Abstract: The article addresses the exploration conducted by a transdisciplinary and bi-national team in 2015 between Valdivia and the Llifén mountain gap, as a research on intercultural and territorial relationships in the settlements and routes of the “Frontera de Arriba” of colonial Valdivia. The itinerary followed was Guillermo Cox’s, who searched for a river route connecting the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean in 1863, a goal thwarted by the Limay Pehuenches (Neuquén) who prevented him from continuing his journey to Carmen de Patagones (Argentina). An archaeological, historical, ethnographic, and mapping counterpoint was used as methodology, which evidenced the continuities and variations of the landscape by comparing Cox’s testimony with missionary archives of the movements during the 18th and 19th centuries, and recent regional history. The road and the chronicle were the main sources which enlight on the cultural, economic, and political relations between spaniard-criollos and mapuche at both sides of the Andes before the setting of national borders. The hypothesis proposed is that the social-territorial colonization process was already underway in 1863 and that there was a considerable population in the “Upper Border”, a fact that explains the efforts made by the Chilean state to put an end to their autonomy.

Resumen: El artículo da cuenta de la exploración realizada por un equipo interdisciplinario y binacional durante 2015 entre Valdivia y el boquete cordillerano de Llifén, como parte de una investigación sobre las relaciones interculturales y territoriales en los asentamientos y rutas de la “Frontera de Arriba” de Valdivia colonial. Se siguió el itinerario de Guillermo Cox, quien buscaba una vía fluvial que conectara el Pacífico con el Atlántico en 1863, propósito impedido por los pehuenche del Limay (Neuquén), que no le permitieron continuar viaje hasta Carmen de Patagones (Argentina). Metodológicamente se realizó un contrapunto arqueológico, histórico, etnográfico y cartográfico que evidenció continuidades y variaciones del paisaje al cotejar el testimonio de Cox con los archivos misionales del tránsito del siglo XVIII al XIX y la historia regional reciente. El camino y la crónica decimonónicos fueron las fuentes principales para comprender las relaciones culturales, económicas y políticas entre hispano-criollos y mapuche en ambas vertientes andinas antes de la fijación de límites nacionales. Se sostiene como hipótesis que el proceso de colonización socioterritorial estaba avanzado en 1863, y que la población de la “Frontera de Arriba” era muy significativa, lo que explica los afanes del Estado chileno por terminar con su autonomía.

ABSTRACT In his memoirs, written when he had left Peru and had retired from public service, José de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete, using the pseudonym "Pruvonena", analyzed his political involvement in the process of Peruvian independence, in which he actively opposed Congress, accusing its members of being demagogues and of handing absolute power to Simón Bolívar and to the troops of Gran Colombia in the struggle to defeat Spanish forces, which he considered an affront to the national army, since it entailed the subordination of Peruvian officers. The attitude of Riva Agüero, as reflected in his political activities, in which he made several errors that resulted in his removal as president, is defended in his memoirs, which offer an insight into the weakened and anarchic condition of the nascent Peruvian state during the early years of the republic.

RESUMEN En sus memorias, escritas cuando ya estaba fuera del Perú y retirado de la actividad pública, José de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete utiliza el seudónimo de Pruvonena y analiza su participación política en el proceso de la independencia peruana, en la que asume una postura de enfrentamiento contra el Congreso, luego de ser reconocido como presidente del Perú por el Poder Legislativo. Acusó a sus miembros de demagogos y de otorgar el poder absoluto a Simón Bolívar y las tropas de la Gran Colombia para acabar con las fuerzas realistas, lo cual consideró una afrenta hacia el ejército nacional, pues ello implicaba la postergación de la oficialidad peruana. La actitud temperamental de Riva Agüero, reflejada en su actuación política, en la que cometió diversos errores que lo llevaron a su destitución como presidente, y justificada en sus memorias, permiten comprender la anarquía y la debilidad del naciente Estado peruano en los primeros años de nuestra vida republicana.

Este artigo analisa, a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, as relações entre memoria e território através da reconstrução dos relatos das famílias Mapuche Tehuelche que foram violentamente despejadas de Boquete Nahuelpan (Chubut, Argentina) no ano de 1937. Esta redação baseia-se nos primeiros resultados do trabalho de campo que fiz nos últimos dois anos, em visitas às terras expropriadas assim como as entrevistas a algumas das famílias envolvidas no despejo. Pretendo entender os sentidos que adquirem para os interlocutores certos lugares como as "taperas" e os antigos caminhos na memória dos sujeitos, impedindo o esquecimento e desafiando os limites estabelecidos pelas cercas.

