, complementary studies were performed, revealing butterfly vertebras and a genetic panel identified a pathogenic heterozygous deletion, encompassing the entire coding sequence of the JAG1 gene. To rule out a more extensive deletion, a chromosome microarray was performed, confirming a pathogenic microdeletion on chromosome 20 of 378 kb (arr[GRCh37] 20p12.2(10414643_10792802)x1). Conclusions: A targeted sequencing panel followed by confirmation with a chromosome microarray allowed the identification and delineation of a pathogenic microdeletion not previously reported in the literature, including the complete JAG1 gene in a Chilean patient whose phenotype is consistent with ALGS.

Resumen: El síndrome de Alagille (SALG) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante y multisistémica, que suele manifestarse con colestasia, anomalías cardiacas, oculares, esqueléticas, vasculares, renales y rasgos faciales particulares. La mayoría de los casos se deben a variantes en el gen JAG1, siendo muy pocas de ellas deleciones completas del gen. Objetivo: Contribuir a la delimitación fenotípica e interpretación de una microdeleción no descrita previamente en la literatura en el cromosoma 20. Caso Clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino, a quién a los 4 meses de vida se le detectó un soplo cardíaco. El ecocardiograma evidenció estenosis de ramas pulmonares, lo que, junto con el hallazgo de una frente prominente en el examen físico, motivó su derivación a genética clínica. Debido a la sospecha de SALG, se realizaron estudios complementarios que revelaron vértebras en mariposa y un panel genético que identificó una deleción patogénica en heterocigosis, abarcando toda la secuencia codificante del gen JAG1. Para descartar una deleción más extensa, se realizó un cariotipo molecular confirmándose una microdeleción patogénica en el cromosoma 20 de 378 kb (arr[GRCh37] 20p12.2(10414643_10792802)x1). Conclusiones: La secuenciación con panel dirigido y posterior confirmación con microarreglo para cariotipo molecular, permitieron identificar y delimitar una microdeleción patogénica no reportada previamente en la literatura, la cual incluye el gen JAG1 completo, en una paciente chilena cuyo fenotipo es concordante con SALG.

Abstract: Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder that typically presents with cholestasis, cardiac, ocular, skeletal, vascular and renal abnormalities, and distinct facial features. Most cases are due to variants in the JAG1 gene, with only a small percentage involving a complete gene deletion. Objective: to contribute to the phenotype delineation and interpretation of a microdeletion not previously described in the literature on chromosome 20. Clinical Case: A 4-month-old female patient was diagnosed with a heart murmur. An echocardiogram revealed pulmonary artery stenosis, which, combined with a prominent forehead observed on physical examination, determined her referral to clinical genetics. Because ALGS was suspected, complementary studies were performed, revealing butterfly vertebras and a genetic panel identified a pathogenic heterozygous deletion, encompassing the entire coding sequence of the JAG1 gene. To rule out a more extensive deletion, a chromosome microarray was performed, confirming a pathogenic microdeletion on chromosome 20 of 378 kb (arr[GRCh37] 20p12.2(10414643_10792802)x1). Conclusions: A targeted sequencing panel followed by confirmation with a chromosome microarray allowed the identification and delineation of a pathogenic microdeletion not previously reported in the literature, including the complete JAG1 gene in a Chilean patient whose phenotype is consistent with ALGS.

Resumen: El síndrome de Alagille (SALG) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante y multisistémica, que suele manifestarse con colestasia, anomalías cardiacas, oculares, esqueléticas, vasculares, renales y rasgos faciales particulares. La mayoría de los casos se deben a variantes en el gen JAG1, siendo muy pocas de ellas deleciones completas del gen. Objetivo: Contribuir a la delimitación fenotípica e interpretación de una microdeleción no descrita previamente en la literatura en el cromosoma 20. Caso Clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino, a quién a los 4 meses de vida se le detectó un soplo cardíaco. El ecocardiograma evidenció estenosis de ramas pulmonares, lo que, junto con el hallazgo de una frente prominente en el examen físico, motivó su derivación a genética clínica. Debido a la sospecha de SALG, se realizaron estudios complementarios que revelaron vértebras en mariposa y un panel genético que identificó una deleción patogénica en heterocigosis, abarcando toda la secuencia codificante del gen JAG1. Para descartar una deleción más extensa, se realizó un cariotipo molecular confirmándose una microdeleción patogénica en el cromosoma 20 de 378 kb (arr[GRCh37] 20p12.2(10414643_10792802)x1). Conclusiones: La secuenciación con panel dirigido y posterior confirmación con microarreglo para cariotipo molecular, permitieron identificar y delimitar una microdeleción patogénica no reportada previamente en la literatura, la cual incluye el gen JAG1 completo, en una paciente chilena cuyo fenotipo es concordante con SALG.

Resumen: Introducción: la trisomía 21 o síndrome de Down (SD) es la alteración cromosómica más frecuente, con una incidencia general de 1 en 600 a 800 recién nacidos vivos. Su diagnóstico es de sospecha clínica y confirmación citogenética. Las cardiopatías congénitas y las malformaciones gastrointestinales son frecuentes, al igual que las alteraciones hematológicas y desórdenes tiroideos. Material y método: estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de detallar las características fenotípicas, genéticas, malformaciones y morbilidades asociadas en los pacientes con trisomía 21 nacidos en el Servicio de Neonatología del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre el 1 de julio de 2017 y el 1 de julio de 2021. Resultados: se incluyeron 56 pacientes, 30/56 fueron de sexo masculino, la media de edad gestacional fue de 37 semanas. Un total de 17 pacientes fue pretérmino. De los pacientes estudiados, 45/56 presentaron trisomía libre en el cariotipo. La hipotonía fue el signo más frecuentemente observado en el examen clínico. El defecto congénito más frecuente, en 34 pacientes, fue la cardiopatía congénita. La más frecuente fue la comunicación interauricular (CIA), seguida de la comunicación interventricular (CIV) en segundo lugar y el canal atrioventricular (canal AV) en tercer lugar. Se encontraron 23 pacientes con alteraciones en el hemograma, siendo la plaquetopenia la alteración más observada. A nueve pacientes se les realizó diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo y la mortalidad global durante la internación fue de 1,78%. Conclusiones: se destaca la alta prevalencia de prematurez y de defectos congénitos asociados, siendo la cardiopatía congénita la más frecuente.

