Abstract Carbonation curing differs from weathering carbonation since it is performed intentionally at the early ages of cement hydration. This cure involves applying different levels of CO2 (5% to 99%) to concrete for a short period of time, usually followed by conventional hydration. The objective of this article was to evaluate the carbonation curing in metakaolin-based geopolymer concretes, activated with NaOH and Na2SiO3, and compare them with Portland cement (PC) concrete. The following tests were applied: determination of pH, carbonation depth, water absorption by immersion, void index, and compressive strength. The results showed that after the carbonation curing, the geopolymer concrete had compressive strength and carbonation depth equivalent to the concrete with PC, but with a lower absorbed CO2 content. Although this type of cement absorbs less CO2 but is more sensitive to carbonation. The effect on the void ratio was not remarkable. Furthermore, the alkalinity of concretes can be partially recovered after subsequent curing by water immersion.

Resumo A cura por carbonatação difere da carbonatação por intemperismo, pois é realizada intencionalmente nas primeiras idades de hidratação do cimento. Essa cura envolve a aplicação de diferentes níveis de CO2 (5% a 99%) ao concreto por um curto período de tempo, geralmente seguido de hidratação convencional. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a cura da carbonatação em concretos geopolímeros à base de metacaulim, ativados com NaOH e Na2SiO3, e compará-los com o concreto de cimento Portland (CP). Foram aplicados os seguintes testes: determinação do pH, profundidade de carbonatação, absorção de água por imersão, índice de vazios e resistência à compressão. Os resultados mostraram que após a cura da carbonatação, o concreto geopolimérico apresentou resistência à compressão e profundidade de carbonatação equivalentes ao concreto com CP, porém com menor teor de CO2 absorvido. Portanto, este tipo de cimento absorve menos CO2, mas é mais sensível à carbonatação. O efeito na taxa de vazios não foi notável. Além disso, a alcalinidade dos concretos pode ser parcialmente recuperada após a cura subsequente por imersão em água.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o impacto sinérgico do α-tocoferol e do ácido α-linolênico (100 µM) na MIV e CIV de oócitos de búfala Nili Ravi. Os oócitos foram obtidos dos ovários de búfalos abatidos duas horas após o abate e levados ao laboratório. Complexos de oócitos cumulus de búfalo foram colocados aleatoriamente nos cinco grupos experimentais incluídos; GRUPO 1: Meio de maturação (MM) + 100 µM ALA (controle), GRUPO 2: MM + 100 µM ALA + 50 µM α-tocoferol, GRUPO 3: MM + 100 µM ALA + 100 µM α-tocoferol, GRUPO 4: MM + 100 µM ALA + 200 μM α-tocoferol e GRUPO 5: MM + 100 µM ALA + 300 μM α-tocoferol sob uma atmosfera de 5% de CO2 em ar a 38,5 °C por 22-24 h. A expansão cumulus e o estado de maturação nuclear foram determinados (Experimento 1). No experimento 2, os oócitos foram maturados como no experimento 1. Os oócitos maturados foram então fertilizados em meio de Tyrode's Albumina Lactato Piruvato (TALP) por cerca de 20 h e cultivados em meio de fluido oviductal sintético (SOF) para determinar o efeito do ácido α-linolênico (100 µM) e α-tocoferol em meio IVM em IVC de presumíveis zigotos. Para estudar o efeito do ácido α-linolênico (100 µM) em meio IVM e aumentar a concentração de α-tocoferol no meio de cultura no desenvolvimento inicial do embrião (Experimento 3), os presumíveis zigotos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos cinco grupos experimentais com concentração crescente de α-tocoferol em meios de cultura. Maior porcentagem de oócitos em estágio MII no experimento 1 (65,2 ± 2,0), embriões em estágio de mórula no experimento 2 (30,4 ± 1,5) e experimento 3 (22,2 ± 2,0) foram obtidos. No entanto, os resultados gerais para a expansão das células do cumulus, maturação do oócito para o estágio MII e desenvolvimento embrionário subsequente entre os tratamentos permanecem estatisticamente semelhantes (P> 0,05). A suplementação de α-tocoferol em meios de maturação com ácido α-linolênico e / ou em meios de cultura de embriões não aumentou ainda mais a maturação in vitro de oócitos ou a produção de embriões.