The article analyzes, from an ethnographic perspective, the relations between memory and territory through the reconstruction of stories of Mapuche Tehuelche families who were violently expelled from Boquete Nahuelpan (Chubut) in 1937. This writing is based on first results of the fieldwork that I have being doing during the last two years, by tours to the expropriated lands as well as interviews to some of the families involved in the eviction. I intend to inquire the meaning that certain places such as the "taperas" and old paths acquire in the memory of the interviewees, preventing forgetfulness and challenging the limits established by fences.

Este trabajo analiza, desde una perspectiva etnográfica, las relaciones entre memoria y territorio a partir de reconstruir los relatos de algunas de las familias mapuche tehuelche que fueron violentamente expulsadas de Boquete Nahuelpan (Chubut) en el año 1937. Este escrito se basa en los primeros resultados del trabajo de campo, que comencé a realizar hace dos años, a través de entrevistas y recorridas por las tierras expropiadas con miembros las familias involucradas en dicho desalojo. De esta manera, me propongo indagar en los sentidos que adquieren para los entrevistados determinados sitios como las "taperas" y antiguos senderos en los relatos de memoria, impidiendo el olvido y desafiando los límites establecidos por el alambrado.

Abstract A paleolimnological and environmental reconstruction of the volcanic Lake Boquete, in the northern highlands of Panama, was produced based on diatom, sediment, and charcoal analyses. The main aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the long-term anthropogenic effect in Lake Boquete and its watershed, a unique space (Gran Chiriquí region) where human occupation and nature have interacted since ~7000 yr BP (years Before Present). Our results indicate two main periods of environmental change. In the first period, from ~2840 to 1740 cal yr BP (calibrated years Before Present), the lake was under the influence of high-energy flow regimes and high erosion rates. Water pH was gradually changing from neutral to alkaline. There’s evidence of fires with four main events, some appear to be natural as indicated by the proxies, while others seem to be associated with anthropic causes most likely related to intense periods of cultivation; a particularly intense fire event is identified at ~2607 cal yr BP. We infer that during this period the lake and its watershed were under intense human impact. In the second period, from ~1740 to 197 cal yr BP, the lake was under a steady low-energy flow regime, submerged vegetation was more abundant, and pH became more acidic, fire events were less frequent. We infer that these conditions were the result of land abandonment due to human migration to the lowlands. Notwithstanding intense and frequent dry climate spells during the second period, Lake Boquete water levels were not affected, and thus, this record suggest that the main cause of environmental and limnological change in Lake Boquete and its watershed has been anthropogenic activities.

Resumen Este trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción paleolimnológica y ambiental de la Laguna Boquete, ubicada en las tierras altas del Norte de Panamá, dicha reconstrucción se hizo mediante análisis de diatomeas, sedimento y carbón. El propósito de este estudio es contribuir al entendimiento del efecto antropogénico en la laguna Boquete y su cuenca, un lugar único (región del desarrollo de La Gran Chiriquí) donde la naturaleza y los humanos han interactuado desde ~7000 años A.P. (Antes del Presente). Nuestros resultados indican dos principales periodos de cambio ambiental. En el primer periodo comprendido del ~2840 al 1740 años cal AP la laguna estuvo bajo la influencia de altos niveles de energía de transporte de sedimentos, tasas de erosión elevadas, y el pH en la columna de agua fue cambiando gradualmente de neutro a alcalino. Los incendios fueron constantes durante todo el periodo, con 4 eventos significativos, algunos provocados por causas naturales y otros por acciones antropogénicas, estos últimos relacionados con periodos intensos de agricultura. Un evento de fuego fue registrado ~2607 años cal A.P. Durante este primer periodo, se infiere que la laguna y su cuenca estuvieron siendo impactadas por actividades humanas. En el segundo periodo de ~1740 al 197 años cal A.P., la laguna se mantuvo en condiciones calmadas con un flujo de energía bajo (comparado al primer periodo), la vegetación fue más abundante y el pH tendió a ser más ácido; los eventos de fuego fueron menos frecuentes. Se infirió que estas condiciones fueron el resultado del abandonamiento de algunas tierras a causa de migraciones humanas hacia las tierras bajas. A pesar de los intensos y frecuentes episodios de clima seco durante el segundo periodo, los niveles de agua en la laguna Boquete no fueron afectados y por lo tanto, este registro sugiere que la principal causa del cambio ambiental y limnológico en el lago Boquete y su cuenca han sido las actividades antropogénicas.