Summary: Introduction: trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome is the most frequent chromosomal alteration, with a general incidence of 1 in 600 to 800 live newborns. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and cytogenetic confirmation. Congenital heart disease and gastrointestinal malformations are frequent, as are hematological abnormalities and thyroid disorders. Materials and Methods: descriptive study with the objective of describing the phenotypic and genetic characteristics, malformations and associated morbidities in patients with trisomy 21 born in the neonatology service of the Pereira Rossell Hospital between July 1, 2017 and July 1, 2021. Results: 56 patients were included, 30/56 were male, the mean gestational age was 37 weeks. A total of 17 patients were preterm. Of the patients studied, 45/56 presented free trisomy in the karyotype. Hypotonia was the most frequently observed sign on clinical examination. The most common birth defect, in 34 patients, was congenital heart disease. Among them, the most frequent defect was interatrial septal defect (CIA), followed by interventricular septal defect (VSD) and thirdly, atrioventricular canal (AV canal). Twenty-three patients with alterations in the complete blood count were found, being thrombocytopenia the most observed alteration. Nine patients were diagnosed with hypothyroidism and overall mortality during hospitalization was 1.78%. Conclusions: we must highlight the high prevalence of prematurity and associated congenital defects, being congenital heart disease the most frequent.

Resumo: Introdução: a Trissomia do 21 ou Síndrome de Down é a alteração cromossômica mais frequente, com incidência geral de 1 em 600 a 800 recém-nascidos vivos. Seu diagnóstico é baseado na suspeita clínica e na confirmação citogenética. Doenças cardíacas congênitas e malformações gastrointestinais são frequentes, assim como anomalias hematológicas e distúrbios da tireoide. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo com objetivo de descrever as características fenotípicas e genéticas, malformações e morbidades associadas em pacientes com trissomia dos 21 nascidos no serviço de Neonatologia do Hospital Pereira Rossell entre 1º de julho de 2017 e 1º de julho de 2021. Resultados: foram incluídos 56 pacientes, 30/56 do sexo masculino, idade gestacional média de 37 semanas. Um total de 17 pacientes foram prematuros. Dos pacientes estudados, 45/56 apresentavam trissomia livre no cariótipo. A hipotonia foi o sinal mais frequentemente observado no exame clínico. O defeito congênito mais comum, em 34 pacientes, foi a cardiopatia congênita. Dentre eles, o mais frequente foi a comunicação interatrial (CIA), seguida pela comunicação interventricular (CIV) em segundo lugar e pelo canal atrioventricular (canal AV) em terceiro lugar. Foram encontrados 23 pacientes com alterações no hemograma completo, sendo a trombocitopenia a alteração mais observada. Nove pacientes foram diagnosticados com hipotireoidismo e a mortalidade geral durante a internação foi de 1,78%. Conclusões: destaca-se a alta prevalência de prematuridade e defeitos congênitos associados, sendo as cardiopatias congênitas as mais frequentes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência e realizar a caracterização clínica das fissuras orais em uma amostra de pacientes com trissomia do cromossomo 18 no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal retrospectivo, realizado em um serviço de referência em genética clínica do sul do Brasil. A amostra inicial foi composta de 77 pacientes com diagnóstico no período neonatal de trissomia 18 atendidos no Serviço de Genética Clínica da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). O diagnóstico dos pacientes foi confirmado por cariótipo e os atendimentos foram realizados durante sua internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de hospital de referência no sul do Brasil para atendimento em pacientes malformados. O período abrangido foi de 1975 a 2020. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo foram atendidos, a maioria na UTI do hospital, 77 pacientes com diagnóstico de trissomia do cromossomo 18. Destes, 13 indivíduos foram excluídos por apresentarem dados incompletos. A amostra final foi de 64 pacientes, com idade média de 2,4 anos de vida, variando de um dia de vida a 16 anos, a maioria do sexo feminino. Com relação aos dismorfismos faciais identificados na amostra, três (4,68%) pacientes apresentavam fissuras labiais e dois (3,11%) fissuras labiopalatinas. Conclusões: Este estudo trouxe como contribuições o reconhecimento das características e a prevalência das fendas orais nos indivíduos com trissomia do cromossomo 18 em uma amostra de pacientes do sul do Brasil. Além disso, descrevemos as alterações clínicas encontradas em pacientes com fissuras orais, bem como outras comorbidades associadas, como comorbidades cardíacas, neurológicas e pulmonares, além de dismorfismos cranianos e faciais. Objetivo 1 Métodos retrospectivo 7 UFCSPA. UFCSPA . (UFCSPA) (UTI malformados 197 2020 Resultados Destes incompletos 6 24 2 4 2, feminino 4,68% 468 68 (4,68% 3,11% 311 3 11 (3,11% labiopalatinas Conclusões disso associadas cardíacas pulmonares (UFCSPA 19 202 4,68 46 (4,68 3,11 31 (3,11 20 4,6 (4,6 3,1 (3,1 4, (4, 3, (3, (4 (3 (

