ABSTRACT: This study recorded the physicochemical properties of the marula fruits, the biometry and breaking the dormancy in the marula seeds. Using 200 ripe fruits, the physicochemical characterization was done. From a random sample of 400 seeds, an assessment of the biometrics was performed, and the weight, length, width and thickness of the fruits and seeds were evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to study dormancy breaking using pre-germination treatments, which included immersing the marula seeds five times (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) in concentrated sulfuric acid (96%) and water, at 65 ºC temperature. The control was time zero, using plain distilled water, with 25 seeds per treatment and four replications. The marula fruits revealed average values of 21.65 ± 3.44 g, 35.5 ± 2.38 and 34.8 ± 2.73, respectively, for weight, diameter and length. The soluble solids (SS), Hydrogenonic Potential (pH), titratable acidity (AT) and ratio (AT/SS) were 14.74 ± 1.0º Brix, 3.93 ± 0.49 pH, 0.63 ± 0.22 and 27.07 ± 12.10, respectively. For the weight of one thousand seeds, the average value was 3.576 ± 188.4 g. The mean values for the dimensions of the width, length and diameter of the seeds were 22.9 ± 2.11; 23.7 ± 2.04; and 14.9 ± 2.09 mm, respectively. The physiological quality of these seeds was enhanced by immersing the seeds from freshly picked fruits in sulfuric acid for a maximum of 30 minutes and storing them for six months.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar as características físico-químicas de frutos, biometria e superação da dormência de sementes de marula. Para a caracterização físico-química foram utilizados 200 frutos maduros. Realizou-se a biometria utilizando uma amostra aleatória de 400 sementes e foram avaliados: peso, comprimento, largura e espessura de frutos e sementes. Para o estudo da superação de dormência foram realizados dois experimentos com os tratamentos pré-germinativos constituídos pela imersão das sementes em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (96%) e água a temperatura de 65 ºC por cinco tempos (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos), sendo o tempo zero a testemunha, onde utilizou-se apenas água destilada, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento. Os frutos de marula apresentaram valores médios de 21,65 ± 3,44 g, 35,5±2,38 e 34,8±2,73 mm de peso, diâmetro e comprimento, respectivamente e sólidos solúveis (SS), Potencial Hidrogeniônico ( pH), acidez titulável (AT) e ratio (AT/SS) foram de 14,74 ± 1,0 ºBrix, 3,93 ± 0,49 pH, 0,63 ± 0,22 e 27,07 ± 12,10 respectivamente. As sementes apresentaram valores médios de 3.576 ± 188,4 g para o peso de mil sementes. Para as dimensões, largura, comprimento e diâmetro de sementes, apresentaram valores médios de 22,9 ± 2,11; 23,7 ± 2,04; e 14,9 ± 2,09 mm respectivamente. A imersão das sementes procedentes de frutos recém colhidos em ácido sulfúrico por até 30 minutos e o armazenamento por seismeses promove incrementos na sua qualidade fisiológica.

ABSTRACT The gestation biometrics of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are described. The abdominal diameter was determined monthly from 10 pregnant alpacas. In addition, uterus of 49 pregnant alpacas were collected from the Maranganí herd (Cusco, Peru) and classified by gestational age known as mating date (every 30 days from day 30 to 330 [± 15 days]). Gravid uteri were weighed and measured, allantoic and amniotic fluid was removed and measured, and fetal weight and length were determined. The results indicate a slight increase in abdominal diameter until the end of gestation, the fetus gradually increases its weight as gestation progresses, being greater from the sixth month onwards. The total length of the fetus increases from month nine. The amniotic fluid represents less than 18% of the volume of the allantoic fluid, both fluids have low volumes. An increase in fluids could be observed towards month fivem a decrease until month nine, and a subsequent increase until the delivery date.

RESUMEN En el presente estudio se describe la biometría de la gestación de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se determinó el diámetro abdominal en forma mensual de 10 alpacas gestantes. Además, se colectaron 49 úteros grávidos del camal de Maranganí (Cusco, Perú) y fueron clasificados por edad gestacional conocida mediante fecha de empadre (cada 30 días a partir del día 30 al día 330 [± 15 días]). Los úteros grávidos fueron pesados y medidos, se midieron los fluidos alantoideo y amniótico, y se determinó el peso y la longitud del feto. Los resultados indican un ligero incremento del diámetro abdominal hasta el final de la gestación, el feto incrementa su peso gradualmente a medida que avanza la gestación, siendo mayor a partir del sexto mes. El largo total del feto se incrementa desde el noveno mes. El líquido amniótico representa menos del 18% del volumen del líquido alantoideo, ambos fluidos presentan bajos volúmenes. Se pudo observar un incremento de los fluidos hacia el quinto mes, una disminución hasta el noveno mes, y posterior incremento hasta la fecha de parto.