A ocupação e a dispersão territorial dos primeiros colonizadores da América do Sul, sobretudo do Brasil, são ainda pouco conhecidas e exigem esforço interdisciplinar contínuo, envolvendo a antropologia, arqueologia e pedologia. Sob abrigos naturais de rochas calcárias, populações pré-colombianas viveram por milhares de anos, aportando e removendo matérias de naturezas e procedências distintas, desenvolvendo solos antropogênicos muito peculiares, sobre os quais ainda não se têm estudos pedológicos. Para melhor conhecer os solos, procedeu-se à caracterização física, química e mineralógica de solos de dois abrigos calcários, Lapas do Boquete e do Malhador, situados no Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu, norte de Minas Gerais, tido como uma das mais importantes regiões arqueológicas do país. As amostras foram submetidas à caracterização física, química e mineralógica, ao ataque total, à determinação do carbono orgânico total, além de fracionamento das formas inorgânicas de fósforo. As características químicas dos solos estudados estão condizentes com a natureza calcária da rocha local, apresentando valores de pH elevados (> 7,7). O complexo de troca catiônica é praticamente todo preenchido pelas bases trocáveis, principalmente Ca e Mg, alcançando valores de V de 100 %. Os teores de P-extraível (Mehlich-1) encontrados foram elevados, de 131 a 749 mg dm-3. Nos solos analisados, predominou a fração areia, sendo todas as camadas enquadradas na classe textural franco. É marcante a presença de óxidos com atração magnética em todas as frações, especialmente na fração areia, associada principalmente a camadas carbonizadas. Os solos apresentaram predomínio, em sua matriz, de minerais silicatados do tipo 1:1 (caulinita), associados a minerais do tipo 2:1, basicamente illita. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, os solos estudados apresentaram gênese policíclica, marcada por pronunciada alternância climática associada a distintos períodos de ocupação antrópica, que resultaram na formação de camadas aparentemente sem relação pedogenética entre si.

The occupation and territorial dispersion of the first settlers in South America, especially in Brazil, are still little known and require continuous interdisciplinary studies involving anthropology, archeology, and soil science. Under natural limestone shelters, pre-Columbian populations lived for thousands of years, introducing and removing materials of different nature and from different origins, resulting in the development of very peculiar anthropogenic soils, which have been little investigated so far. To deepen the knowledge on this type of soil, we evaluated the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the soil of two limestone shelters, Lapa do Boquete and do Malhador, located in the National Park Cavernas do Peruaçu, in northern Minas Gerais, which is considered one of the most important archaeological regions of the country. The samples were subjected to the physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses, total attack, total organic carbon, and fractionation of inorganic P forms. The chemical properties of these soils are consistent with the calcareous nature of the local rock, with high pH values (> 7.7). The cation exchange complex consists almost entirely of exchangeable bases, especially Ca and Mg, reaching V valuesof 100 %. High P contents (131-749 mg dm-3) were also extracted (Mehlich-1). The predominant soil fraction was sand, with a loamy texture in all layers. The presence of oxides with magnetic attraction in all fractions is noteworthy, especially in the sand fraction, mainly associated with the carbonized layers. The soil matrix is made predominantly by 1:1 silicate minerals (kaolinite) associated with 2:1 minerals, mainly illite. According to the results, soil genesis is polycyclic, marked by pronounced climate changes, and associated with distinct periods of human occupation, resulting in the formation of pedogenetic layers that seem unrelated with each other.

El Monte Oku ocupa la posición central en el sector continental de los volcanes de la Línea Volcánica de Camerún (CVL). Las observaciones del terreno, petrográfica mayor, huella y REE geoquímica, indican que esas lavas son basanita/basalto alcalino trachita/reolita junto al boquete composicional dentro del terreno benmoreita. Este boquete, que no se puede explicar por diagonal de muestreo, puede por lo tanto reflejar la densidad de filtración dentro del sistema magmático. Sin embargo, la acumulación y la fragmentación de las mayores fases minerales: piroxenas, olivinos y plagioclasa, parecen haber controlado la evolución del magma. La cristalización ha mostrado ser el mayor proceso de diferenciación que da a lugar al espectro de los magmas de este estrato-volcán, aunque la contaminación cortical en el nivel superior de las cámaras del magma no puede ser impedida en este medio continental intra-plato. Las determinaciones K-Ar age indican que la actividad volcánica del Monte Oku ocurrió en tres episodios precisos, 25-22 Ma, 18-14 Ma y < 1 Ma. No hay evidencia de actividad volcánica entre 14 y 1 Ma. Para edades < 1 Ma BP, la actividad volcánica fue reasumida creando conos y cráteres abundantes.