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the prevalence and perform the clinical characterization of oral clefts in a sample of patients with trisomy of chromosome 18 in Southern Brazil. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, performed in a reference clinical genetic service in Southern Brazil. The initial sample consisted of 77 patients diagnosed in the neonatal period with trisomy 18 treated at the Clinical Genetics Service of a referral hospital at Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). The patients’ diagnosis was confirmed by karyotype and care was provided during their stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) of the hospital that is a reference in Southern Brazil for care for malformed patients. The period covered was from 1975 to 2020. Results: During the study period, 77 patients diagnosed with trisomy 18 were treated, most of them in the ICU. Of these, 13 individuals were excluded due to incomplete data. The final sample consisted of 64 patients with an average age of 2.4 years of life, ranging from one day to 16 years old, the majority of whom were female. Regarding face dysmorphisms identified in the sample, three (4,68%) patients had cleft lip and two (3,11%) had cleft lip and palate. Conclusions: This study contributed to the recognition of the characteristics and prevalence of oral clefts in individuals with trisomy 18 in a sample of patients from Southern Brazil. In addition, we described the clinical alterations found in patients with oral clefts, as well as other associated comorbidities, such as cardiac, neurological and pulmonary comorbidities, as well as cranial and facial dysmorphisms. Objective 1 Methods crosssectional cross sectional 7 UFCSPA. UFCSPA . (UFCSPA) ICU (ICU 197 2020 Results these data 6 24 2 4 2. life old female 4,68% 468 68 (4,68% 3,11% 311 3 11 (3,11% palate Conclusions addition comorbidities cardiac (UFCSPA 19 202 4,68 46 (4,68 3,11 31 (3,11 20 4,6 (4,6 3,1 (3,1 4, (4, 3, (3, (4 (3 (

Abstract: Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in women with partial or complete absence of an X chromosome. Objective: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and genotypic characteristics of patients with Turner syndrome, treated at three health institutions in Medellin. Patients and Method: A retrospective study was carried out. A total of 97 patients with Turner syndrome (< 18 years) confirmed by karyotype between 2011 and 2018 were included. Patients whose karyotype did not meet the specification of the American College of Medical Genetics were excluded. Data on sociodemographic details, nutritional variables, phenotypic characteristics, and laboratory tests were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.5 years (IQR 4-12). The main clinical characteristic was short stature (90%). Additionally, they presented cardiovascular malformations (35%), renal alterations (26%), hearing disorders, mainly hypoacusis (33%), and neuropsychiatric disorders (44%). The most frequent karyotype was 45,X (51%) followed by 45,X/46,XX (14%). The patients with 45,X karyotype had the most classic clinical characteristics. Patients > 5 years old had a higher proportion of weight excess than the general population. Dyslipidemia was found in 62% and hypothyroidism in 22%. 70% of patients > 11 years received pubertal induction; 23% presented spontaneous puberty and 44% of them required hormonal maintenance. 86% received somatropin. Conclusion: The patients with Turner syndrome in our study presented a high frequency of short stature and cardiovascular, renal, hearing, endocrine, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. The diagnosis was delayed due to the lack of clinical suspicion given its variable presentation.

Resumen: El síndrome de Turner es un trastorno genético que se presenta en mujeres con ausencia parcial o completa de un cromosoma X. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, paraclínicas y genotípicas de las pacientes con síndrome de Turner atendidas en tres instituciones de salud de Medellín. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 97 pacientes con síndrome de Turner (< 18 años) confirmado por cariotipo entre 2011 y 2018. Se excluyeron pacientes cuyo cariotipo no cumplía la especificación del Colegio Americano de Genética Médica. Se recolectaron variables sociodemográficas, nutricionales, características fenotípicas y exámenes de laboratorio. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo en SPSS versión 20. Resultados: La edad al diagnóstico fue de 8,5 años (RIC 4-12). La principal manifestación clínica fue la talla baja (90%). Presentaron malformaciones cardiovasculares (35%), malformaciones renales (26%), trastornos auditivos destacándose la hipoacusia (33%), trastornos neuropsiquiátricos (44%). El cariotipo más frecuente fue 45,X (51%) seguido de 45,X/46,XX (14%). Las pacientes con cariotipo 45,X tuvieron las manifestaciones clínicas más clásicas. Las mayores de 5 años presentaron mayor proporción de exceso de peso. Se encontró dislipidemia en 62% e hipotiroidismo en 22%. El 70% de las pacientes mayores de 11 años recibieron inducción puberal; el 23% presentaron pubertad espontánea y de ellas el 44% requirieron mantenimiento hormonal. El 86% recibieron somatropina. Conclusiones: Las pacientes con síndrome de Turner de nuestro estudio presentaron alta frecuencia de talla baja y comorbilidades cardiovasculares, renales, auditivas, endocrinas y neuropsiquiátricas. El diagnóstico fue tardío, debido a la falta de sospecha clínica por su presentación variable.

Resumo O neonatologista é frequentemente o primeiro clínico a confrontar-se com condições genéticas não diagnosticadas no período pré-natal. Os avanços tecnológicos no campo da genética nas últimas décadas trouxeram possibilidades nunca antes imaginadas. Distantes estão os tempos em que pouco mais poderia ser oferecido aos doentes do que um cariótipo de sangue periférico. Metodologias mais recentes, como hibridização genómica comparativa ou sequenciação de Sanger e sequenciação de nova geração, permitem analisar mais detalhadamente o genoma humano, quer ao nível dos grandes rearranjos (deleções, duplicações), quer de variantes pontuais potencialmente patogénicas. Estas tecnologias de ponta têm sido úteis na descoberta de genes implicados em doenças há muito entendidas como de origem genética, mas cuja etiologia permanecia desconhecida. Apesar dos bons presságios, nenhum método é autossuficiente e todos apresentam as suas limitações. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar os clínicos sobre os testes genéticos atualmente disponíveis e utilizados. Recordando que o primeiro genoma humano foi sequenciado há pouco mais de vinte anos, que novidades trarão os próximos vinte?