Abstract The objective of the current study was to investigate the synergistic impact of α-Tocopherol and α-Linolenic acid (100 µM) on IVM and IVC of Nili Ravi buffalo oocytes. Oocytes were obtained from the ovaries of slaughtered buffaloes within two hours after slaughter and brought to laboratory. Buffalo cumulus oocyte complexes were placed randomly in the five experimental groups included; GROUP 1: Maturation media (MM) + 100 µM ALA (control), GROUP 2: MM + 100 µM ALA + 50μM α-Tocopherol, GROUP 3: MM + 100 µM ALA + 100μM α-Tocopherol, GROUP 4: MM + 100 µM ALA + 200 μM α-Tocopherol and GROUP 5: MM + 100 µM ALA + 300 μM α-Tocopherol under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.5 °C for 22-24 h. Cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation status was determined (Experiment 1). In experiment 2, oocytes were matured as in experiment 1. The matured oocytes were then fertilized in Tyrode’s Albumin Lactate Pyruvate (TALP) medium for about 20 h and cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium to determine effect of α-Linolenic acid (100 µM) and α-Tocopherol in IVM medium on IVC of presumptive zygotes. To study the effect of α-Linolenic acid (100 µM) in IVM media and increasing concentration of α-tocopherol in the culture media on early embryo development (Experiment 3), the presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into the five experimental groups with increasing concentration of α-tocopherol in culture media. Higher percentage of MII stage oocytes in experiment 1(65.2±2.0), embryos at morula stage in experiment 2 (30.4±1.5) and experiment 3 (22.2±2.0) were obtained. However, overall results for cumulus cell expansion, maturation of oocyte to MII stage and subsequent embryo development among treatments remain statistically similar (P > 0.05). Supplementation of α-tocopherol in maturation media having α-Linolenic acid and/or in embryo culture media did not further enhance in vitro maturation of oocyte or embryo production.

Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.

Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles’ stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.

Resumo Diversas discussões têm surgido a respeito da energia proveniente de usinas hidrelétricas ser considerada uma energia limpa e seus reservatórios têm sido investigados devido à grande emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono, metano e óxido nitroso. O presente trabalho traz um estudo estatístico das emissões difusivas de CO2 antes da formação do reservatório da usina hidrelétrica (UHE) de SINOP, Brasil. Investigou-se a associação entre as emissões coletadas na superfície (água-ar) e no fundo do reservatório (sedimento-água) durante quatro campanhas de coletas de dados, realizadas no período de novembro de 2017 até setembro de 2018. Este estudo visa comparar o efeito da profundidade do reservatório no fluxo difusivo de CO2 em 34 pontos de coleta. A variável profundidade analisada foi definida a partir de pontos coletados na superfície e no fundo do reservatório. O objetivo é detectar se épocas de tempo diferentes e se a profundidade do reservatório tem impacto direto no comportamento das emissões difusivas de CO2. Como as medidas da unidade observacional são observadas repetidamente, tem-se uma estrutura multinível, os indivíduos são independentes entre si, porém existe uma correlação intra-indivíduos. Considerando essa configuração de dados, foi feita uma estimação de equações generalizadas (Generalized Estimating Equations – GEE) que é uma técnica que estima a matriz de correlação intra-indivíduos e assim, produz estimativas para os parâmetros dos modelos de regressão generalizados (Generalized Regression Models – GLM) que não sejam enviesadas. O estudo mostrou que as médias das emissões difusivas de CO2 são maiores na superfície do reservatório. O estudo também detectou que em média, existem mais emissões durante o período de chuva na região do que durante a época da estiagem.