The Oku massif occupies the central position amongst the continental sector volcanoes of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Field observations, petrographic major, trace and REE geochemistry show that lavas are basanite/alkali basalt-trachyte/rhyolite suited with a distinct compositional gap within the benmoreite field. This gap, which cannot be explained by sampling bias, may therefore reflect density filtration within the magmatic plumbing system. However, accumulation and fractionation of major mineral phases: pyroxenes, olivines and plagioclases appear to have controlled magma evolution. Fractional crystallization has been shown to be the major differentiation process that gave rise to the spectrum of magmas of this stratovolcano though crustal contamination in high level magma chambers cannot be precluded in this intraplate continental setting. K-Ar age determinations show that the volcanic activity in Mt. Oku occurred in three distinctive episodes 25-22 Ma, 18-14 Ma and < 1 Ma. There is no evidence for volcanic activity between 14 and 1Ma. Less than 1 Ma BP, activity resumed creating abundant cones and craters.

Este estudio involucra la evaluación geoquímica de veintiocho (28) pozos del área Cicuco-Boquete y su integración con la información geoquímica disponible de estudios regionales con el propósito de establecer la continuidad del yacimiento, inferir dirección de migración y posibilidades de reexploración del área. En cuanto a la conectividad de los campos Momposina y Boquilla, estos hacen parte de estructuras diferentes, no interconectadas entre. Los crudos de los campos Boquete y Cicuco forman subgrupos que indican discontinuidades estratigráficas y/o estructurales. La Formación Ciénaga de Oro es la roca fuente principal del área y muestra correlación con los crudos de los Campos Cicuco-Boquete. En cuanto a las rutas de migración asociadas con la Formación Ciénaga de Oro, la zona de generación está compartimentalizada por las dos tendencias principales de fallamiento del área, originando por lo menos cuatro rutas de migración de diferente orientación asociadas a las acumulaciones o manifestaciones de crudo de: 1) Cicuco-Boquete; 2) Momposina-1; 3) Ayombe-1 y Guepajé-1; y 4) Apure-1 y Apure-2X. Respecto a nuevas oportunidades de exploración se propone la posibilidad de 4 nuevas áreas prospectivas ubicadas a lo largo de las 4 rutas de migración propuestas en este trabajo.

This study involves the oil geochemical evaluation of twenty-eight (28) wells in the Cicuco-Boquete area with the purpose to establish reservoir continuity, to infer pathways of hydrocarbon migration and opportunities for new explorations in the area. As for reservoir connectivity, the Momposina and Boquilla fields are not connected among themselves or to the Cicuco-Boquete fields and the Cicuco-Boquete oils seem constitute various subgroups, indicating stratigraphic and/or structural discontinuities inside their reservoirs. The Ciénaga de Oro Formation is the main source rock in the area and their extracts show correlation with crude oils from the Cicuco-Boquete fields. As for the pathway of migration related to the Ciénaga de Oro Formation, the generation zone can be divided in at least three areas, related to the two main faulting tendencies. These are four different migration routes related to the accumulations of: 1) Cicuco-Boquete; 2) Momposina-1; 3) Ayombe-1 and Guepajé-1; and, 4) Apure-1 and Apure-2X. Regarding new exploration opportunities, it is suggested that structures located along the migration route be evaluated, especially those structures along the migration pathway.