Abstract The neonatologist is often the first clinician to identify genetic disorders without prenatal diagnosis. Technological advances in genetics over the past few decades have opened up possibilities never before imagined. Gone are the days when we could offer our patients little more than a peripheral blood karyotype. Newer methods, such as comparative genomic hybridization or Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing, allow a more detailed analysis of the human genome, both at the level of large rearrangements (deletions, duplications) and potentially pathogenic point variants. High-tech technologies have been useful in uncovering genes involved in diseases that have long been known to have a genetic origin, but whose etiology has remained elusive. Despite the promise of these technologies, no method is self-sufficient, and all have limitations. The aim of this review is to update clinicians on the genetic tests that are currently available and in use. Given that the first human genome was sequenced just over twenty years ago, what news will the next twenty years bring?

Summary Background and aims: Zephyranthes mesochloa, is a bulbous species with white flowers that inhabits the subtropical región of South America and presents different chromosome numbers. The aim of this work is to carry out the chromosome analysis of Z. mesochloa from northern Argentina, to contribute to the cytogenetic knowledge of the genus. M&M: Ploidy levels and somatic chromosome numbers were determined in individuals from 8 populations in northern Argentina using conventional staining. In addition, meiotic preparations with acetic carmine were performed on individuals from one population. Results: Seventy-five percent of the populations were diploid, with 2n = 2x = 12 and presented a karyotypic formula of 4m + 4sm + 4st. In two of the diploid populations, individuals with 2n = 13 were observed, with the presence of an additional metacentric chromosome, possibly a B chromosome. Microsporogenesis analysis, in diakinesis and metaphase I, of aneuploid cytotype (2n = 13), showed six bivalents and one univalent in all pollen mother cells analyzed. The remaining populations (25%) were tetraploids with 2n = 4x = 24 and karyotypic formula 8m + 8sm + 8st. Geographically, the distribution of cytotypes in Z. mesochloa is discontinuous. Conclusions: The duplicate karyotype formula in tetraploids regarding its con-specific diploids may indicate the origin of an autopolyploid cytotype. The available data allows us to consider the group of cytotypes as part of a polyploid complex with a basic number of x = 6.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Zephyranthes mesochloa es una especie bulbosa de flores blancas que habita en la región subtropical del sur de Sudamérica y registra distintos números cromosómicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar cromosómicamente individuos de la especie Z. mesochloa del norte de Argentina, con el objeto de contribuir al conocimiento citogenético del género. M&M: El nivel de ploidía y el número cromosómico somático se determinó en individuos procedentes de 8 poblaciones del norte de Argentina a partir de tinción convencional. Además, se realizaron preparaciones meióticas con carmín acético en individuos de una de las poblaciones. Resultados: El 75% de las poblaciones resultaron diploides, con 2n = 2x = 12 y fórmula cariotípica 4m + 4sm + 4st. En dos de las poblaciones diploides se observaron individuos con 2n = 13, con presencia de un cromosoma metacéntrico adicional, que posiblemente se trate de un cromosoma B. El análisis de la microsporogénesis, en diacinesis y metafase I, del citotipo aneuploide (2n = 13), mostró 6 bivalentes y 1 univalente en todas las células madre del polen analizadas. Las poblaciones restantes (25%), resultaron tetraploides con 2n = 4x = 24 y fórmula cariotípica 8m + 8sm + 8st. Geográficamente, la distribución de los citotipos de Z. mesochloa es discontinua. Conclusiones: La fórmula cariotípica duplicada en los tetraploides con respecto a los diploides conespecíficos indicarían un origen autopoliploide de este citotipo. El conjunto de datos disponibles permite considerar al conjunto de citotipos como un complejo poliploide con número básico x = 6.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La exposición prenatal al misoprostol puede asociarse con un espectro de defectos congénitos que varían desde anomalías del sistema nervioso central, secuencia de Moebius, defectos en la pared abdominal, defectos transversales en las extremidades hasta alteraciones fetales. Esos defectos se observan más comúnmente con esquemas de solo misoprostol para inducción del aborto. Por esos antecedentes es importante que la historia clínica de toda paciente obstétrica sea exhaustiva para permitir identificar el antecedente de la exposición prenatal luego de un aborto fallido. CASO CLINICO: Paciente de 21 años, con 32 semanas de embarazo, con diagnóstico de feto con ventriculomegalia. En la evaluación ecográfica destacó la ventriculomegalia triventricular severa, simétrica y la angulación de ambas extremidades inferiores en varo. La resonancia magnética reportó: ventriculomegalia no comunicante severa, bilateral, simétrica, por probable estenosis del acueducto de Silvio. Cariotipo 46,XY y perfil TORCH negativo. El embarazo finalizó mediante cesárea, por indicación fetal a las 35 semanas. La evaluación al nacimiento reportó: parálisis facial bilateral, macrocefalia y pie equino varo bilateral. Al volver a interrogar a la paciente refirió haber sido tratada con misoprostol en el primer trimestre del embarazo, con fines abortivos. Al descartar las alteraciones cromosómicas e infecciosas se estableció el diagnóstico de secuencia Moebius. CONCLUSIONES: La exposición prenatal al misoprostol está relacionada con la aparición de defectos vasculares en algunos fetos expuestos. Aún no se ha determinado el espectro preciso ni la estimación potencial de teratogenicidad. La historia clínica es el pilar para la asociación en estos casos.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Prenatal misoprostol exposure can be associated with a spectrum of birth defects, ranging from central nervous system abnormalities, Moebius sequence, abdominal wall defects, as well as transverse limb defects, fetal abnormalities are more commonly seen with the use of the misoprostol-only regimen for induction of abortion, such that a thorough medical history is essential to detect a history of prenatal exposure after a failed abortion. CLINICAL CASE: A 21-year-old patient, with a 32-week pregnancy, who attended the institute with a diagnosis of a fetus with ventriculomegaly, the ultrasound evaluation highlighted severe symmetric triventricular ventriculomegaly and angulation of both lower extremities in varus, magnetic resonance imaging reported severe non-communicating ventriculomegaly Symmetric bilateral, due to probable stenosis of the aqueduct of Silvio, the karyotype reported 46, XY, as well as a negative TORCH profile, however, a cesarean section was performed for fetal indication at 35 weeks, the evaluation at birth showed bilateral facial paralysis, macrocephaly and foot Bilateral equinus varus, upon re-examination the patient referred the use of misoprostol in the first trimester of pregnancy for abortive purposes, so as there were no chromosomal or infectious alterations, a Moebius sequence was suggested. CONCLUSIONS : Prenatal exposure to misoprostol is related to the appearance of vascular disruption defects in some exposed fetuses, the precise spectrum and potential estimation of teratogenicity have not yet been determined, the clinical history is the mainstay for the association in these cases.