Abstract Several discussions have arisen about energy from hydroelectric plants being considered clean energy and its reservoirs have been investigated due to the large emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The present work shows a statistical study of the diffusive CO2 emissions before the formation of the reservoir of the hydroelectric power plant (HPP) of SINOP, Brazil. The association between emissions collected at the surface (water-air) and at the bottom of the reservoir (sediment-water) was investigated during four data collection campaigns, carried out from November 2017 to September 2018. This study aims to compare the effect of reservoir depth on the diffusive flow of CO2 at 34 collection points. The variable depth analyzed was defined from points collected on the surface and bottom of the reservoir. The objective is to detect whether different periods of time and whether the depth of the reservoir have a direct impact on the behavior of diffusive CO2 emissions. As the measurements of the observational unit are repeatedly observed, there is a multilevel structure, individuals are independent of each other, but there is an intra-individual correlation. Considering this data configuration, an estimation of generalized equations (GEE) was performed, which is a technique that estimates the intra-individual correlation matrix and thus produces estimates for the parameters of the generalized regression models (Generalized Regression Models – GLM) that are not biased. The study showed that the average diffusive CO2 emissions are higher on the reservoir surface. The study also found that, on average, there are more emissions during the rainy season in the region than during the dry season.

Resumo Este artigo descreve os impactos ambientais da produção de uma única muda em viveiros florestais de distritos selecionados (Haripur, Abbottabad e Manshera) da divisão Hazara, de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, usando a abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV). Este estudo baseou-se na abordagem “do berço ao portão”, que se inicia na fase pré-viveiro e progride em direção ao viveiro principal antes do transplante das mudas para o local de plantio. Os dados ou inventário de ciclo de vida (ICV) da produção de mudas foram coletados por meio de questionários e reuniões pessoais com o gerente e os trabalhadores dos viveiros florestais sobre o consumo de diferentes insumos, como energia elétrica, diesel, fertilizantes, herbicidas, sacos de polietileno, adubo orgânico e consumo de água. O software SimaPro, versão 8.5, e o modelo ambiental CML2000, v2.05, foram aplicados para realizar a avaliação de impacto do ciclo de vida (AICV) de uma única produção de mudas em viveiros florestais na área de estudo. Em consonância com os objetivos do estudo, os dados primários relativos às entradas e saídas dos viveiros foram coletados de 35 viveiros na área de estudo por meio de um método de questionário aleatório. Além disso, dados secundários foram obtidos de bancos de dados online, como Eco-invent v.3.2 CORRIM e literatura publicada revisada por pares. Para este estudo, foi considerada uma unidade funcional de uma única plântula. Os dados médios ponderados de produção foram modelados no software de modelagem ambiental mais recente, ou seja, SimaPro, v.8.5, para 10 impactos ambientais mais desejados pela US-EPA, como potencial de aquecimento global (PAG), depleção abiótica (DA), potencial de eutrofização (PE), potencial de acidificação (PA), ecotoxicidade de água doce (EAD), ecotoxicidade da água marinha (EAM), ecotoxicidade terrestre (ET), destruição da camada de ozônio (DCO), oxidação fotoquímica (OF) e toxicidade humana (TH). Os resultados mostraram que o maior impacto ambiental causado por uma única muda foi a ecotoxicidade da água marinha (11,31360 kg 1,4-DB eq), seguido pelo potencial de aquecimento global (0,02945 kg CO2 eq) e toxicidade humana (0,01227 kg 1,4-DB eq) eq). A principal razão para esses ônus ambientais foi o uso de fertilizantes sintéticos em viveiros florestais e o consumo de combustíveis fósseis nas atividades de mecanização e transporte de viveiros. A demanda total acumulada de energia para uma única muda foi de 0,800 MJ, com mais de 90% de contribuição de recursos energéticos de combustíveis fósseis, como gasolina e diesel. Portanto, é altamente recomendável usar recursos de energia renovável e fertilizantes orgânicos em vez de fertilizantes químicos em viveiros florestais para evitar e minimizar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e outras emissões tóxicas na área de estudo.