The subfamily Anyphaeninae is revised at genera level in the Neotropical region. Anyphaeninae is diagnosed by the tracheal spiracle approximately in the midway of venter or between the midway of venter and the epigastric groove; retromargin of chelicerae with more than four denticles; and male palp with tegulum basket-like or cup-like, without the basal lightly sclerotized area. The subfamily contais 32 genera, 14 of which are new: Aljassa (type species Teudis annulipes Caporiacco), Buckupiella (type species B. imperatriz sp.n., from Brazil and Argentina), Hatitia (type species H.yhuaia sp.n., from Peru) Iguarima (type species Anyphaena censoria Keyserling), Ilocomba (type species I. marta sp.n., from Colombia), Italaman (type species I. santamarina sp.n., from Brazil, Colombia and Argentine), Jessica (type species Osoriella osoriana Mello-Leitão), Katissa (type from Jamaica), Otoniela (type species O. adisi sp.n., from Brazil), Pippuhana (type species P. gandu sp.n., from Brazil), Timbuka (type species T. boquete sp.n., from Costa Rica, Panamá and Colômbia), Umuara (type species Clubiona fasciata Blackwall), Xiruana (type species Aysha gracilipes Keyserling). Other new species and the male of Bromelina zuniala are described: Iguarima pichinha and Lepajan edwardsi from Ecuador; Temnida rosário, Umuara pydanieli and U. juquia from Brazil; Umuara junin, Hatitia conchaque from Peru; Ilcomba perija from Colombia. Twelve new synonyms are presenteei: Wuljilopsis keyserlingi soares & Camargo witn W. tenuips (Keyserling); Teudis foliatus Schmidt with Patrera ruber (F.O.P. - Cambridge); Teudis moreirae Mello-Leitão with Teudis angusticeps (Keyserling); Anyphaena rufibarbis Mello-Leitão with Jessica osoriana (Mello-Leitão); Aysha cinereoviítata Mello-Leitão with Iguarima censoria (Keyserling); Teudis bucolicus Chickering with Katissa simplicipalpis (Simon); Gayenna minutissima Petrunkevitch with Lupetíiana mordax (O.P.-Cambridge); Teudis adfabilis (Keyserling) and Teudis leucochlorus Mello-Leitão with Umuara fasciata (Blackwall); Aysha fulviceps Keyserling with Xiruana gracilipes (Keyserling); Aysha mandibularis (Keyserling) with Aljassa subpallida (L. Koch). Seventy new combinations are presented: Wulfilopsis frenata (Keyserling); W. pygmaea (Keyserling); W. tenuipes (Keyserling); W. tripunctata (Mello-Leitão); Patrera apora (Chamberlin); P.armata (Chickering); P.auricoma (L. Koch); P. cita (Keyserling); P. lauta (Chickering); P. longipes (Keyserling); P. procera (Keyserling); P. puta (O.P.-Cambridge); P. ruber (F.O.P.-Cambridge); P. stylifer (F.O.P.-Cambridge); P. virgata (Keyserling); Teudis bicornutus (Tullgren); T. buelowae (Mello-Leitão); T. comstocki (Soares & Camargo); T. morenus (Mello-Leitão); Jessica campesina (Bauab-Vianna); J. glabra (Keyserling); J. goodnight (Soares & Camargo); J. osoriana (Mello-Leitão); J. erythrostoma (Mello- Leitão); J. rubricephala (Mello-Leitão); Iguarima censoria (Keyserling); Katissa delicatula (Banks); K. elegans (Banks); K. lycosoides (Chickering); K. simplicipalpis (Simon); K. zimarae (Reimoser); Otoniella quadrivittata (Simon); Lupettiana mordax (O.P.-Cambridge); L. parvula (Banks); L. perpusilla (Banks); L. spinosa (Bryant); Timbuka bogotensis (L. Koch); T. granadensis (Keyserling); T. larvata (O.P.-Cambridge), T. masseneti (Berland); T.meridiana (L. Koch); Tafana quelchii (pocock); T. silhavyi (Caporiacco); T. straminea (L. Koch); Umuara fascia J(Blackwall); Aysha basilisca (Mello-Leitâo); A. diversicolor (Keyserling); A. heraldica (Mello-Leitão); A. gentilis (Keyserling); A. helvola (Keyserling); A. robusta (Keyserling); A. rubro- maculata (Keyserling); A. striolata (Keyserling); A. subruba (Keyserling); Xiruana affinis (Mello-Leitão); X. gracilipes (Keyserling); X. hirsuta (Mello-Leitão); X. tetraseta (Mello-Leitão); Aljassa annulipes (Caporiacco); A. notata (Keyserling); A. poicila (Chamberlin); A. subpallida(L. Koch); A. venezuelica (Caporiacco); Pippuhana calcar (Bryant); H. donaldi (Chickering); P. unicolor (Keyserling); Hatitia defolonguei (Berland); H. riveti (Berland); H. sericea (L. Koch). Two spedes are revalidated: Sillus dubius (Chickering) and Hatitia defolongli (Berland). Lectotypes and paralectotypes are here designated for eigth species: Anyphaena censoria Keyserling, 1891; A. adfabilis Keyserling, 1891. A simplicipalpis Simon, 1897; Aysha septena Franganillo, 1935; A. cinereovittata Mello-Leitão, 1945; Osoriella osoriana Mello-Leitão, 1922; Teudis sordidus Mello-Leitão, 1941 e Temnida simplex Simon, 1896. A key to 32 genera of Anyphaeninae are provided. Diagnoses, descriptions and illustrations are provided for the genera and species included in this work.