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de Frasier es una enfermedad de herencia autosómica dominante con una prevalencia inferior a 1 caso por cada millón de recién nacidos vivos. Hasta la fecha se han descrito unos 150 casos. Este síndrome se caracteriza por pseudohermafroditismo masculino, disgenesia gonadal 46, XY y enfermedad glomerular, todo ello producido por una mutación del gen WT1. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 16 años que consultó por amenorrea primaria y ausencia de caracteres sexuales secundarios. Antecedentes: glomerulonefritis focal segmentaria corticorresistente desde la infancia. En la exploración física se objetivó un estadio Tanner 1. Las pruebas complementarias pusieron de manifiesto la ausencia de útero y anejos y un hipogonadismo hipergonadotrópico con cariotipo 46, XY. Ante los hallazgos se decidió la laparoscopia exploradora y salpingooforectomía bilateral. El informe anatomopatológico fue de disgerminoma de ovario derecho. La sospecha clínica se confirmó en el estudio genético, que reportó una mutación del gen WT1, diagnóstica de síndrome de Frasier. En la actualidad, la paciente recibe tratamiento inmunosupresor y hormonal sustitutivo, con una evolución favorable. CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico temprano del síndrome de Frasier es fundamental en virtud del riesgo asociado de malignidad. La baja frecuencia de la enfermedad y la asociación común con retraso puberal en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas puede favorecer el retraso del diagnóstico. El reporte de los casos diagnosticados de este síndrome, y el tratamiento multidisciplinario son decisivos para mejorar el conocimiento de esta rara enfermedad.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Frasier Syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disease with a prevalence of less than 1 per million live births. To date, about 150 cases have been described. This syndrome is characterized by male pseudohermaphroditism, 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis, and glomerular disease, all caused by a mutation of the WT1 gene. It is essential to learn more about this disease, not only because of the high risk of ovarian neoplasia, but also because its early diagnosis will improve the prognosis. CLINICAL CASES: We report the case of a 16-year-old woman who consulted for primary amenorrhea and absence of secondary sexual characteristics. As medical history, she highlighted steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulonephritis since childhood. The examination revealed Tanner stage 1. Complementary tests revealed the absence of the uterus and adnexa and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism with a 46, XY karyotype. Given the findings, it was decided to perform an exploratory laparoscopy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The anatomopathological result reported dysgerminoma of the right ovary. The clinical suspicion was confirmed by genetic study, which reported a mutation of the WT1 gene, diagnostic of Frasier Syndrome. Currently, the patient undergoes, along with immunosuppressive treatment, hormone replacement therapy, with a favorable evolution. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis of Frasier Syndrome is essential given the associated risk of malignancy. The low frequency of the disease and the usual association of delayed puberty in patients with chronic diseases may lead to a diagnostic delay. Therefore, reporting the diagnosed cases of this syndrome, as well as its multidisciplinary management, is essential to improve knowledge about this rare disease.

Abstract: Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs in women with partial or complete absence of an X chromosome. Objective: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and genotypic characteristics of patients with Turner syndrome, treated at three health institutions in Medellin. Patients and Method: A retrospective study was carried out. A total of 97 patients with Turner syndrome (< 18 years) confirmed by karyotype between 2011 and 2018 were included. Patients whose karyotype did not meet the specification of the American College of Medical Genetics were excluded. Data on sociodemographic details, nutritional variables, phenotypic characteristics, and laboratory tests were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.5 years (IQR 4-12). The main clinical characteristic was short stature (90%). Additionally, they presented cardiovascular malformations (35%), renal alterations (26%), hearing disorders, mainly hypoacusis (33%), and neuropsychiatric disorders (44%). The most frequent karyotype was 45,X (51%) followed by 45,X/46,XX (14%). The patients with 45,X karyotype had the most classic clinical characteristics. Patients > 5 years old had a higher proportion of weight excess than the general population. Dyslipidemia was found in 62% and hypothyroidism in 22%. 70% of patients > 11 years received pubertal induction; 23% presented spontaneous puberty and 44% of them required hormonal maintenance. 86% received somatropin. Conclusion: The patients with Turner syndrome in our study presented a high frequency of short stature and cardiovascular, renal, hearing, endocrine, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. The diagnosis was delayed due to the lack of clinical suspicion given its variable presentation.