Abstract This article describes the environmental impacts of producing a single seedling in forest nurseries of selected districts (i.e., Haripur, Abbottabad, and Mansehra) of Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. This study was based on the cradle-to-gate approach which begins with the pre-nursery stage and progresses toward the main nursery before transplanting seedlings into the plantation site. Data or life cycle inventory (LCI) of seedling production were collected through questionnaire surveys and personal meetings with forest nurseries managers and workers regarding consumption of different inputs such as electricity, diesel, fertilizers, herbicides, and polyethylene bags, organic manure, and water consumption. The SimaPro software version 8.5 and the CML2000 v2.05 environmental model was applied to perform life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) for a single seedling production in forest nurseries in the study area. In line with the objectives of the study, primary data regarding inputs and outputs of the nurseries were collected from 35 nurseries in the study area by using a random questionnaire method. In addition, secondary data were taken from online databases such as Eco-invent v.3.2 CORRIM and peer-reviewed published literature. For this study, a functional unit of a single seedling was considered. Production weighted average data were modeled in the latest environmental modeling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5 for ten US-EPA most wanted environmental impacts, such as global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion (AD), eutrophication potential (EP), acidification potential (AP), freshwater aquatic eco-toxicity (FAE), marine water eco-toxicity (MWE), terrestrial eco-toxicity (TE), ozone layer depletion (OLD), photochemical oxidation (PO), and human toxicity (HT). The results showed that the highest environmental impact posed by a single seedling was marine aquatic eco-toxicity (11.31360 kg 1,4-DB eq), followed by global warming potential (0.02945 kg CO2 eq) and (0.01227 kg 1,4-DB eq) human toxicity. The primary reason for these environmental burdens was the use of synthetic fertilizers in forest nurseries and the consumption of fossil fuels in nursery mechanization and transportation activities. The total cumulative energy demand for a single seedling was (0.800 MJ) with more than 90% contribution from fossil fuel energy resources such as petrol and diesel. It is therefore highly recommended to use renewable energy resources and organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers in forest nurseries to avoid and minimize greenhouse gas emissions (GHS) and other toxic emissions in the study area.

Resumen Las armas de aire comprimido son utilizadas desde hace muchos años con distintos usos que van desde el tiro recreativo hasta el control de plagas. Las más comunes son aquellas que disparan ''balines” o esferas metálicas que pueden llegar a tener capacidad de penetrar tejidos dependiendo del tipo de carga y de la longitud del cañón. Se presenta un caso clínico de un masculino que fue agredido con un arma tipo pistola con carga de CO2 que recibió un impacto a nivel facial y sufrió laceración en piel de labio y fractura dental complicada.

Abstract Air guns have been used for many years for a variety of purposes ranging from recreational shooting to pest control. The most common are those that shoot "pellets" or metallic spheres that can penetrate tissues depending on the type of load and the length of the barrel. A clinical case is presented of a male who was assaulted with a CO2-loaded pistol-type weapon, hit at facial level, and suffered laceration of the lip's skin and complicated dental fracture.

Abstract The Metropolitan Area of Mendoza is suffering a disorganized urban expansion that produces transformations of the land, generating environmental costs, particularly on the soil´s potential for climatic regulation, but without considering these in decision-making. For this reason, we seek to value these impacts economically. As case study, focused on a vineyard located in Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo. The results show that, if this ecosystem services is not incorporated in the sale price of the land, there is an underestimation of its value and price, which promotes a disorganized form of urban growth.

Resumen El Área Metropolitana de Mendoza es escenario de una expansión urbana desorganizada que produce transformaciones del suelo, generando costos ambientales, particularmente sobre el potencial de regulación climática del suelo, pero sin contemplarlos en la toma de decisiones. Por este motivo, se busca valorar económicamente estos impactos. Se plantea, como caso de estudio, un viñedo ubicado en Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo. Los resultados muestran que si no se incorpora este servicio ecosistémico en el precio de venta de los terrenos hay una subestimación de su valor, lo que fomenta la forma desorganizada de crecimiento urbano.