Resumen: El síndrome de Turner es un trastorno genético que se presenta en mujeres con ausencia parcial o completa de un cromosoma X. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, paraclínicas y genotípicas de las pacientes con síndrome de Turner atendidas en tres instituciones de salud de Medellín. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 97 pacientes con síndrome de Turner (< 18 años) confirmado por cariotipo entre 2011 y 2018. Se excluyeron pacientes cuyo cariotipo no cumplía la especificación del Colegio Americano de Genética Médica. Se recolectaron variables sociodemográficas, nutricionales, características fenotípicas y exámenes de laboratorio. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo en SPSS versión 20. Resultados: La edad al diagnóstico fue de 8,5 años (RIC 4-12). La principal manifestación clínica fue la talla baja (90%). Presentaron malformaciones cardiovasculares (35%), malformaciones renales (26%), trastornos auditivos destacándose la hipoacusia (33%), trastornos neuropsiquiátricos (44%). El cariotipo más frecuente fue 45,X (51%) seguido de 45,X/46,XX (14%). Las pacientes con cariotipo 45,X tuvieron las manifestaciones clínicas más clásicas. Las mayores de 5 años presentaron mayor proporción de exceso de peso. Se encontró dislipidemia en 62% e hipotiroidismo en 22%. El 70% de las pacientes mayores de 11 años recibieron inducción puberal; el 23% presentaron pubertad espontánea y de ellas el 44% requirieron mantenimiento hormonal. El 86% recibieron somatropina. Conclusiones: Las pacientes con síndrome de Turner de nuestro estudio presentaron alta frecuencia de talla baja y comorbilidades cardiovasculares, renales, auditivas, endocrinas y neuropsiquiátricas. El diagnóstico fue tardío, debido a la falta de sospecha clínica por su presentación variable.

Resumen Gianini Aquino, A. C.; M. González Flores, A. I. Honfi & J. R. Daviña. 2023. Patrones de heterocromatina en cuatro especies diploides de Zephyranthes con diferentes números básicos de cromosomas (Amaryllidaceae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(2): 705-718. Diversos cariotipos especie-específicos han sido reportados en Zephyranthes Herb., así como también varios números básicos de cromosomas (x = 5, 6, 7 y 9) aunque el más frecuente es x = 6. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el patrón de heterocromatina constitutiva (C-Het) de los cariotipos de cuatro especies diploides de Zephyranthes. Se presenta por primera vez un análisis citomolecular de los cariotipos de Z. andalgalensis (2n = 2x = 12 = 4 m + 2 sm), Z. chacoensis (2n = 2x = 12 = 3 m + 2 sm + 1 st), Z. robusta (2n = 2x = 12 = 3 m + 2 sm + 1 st), y Z. pedunculosa (2n = 2x = 14 = 1 m + 3 sm + 3 st). Se encontró que todas las especies estudiadas exhiben bandas terminales CMA+ terminal que pueden ser distinguidas por su patrón heterocromático. Curiosamente, también se encontraron bandas intersticiales DAPI+ en el cariotipo de Z. robusta. Los cuatro patrones C-Het de Zephyranthes analizados muestran que las especies diploides tienen poca heterocromatina rica en guanina-citosina, que generalmente se asocia con satélites terminales, y que la heterocromatina rica en adenina-timina es rara. Se discute en el presente estudio el cambio evolutivo disploide entre dos números cromosómicos básicos (x = 6 y 7).

Abstract Gianini Aquino, A. C.; M. González Flores, A. I. Honfi & J. R. Daviña. 2023. Heterochromatin patterns in four diploid Zephyranthes species with different basic chromosome number (Amaryllidaceae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(2): 705-718. Diverse species-specific karyotypes have been reported within Zephyranthes Herb., as well as different basic chromosome numbers (x = 5, 6, 7, and 9), with x = 6 being the most common. The aim of this work was to analyze the constitutive heterochromatin (C-Het) pattern of karyotypes in four diploid Zephyranthes species. For this purpose, a cytomolecular analysis of the karyotypes of Z. andalgalensis (2n = 2x = 12 = 4 m + 2 sm), Z. chacoensis (2n = 2x = 12 = 3 m + 2 sm + 1 st), Z. robusta (2n = 2x = 12 = 3 m + 2 sm + 1 st), and Z. pedunculosa (2n = 2x = 14 = 1 m + 3 sm + 3 st) was performed for the first time. All the species analyzed showed CMA+ terminal bands that could be distinguished by their heterochromatin pattern. Interestingly, DAPI+ interstitial bands were also found in the karyotype of Z. robusta. The four Zephyranthes C-Het patterns analyzed show that diploid species have little GC-rich heterochromatin, which is generally associated with terminal satellites, and that AT-rich heterochromatin is rare. The dysploidy evolutionary change between two basic chromosome numbers (x = 6 and 7) is discussed in the present study.

Resumo O cariótipo e o padrão constitutivo de heterocromatina das amostras de cegonha-branca Ciconia ciconia obtidas no lago Manzala, Dimiaat, Egito, foram descritos. As células somáticas de amostras de Ciconia ciconia possuem número diploide 2n = 68 cromossomos. Dos 68 cromossomos, 11 pares incluindo cromossomos sexuais eram macrocromossomos e os pares restantes eram microcromossomos. Dos 11 pares de macrocromossomos, os nos 1, 2, 4 e 5 eram submetacêntricos, e os pares nos 6, 7 e 8 foram descritos como metacêntricos. Além disso, o par de autossomos no 3 era subtelocêntrico, enquanto o par de autossomos no 9 era acrocêntrico. Além disso, o cromossomo sexual Z representa o quarto em tamanho e foi classificado como submetacêntrico, enquanto o cromossomo W apareceu como de tamanho médio e acrocêntrico. Além disso, o padrão de bandamento C (heterocromatina constitutiva) revelou variação em seus tamanhos e ocorrência entre macrocromossomos. Pares nos 7 e 8 dos autossomos exibiram distribuição incomum de heterocromatina, onde apareceram como totalmente heterocromáticos. Isso pode estar relacionado à origem dos cromossomos sexuais Z e W. No entanto, não há evidências suficientes para ilustrar o aparecimento de autossomos totalmente heterocromáticos. Portanto, não há literatura citogenética disponível que descreva o bandamento C e o cariótipo de Ciconia ciconia, portanto os resultados aqui apresentados são importantes e podem auxiliar no estudo citogenético e no padrão evolutivo de Ciconiiformes.

Abstract The karyotype and constitutive heterochromatin pattern of the white stork Ciconia ciconia samples obtained from Manzala lake, Dimiaat, Egypt was described. Somatic cells of Ciconia ciconia samples have diploid number 2n= 68 chromosomes. Out of 68 chromosomes, 11 pairs including sex chromosomes were macrochromosomes and the remaining pairs were microchromosomes. Of the 11 macrochromosome pairs, no.1, 2, 4 and 5 were submetacentric and pairs no. 6, 7 and 8 were described as metacentric. In addition, the autosome pair no.3 was subtelocentric, while autosome pair no.9 was acrocentric. Also, the sex chromosome Z represents the fourth one in size and it was classified as submetacentric while, W chromosome appeared as medium size and was acrocentric. Furthermore, C-banding pattern (constitutive heterochromatin) revealed variation in their sizes and occurrence between macrochromosomes. Pairs no. 7 and 8 of autosomes exhibited unusual distribution of heterochromatin, where they appeared as entirely heterochromatic. This may be related to the origin of sex chromosomes Z and W. However, there is no sufficient evidence illustrate the appearance of entirely heterochromatic autosomes. Therefore, there is no available cytogenetic literature that describes the C-banding and karyotype of Ciconia Ciconia, so the results herein are important and may assist in cytogenetic study and evolutionary pattern of Ciconiiformes.

Resumo As neoplasias hematológicas e de células hematopoiéticas dos genes e as células hematopoiéticas estão associadas à mutação genética, geralmente em nível cromossômico. O estudo citogenético padrão é amplamente aceito como um dos principais determinantes diagnósticos e prognósticos em pacientes. Portanto, o presente estudo descritivo e transversal buscou determinar a análise citogenética de neoplasias hematológicas frequentes no Paquistão. Um total de 202 amostras de medula óssea periférica ou sangue de pacientes com malignidade hematológica benigna e maligna foi coletado usando uma técnica convencional de banda G. Entre os pacientes inscritos, a média de idade foi de 21,5 anos ± 23,4, e a distribuição por gênero mostrou uma marcada predominância da população masculina de 147 (73%) em comparação com a feminina de 55 (27%). Pacientes na faixa etária (2-10 anos) tiveram a maior frequência, 48 (24%), de neoplasias hematológicas, seguida da idade (11-20 anos) com 40 (20%). Cariótipos normais (46, XX / 46, XY) foram encontrados em 51% (n = 103) dos pacientes. Além disso, a frequência de cariótipo complexo foi de 30 (15%), enquanto normal foi observada em 171 (85%) pacientes. Leucemia linfoblástica aguda pré-B (LLA Pré-B) foi a doença maligna mais prevalente de 66 (33%), seguida por leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) de 41 (20%) e leucemia linfocítica aguda de 29 (14%). A translocação foi o 50 mais prevalente (25%), seguido por hipotriploidia 14 (7%) e monossomia 8 (4%) na análise de aberração cromossômica. Além disso, a translocação t (9:22) encontrada foi de 20 (10%) na LMC, com a maioria na faixa etária (31-40 anos). Este estudo recomenda que o cariótipo deve ser testado com frequência em condições hematológicas porque pode fornecer informações sobre as alterações cromossômicas relativas associadas a doenças malignas específicas.

Abstract Hematological and hematopoietic cells malignancies of the genes and hematopoietic cells are associated with the genetic mutation, often at the chromosomal level. The standard cytogenetic study is widely accepted as one of the main diagnostics and prognostic determinants in patients. Therefore, the current descriptive and cross-sectional study sought to determine the cytogenetic analysis of frequent hematological malignancies in Pakistan. A total of 202 peripheral bone marrow or blood samples from patients with benign and malignant hematological malignancy were taken using a conventional G-banding technique. Among enrolled patients, the mean age was 21.5 years ± 23.4, and gender-wise distribution showed a marked predominance of the male 147 (73%) population compared to the female 55 (27%). Patients in the age group (2-10 years) had the highest frequency, 48 (24%), of hematological neoplasms, followed by age (11-20 years) with 40 (20%). Normal karyotypes (46, XX/46, XY) was found in 51% (n=103) patients. Furthermore, the frequency of complex karyotype was 30 (15%), while normal was seen in 171 (85%) patients. Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Pre-B ALL) was the most prevalent malignancy of 66 (33%), followed by Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) of 41 (20%) and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia of 29 (14%). Translocation was the most prevalent 50 (25%), followed by hypotriploidy 14 (7%) and monosomy 8 (4%) on chromosome aberration analysis. In addition, t(9:22) translocation was found to be 20 (10%) in CML, with the majority in the age group (31-40 years). This study recommends that karyotyping should be tested frequently in hematological conditions because it may provide insight into the relative chromosomal changes associated with particular malignancies.