Summary: The study of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) response to salt stress from physiological indicators in genotypes contributes to the knowledge of the adaptive mechanisms of this species to stressful conditions. The objective of our research was to analyze the phenotypic plasticity and variation in indicators related to photosynthesis in two genotypes (red and yellow) of Anacardium occidentale L., during the seedling stage under greenhouse conditions. The effect of five salinity levels (0.02 dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1, 15 dS m-1 and 20 dS m-1) on characters associated with photosynthesis, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated. Phenotypic plasticity in response to salt stress was calculated for the indicators evaluated through the phenotypic plasticity index. The red variety showed the greatest effects of salt stress on photosynthetic rate, transpiration, sub-stomatal CO2, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, and Pi abs. The significant differences found in phenotypic plasticity showed higher values in the red variety in most of the indicators evaluated. A negative effect of salinity at the seedling stage on indicators related to photosynthesis, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence was detected, as well as significant differences between genotypes according to the indicators evaluated and the levels of phenotypic plasticity. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were the indicators that showed the highest values of phenotypic plasticity.

Resumen: El estudio de la respuesta al estrés salino a partir de indicadores fisiológicos en genotipos de marañón (Anacardium occidentale L.), contribuye al conocimiento de los mecanismos adaptativos de esta especie a condiciones estresantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la plasticidad fenotípica y la variación en indicadores relacionados con la fotosíntesis en dos genotipos (rojo y amarillo) de Anacardium occidentale L., durante la fase de plántulas en condiciones de invernadero. Se evaluó el efecto de cinco niveles de salinidad (0.02 dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1, 15 dS m-1 y 20 dS m-1) sobre caracteres asociados a la fotosíntesis, intercambio gaseoso y la fluorescencia de la clorofila. Se calculó la plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta al estrés salino de los indicadores evaluados a través del índice de plasticidad fenotípica. La variedad roja mostró las mayores afectaciones producto del estrés salino en los indicadores tasa fotosintética, transpiración, CO2 subestomático, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo y Pi abs. Las diferencias significativas encontradas en cuanto a la plasticidad fenotípica mostraron valores superiores en la variedad roja en la mayoría de los indicadores evaluados. Se muestra el efecto negativo que tiene la salinidad en el estadio de plántulas en los indicadores relacionados con la fotosíntesis, intercambio gaseoso, y fluorescencia de la clorofila, así como las diferencias significativas existentes en cuanto a los indicadores evaluados y los niveles de plasticidad fenotípica de los mismos entre genotipos. La fotosíntesis y la conductancia estomática fueron los indicadores que mostraron los mayores valores de plasticidad fenotípica.

Abstract Background and objective. One of the most frequent complications in major burns is hypertrophic scarring. There are multiple treatments that are applied, but to date, there is no clarity regarding the efficacy of one over the other for the management of burn sequelae. The objective of this work is to analyze the evidence of laser CO2 in scars secondary to burns. Methods. For the search in LILACS and PubMed, the MESH terms used were: Laser therapy and/or burns or scars, selecting meta-analysis, prospective series, systematic reviews and reviews of clinical trials. Results. After grouping all the publications of the articles and eliminating the duplicates, an analysis of a total of 24 publications was carried out. Conclusions. Regarding the analyzed evidence, the use of CO2 laser in post-burn scars seems to be promising and safe, however, not all articles are of good quality and not all laser protocols can be extrapolated to all patients, so there is a lack of better quali-ty evidence to conclude regarding the true scope of this therapy. In relation to the protocols analyzed, these vary in duration, factors evaluated and number of sessions performed. Level of evidence 5c Therapeutic