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study is to compare the cavum septum pellucidi (CSP) z-score in euploid and aneuploid fetuses and to investigate the performance of the CSP width/length and CSP width/biparietal diameter (BPD) ratios as a diagnostic marker in aneuploidy. Methods A total of 54 patients, 20 aneuploid and 35 euploid fetuses, between 18 and 37 weeks of gestation, were included in this retrospective study. The CSP width z-score was compared between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for the CSP width/length and CSP width/BPD ratios to predict aneuploidy. Results The median CSP width was 4.8 mm (range, 1.8 to 8.5 mm) in the euploid group, and 5.4 mm (range 3.1 to 8.4 mm) in the aneuploid group. Cavum septum pellucidi width z-score, CSP width/length ratio, and CSP width/BPD ratio were significantly higher in fetuses with aneuploidy than in fetuses with normal karyotype (p= 0.001; p= 0.013; p= 0.028). In the ROC analysis, the CSP width/length ratio had the optimal cutoff value of 0.59, with 72.0% sensitivity and 58.0% specificity, and for the CSP width/BPD ratio, the cutoff value was 0.081 with 83.0% sensitivity and 61.0% specificity for detection of aneuploidy. Conclusion CSP width z-score was found to be increased in aneuploid fetuses. The CSP width /BPD ratio can be used as a new marker for predicting aneuploidy. (CSP zscore z score widthlength length widthbiparietal biparietal BPD (BPD 5 patients 2 3 1 gestation groups (ROC widthBPD 48 4 8 4. range, range 1. 85 8. group 5. 31 3. 84 zscore, score, p (p 0.001 0001 0 001 0.013 0013 013 0.028. 0028 0.028 . 028 0.028) analysis 059 59 0.59 720 72 72.0 580 58 58.0 0081 081 0.08 830 83 83.0 610 61 61.0 0.00 000 00 0.01 01 002 0.02 02 05 0.5 7 72. 58. 008 08 0.0 83. 6 61. 0.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é comparar o escore z do cavum septum pellucidi (CSP) em fetos euploides e aneuploides e investigar o desempenho das relações largura/comprimento do CSP e largura do CSP/diâmetro biparietal (BPD) como marcador diagnóstico de aneuploidia. como marcador de diagnóstico de aneuploidia. Métodos: Um total de 54 pacientes, 20 fetos aneuploides e 35 fetos euploides, entre 18 e 37 semanas de gestação, foram incluídos neste estudo retrospectivo. O escore z da largura da CSP foi comparado entre os dois grupos. As curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) foram calculadas para as relações largura/comprimento da PEC e largura da PEC/BPD para prever a aneuploidia. Resultados: A largura mediana da CSP foi de 4,8 mm (variação de 1,8 a 8,5 mm) no grupo euploide e de 5,4 mm (variação de 3,1 a 8,4 mm) no grupo aneuploide. O escore z da largura do cavum septum pellucidi, a relação largura/comprimento do CSP e a relação largura do CSP/BPD foram significativamente maiores em fetos com aneuploidia do que em fetos com cariótipo normal (p < 0,001; p < 0,013; p < 0,028). Na análise ROC, a relação largura/comprimento da CSP teve o valor de corte ideal de 0,59, com 72,0% de sensibilidade e 58,0% de especificidade, e para a relação largura da CSP/BPD, o valor de corte foi de 0,081, com 83,0% de sensibilidade e 61,0% de especificidade para a detecção de aneuploidia. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o escore z da largura da CSP estava aumentado em fetos aneuploides. A relação A relação largura da CSP /BPD pode ser usada como um novo marcador para prever a aneuploidia. Objetivo (CSP larguracomprimento comprimento CSPdiâmetro diâmetro BPD (BPD Métodos 5 pacientes 2 3 1 gestação retrospectivo grupos Receiver Characteristic PECBPD Resultados 48 4 8 4, variação 1, 85 8, 5, 31 3, 84 aneuploide CSPBPD 0,001 0001 0 001 0,013 0013 013 0,028. 0028 0,028 . 028 0,028) 059 59 0,59 720 72 72,0 580 58 58,0 0081 081 0,081 830 83 83,0 610 61 61,0 Conclusão Verificouse Verificou se 0,00 000 00 0,01 01 002 0,02 02 05 0,5 7 72, 58, 008 08 0,08 83, 6 61, 0,0 0,

Abstract A new species of Eigenmannia is described from the upper rio Paraná basin based on morphological and molecular data. It is distinguished for all congeners by a unique combination of morphometrics, meristics, osteological characters, a significant COI genetic divergence that ranges from 4.9 to 15.2%, and its karyotype. An osteological description for the new species is provided, the geographic distribution of Eigenmannia species in the upper rio Paraná basin is commented on, and the use of karyotype information in taxonomic studies is discussed. data morphometrics meristics characters 49 4 9 4. 152 15 2 15.2% provided discussed 1 15.2 15.

Resumo Uma espécie nova de Eigenmannia é descrita da bacia do alto rio Paraná, com base em dados morfológicos e moleculares. Distingue-se de todas as congêneres por uma combinação única de caracteres morfométricos, merísticos, osteológicos, uma significativa divergência genética que varia de 4,9 a 15,2%, e pelo seu cariótipo. Uma descrição osteológica para a nova espécie é fornecida, a distribuição geográfica das espécies de Eigenmannia na bacia do alto rio Paraná é comentada, e o uso da informação do cariótipo em estudos taxonômicos é discutido. moleculares Distinguese Distingue se morfométricos merísticos osteológicos 49 4 9 4, 152 15 2 15,2% fornecida comentada discutido 1 15,2 15,