Resumen Introducción y objetivo. Una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en grandes quemados es la cicatrización hipertrófica. Son múltiples los tratamientos que se aplican, pero hasta la fecha no hay claridad respecto a la eficacia de uno sobre otro para el manejo de las secuelas de quemaduras. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evidencia acerca del uso del láser de CO2 en cicatrices secundarias a quemaduras. Material y método. Para la búsqueda bibliográfica en LILACS y PubMed utilizamos los términos MESH: Laser therapy and/or burns or scars seleccionando metaanálisis, series prospectivas, revisiones sistemáticas y revisiones de ensayos clínicos. Resultados. Tras agrupar todas las publicaciones de los artículos y eliminar los duplicados, analizamos un total de 24 publicaciones. Conclusiones. Respecto a la evidencia analizada, el uso de láser CO2 en cicatrices postquemaduras, parece ser prometedor y seguro, sin embargo, no todos los artículos son de buena calidad y no todos los protocolos de uso de láser son extrapolables a todos los pacientes, por lo que falta evidencia de mejor calidad para concluir respecto a los verdaderos alcances de esta terapia. En relación a los protocolos analizados, estos varían en duración, factores evaluados y cantidad de sesiones realizadas. Nivel de evidencia científica 5c Terapéutico

ABSTRACT Introduction: Healthcare facilities are among the greatest contributors to resource consumption and waste generation. Nephrology is one of the most polluting medical areas, mostly due to hemodialysis (HD). Incremental hemodialysis (iHD) has gained attention due to several clinical advantages, by decreasing the number of sessions while the patient still has residual kidney function. Beyond these benefits, this regímen might also be both more economical and environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential reduction of resource consumption, waste generation and carbon footprint associated with the implementation of iHD. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of 157 incidental patients initiating HD in our centre in 2019 (pre-pandemic). Retrospectively, a set of criteria identifying eligibility for an iHD program were applied to those patients. Results: Twenty-three patients (15%) would have been eligible for iHD instead of starting a standard HD program. In that scenario, iHD implementation would have reduced from 36 to 85 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions and 4186 kg of contaminated waste yearly, at our unit. iHD would also allow savings of almost 60 000€ and a reduction in water consumption of 418 600 L in one year. Conclusion: This study shows that iHD can significantly attenuate the environmental and economic impact of HD. These findings encourage kidneycare programs and policymakers to adopt greener options but should never be detrimental to the clinical decision of referencing a patient to iHD.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do biochar de torta de filtro como condicionador de solo e sua influência no crescimento e na fisiologia de macaúba, araçá e cajuzinho do cerrado. Os experimentos foram montados na Fazenda Hamilton de Abreu Navarro da UFMG, onde foram avaliados o efeito de quatro doses de biochar de torta de filtro (1%, 2%, 4% e 8% v/v) e dois tratamentos controle: um com correção do solo e adubação mineral, e o outro sem adubação. Para acompanhar o desempenho das mudas, foram realizadas avaliações aos 30, 60 e 120 dias após o transplantio, dos parâmetros fisiológicos (fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática, CO2 consumido, carbono interno e taxa de transporte de elétrons), e morfológicos (altura e diâmetro), aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o transplantio. Aos 120 dias, avaliou-se a produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea, de raízes e total. Para a macaúba, a aplicação de biochar, na dose de 2%, favoreceu a sua fotossíntese. Já para o araçá, aos 30 dias após o transplantio, o tratamento sem adubação foi melhor para a maioria das variáveis, entretanto os tratamentos com biochar também tiveram resultados satisfatórios. O cajuzinho do cerrado também respondeu positivamente à aplicação de biochar em todas as doses. As variáveis fisiológicas e morfológicas responderam bem aos tratamentos sem adubação e com aplicação de biochar ao solo. Portanto, o biochar de torta de filtro pode ser indicado no plantio das espécies estudadas, assim como a não aplicação de corretivo e fertilizante mineral.

ABSTRACT Some native species of the Cerrado have great ecological and economic potential. An alternative that aims to contribute to the good performance of post-planting plants is the incorporation of biochar into the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of filter cake biochar as a soil conditioner and its influence on the growth and physiology of macaúba, araçá and cajuzinho do cerrado. The experiments were set up at Fazenda Hamilton de Abreu Navarro, Federal University of Minas Gerais, where the effect of four doses of filter cake biochar (1%, 2%, 4% and 8% v/v) and two treatments were evaluated. control: one with soil correction (7.5 g of GEOX) and mineral fertilization (380 g NPK 4:14:8 per plant) and the other without fertilization. To monitor the performance of the seedlings, evaluations were carried out at 30, 60 and 120 days after transplanting, the physiological parameters (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, CO2 consumed, internal carbon and electron transport rate), and morphological parameters (height and diameter), at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the production of shoot, root and total dry biomass was evaluated. For macaúba, the application of biochar, at a dose of 2%, favored its photosynthesis. As for araçá, at 30 days after transplanting, the treatment without fertilization was better for most variables, however the treatments with biochar also had satisfactory results. The cajuzinho from the cerrado also responded positively to the application of biochar at all doses. The physiological and morphological variables responded well to treatments without fertilization and with application of biochar to the soil. Therefore, filter cake biochar can be indicated in the planting of the studied species, as well as the non-application of corrective and mineral fertilizer.

Cement production requires significant energy, and entails high costs and CO2 emissions. This is because the clinker requires very fine grinding. Grinding aids can improve production and fineness and decrease energy consumption by reducing the agglomeration of particles and protecting the balls and liners in the mill. In this study we compare the effects of three different grinding aids on clinker grinding using a ball mill. A commercial grinding additive, triethanolamine (TEA), and two industrial grinding aids (GAA079 and GAA088) were compared by ball milling tests, with additions of 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 wt%. The industrial grinding aids were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Particle size and morphological analyses were performed using SEM and XRD. The best results were obtained with 0.25% GAA088, which has a higher active component of diethanolamine isopropanolamine (DEIPA) than TEA. The unique combination of TEA and DEIPA in GAA088 enhances grinding efficiency and significantly improves the particle size distribution compared to TEA alone.. The grinding aids produced smooth rounded particles, which have a smaller specific surface area, enhancing the quality of the cement. XRD showed no significant structural distortion with or without grinding aids, and it was also found that the grinding aids helped decrease ball coating during grinding. The use of grinding aids can significantly improve clinker production and fineness while decreasing energy consumption, which can help reduce the costs and CO2 emissions associated with cement production.

SUMMARY Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has allowed for controlled development and growth in different species. However, its effect on some tropical species such as Swietenia mahagoni has not been evaluated. This study evaluated the growth and photosynthetic development of S. mahagoni produced in substrates inoculated with AMF. Using a completely randomized design, the combinations of two factors were evaluated: substrate (cocoa husk + coconut fiber + composted pine sawdust in proportions 6:2:2 and 2:6:2, and a control composed of soil + cocoa husks in a 9:1 ratio) and mycorrhizal strains (Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregulare and Funneliformis mosseae). From 30 to 120 days after the seed’s germination in the nursery, the leaf surface and the total dry mass were evaluated, and growth analysis was carried out using the relative growth rate and the net assimilation rate. At 120 days, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO2 concentration were evaluated. Significant interactions between the different factors were found for all the variables evaluated. The Glomus cubense and Rhizophagus intraradices strains, in the substrate made up of 20 % cocoa husk + 60 % coconut fiber + 20 % sawdust, produced significant increases in the growth and photosynthetic development of S. mahagoni. The importance of the mycorrhizal association is evident, as it provides S. mahagoni seedlings with more efficient photosynthetic mechanisms, improving their establishment in plantations.

RESUMEN La inoculación con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) ha permitido un desarrollo y crecimiento controlado en diferentes especies; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado su efecto en algunas especies tropicales como Swietenia mahagoni. El estudio evaluó el crecimiento y desarrollo fotosintético de S. mahagoni producida en sustratos inoculados con HMA. Con un diseño completamente al azar, se evaluaron las combinaciones de dos factores: sustrato (cascarilla de cacao + fibra de coco + aserrín de pino compostado en proporciones 6:2:2 y 2:6:2, y un testigo compuesto por suelo + cascarilla de cacao en proporción 9:1) y cepas micorrízicas (Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregulare y Funneliformis mosseae). Desde los 30 hasta los 120 días después la germinación de la semilla en vivero, se evaluó la superficie foliar y la masa seca total, con las cuales se efectuó el análisis del crecimiento a través de la tasa relativa de crecimiento y la tasa de asimilación neta. A los 120 días se evaluó la tasa fotosintética, conductancia estomática, transpiración y concentración interna de CO2. Se encontraron interacciones significativas entre los factores para todas las variables evaluadas. Las cepas Glomus cubense y Rhizophagus intraradices, en el sustrato conformado por 20 % de cascarilla de cacao + 60 % de fibra de coco + 20 % de aserrín, propiciaron incrementos significativos en el crecimiento y desarrollo fotosintético de S. mahagoni. Es evidente la importancia de la asociación micorrízica para que las plántulas de S. mahagoni mantengan un mecanismo fotosintético más eficiente que les permita mejor establecimiento en plantaciones.

ABSTRACT Although the female inflorescences of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) are mainly used in the brewing industry, they were first used as a medicinal plant. The antimicrobial potential of secondary metabolites, biosynthesized phenolic compounds, and derivatives such as α- and β-acids have been increasingly researched along with cleaner and more efficient extraction practices. Extraction is one of the methodologies used to isolate components from plant-based materials. Supercritical fluid extraction has become the most commonly used method for removing natural chemical components because it is more environmentally friendly, readily available, and non-hazardous. There is interest among researchers to extract bioactive compounds from hops with benefits for human health. This review describes the antimicrobial potential of compounds extracted from hops. Their composition, antibacterial and antifungal properties are explained. The effect of extraction methods on antimicrobial properties is discussed. Finally, the supercritical CO2 method used to extract the antibacterial and antifungal potential of compounds from hops is reported.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es comparar el valor de secuestro de Carbono (C) en los árboles existentes en dos sectores de la localidad de Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Para ello se realizó un inventario de la cantidad de árboles de los espacios públicos y privados, estos últimos a través de imágenes satelitales del Google Earth Pro®. Además, se determinó la cobertura arbórea mediante el software i-Tree Canopy. Para ello, se seleccionó una ciudad de los Estados Unidos con similares características climáticas del área de estudio. Para estimar el beneficio de C se emplearon dos metodologías. Para el primer método, se estimó el secuestro de dióxido de carbono (CO2) anual a partir de la superficie de cobertura arbórea y se tomó la cantidad de C secuestrado anualmente, del reporte del software. Como resultado, se comprobó que la cobertura arbórea del barrio Patagonia secuestra por año 445,82 t CO2 Equivalente, mientras que la del Macrocentro captura 190,17 t CO2 Equivalente al año. En el segundo método, se realizó la estimación del valor de secuestro de CO2 de los árboles presentes, según el Departamento de Agronomía de Estados Unidos. De su aplicación, se determinó que los árboles del barrio Patagonia secuestran 158.532 kg CO2, mientras que los del Macrocentro capturan 92.752 kg CO2.

Abstract The aim of this work is to compare the value of Carbon (C) sequestration in the trees present in two sectors in the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina. For this, an inventory of the number of trees in public and private spaces was carried out, the latter through satellite images of Google Earth Pro®. In addition, the tree cover was determined using the i-Tree Canopy software. For this, a city in the United States, with similar climatic characteristics to the study area, was selected. To estimate the benefit of C, two methodologies were used. For the first method, the annual CO2 sequestration was estimated from the tree cover area and the values of the amount of C sequestered annually were taken from the software report. As a result, it was found that the tree cover of the Patagonia neighborhood captured 445.82 t CO2 Equivalent per year, while that of the Macrocentro captured 190.17 t CO2 Equivalent per year. In the second method, the estimation of the total value of CO2 capture of the trees was made, according to the Department of Agronomy of the United States. From its application, it was determined that the total number of trees in the Patagonia neighborhood sequesters 158,532 kg CO2, while in the Macrocentro it captures 92,752 kg CO2.