ABSTRACT Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) is the second most produced and commercialized ornamental plant in the world. Measuring leaf area through non-destructive methods is fundamental for studies on its growth and production. The estimation of leaf area by linear dimensions of the leaves can be a strategy for this purpose. The objective of this study was to find allometric equations to estimate the leaf area of chrysanthemum. The linear, linear without intercept, quadratic, cubic, power, and exponential regression models were used for the analysis. The choice of equations was based on the highest coefficients of determination. The non-destructive method using allometric models has accuracy for estimating the leaf area (LA) of chrysanthemum from the product between leaf length (L) and leaf width (W). The LA of chrysanthemum can be estimated using the equation ŷ = 0.6611*LW0.9490 (L - leaf length; W - leaf width). This equation will allow researchers and producers to determine leaf area non-destructively.

RESUMO O crisântemo (Dendranthema grandiflora) é a segunda planta ornamental mais produzida e comercializada no mundo. A medição da área foliar por métodos não destrutivos é fundamental para estudos sobre seu crescimento e produção. A estimativa da área foliar por dimensões lineares das folhas pode ser uma estratégia para este fim. O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar equações alométricas para estimar a área foliar do crisântemo. Os modelos de regressão linear, linear sem intercepto, quadrático, cúbico, potência e exponencial foram utilizados para a análise. A escolha das equações foi baseada nos maiores coeficientes de determinação. O método não destrutivo por meio de modelos alométricos tem acurácia para estimar a área foliar (AF) do crisântemo a partir do produto entre o comprimento da folha (C) e a largura da folha (L). A AF do crisântemo pode ser estimada pela equação ŷ = 0,6611*CL0,9490 (C - comprimento da folha; L - largura da folha). Essa equação permitirá que pesquisadores e produtores determinem a área foliar de forma não destrutiva.

Abstract: Biometric technology has transformed human biological characteristics into a new form of privacy, and the misuse of this technology poses challenges to protecting this new privacy. This article initially defines biometric technology and biometric characteristics, further demonstrating why biometric characteristics belong to personal privacy and how biometric technology poses challenges to its protection. Through analysis, this article argues that the essence of these challenges is the conflicts between the ethical principle of privacy protection and the ethical principle of maximizing social benefits. In order to address these challenges, it is necessary first to weigh the fundamental ethical principles. The two basic principles of privacy protection and maximizing social benefits are not mutual antagonism but hierarchy, and this hierarchy should be based on the principle of practical feasibility. That is, applying biometric technology should first meet the principle of practical feasibility and, on this premise, realize the principle of maximizing social benefits based on not infringing on the principle of privacy protection.

Resumen: La tecnología biométrica ha transformado las características biológicas humanas en una nueva forma de privacidad, y el uso indebido de esta tecnología plantea desafíos a su protección. En este artículo se define inicialmente la tecnología biométrica y las características biométricas; se demuestra además por qué las características biométricas pertenecen a la privacidad personal y cómo la tecnología biométrica plantea retos para su protección. Este artículo argumenta que la esencia de estos retos es el conflicto entre el principio ético de protección de la privacidad y el de maximización de los beneficios sociales. Para abordar estos retos es necesario sopesar primero los principios éticos fundamentales. Los dos principios básicos de protección de la privacidad y maximización de los beneficios sociales no son antagónicos, sino jerárquicos, y esta jerarquía debe basarse en el principio de viabilidad práctica. Es decir, la aplicación de la tecnología biométrica debe cumplir primero el principio de viabilidad práctica y, a partir de esta premisa, realizar el principio de maximización de los beneficios sociales sobre la base de no infringir el principio de protección de la intimidad.

Resumo: A tecnologia biométrica transformou as características biológicas humanas em uma nova forma de privacidade, e o mal uso dessa tecnologia apresenta desafios para proteger essa nova privacidade. Esse artigo inicialmente define tecnologia biométrica e características biométricas, demonstrando posteriormente por que características biométricas pertencem à privacidade pessoal e como tecnologia biométrica coloca desafios à sua proteção. Através de análise, esse artigo discute que a essência desses desafios é o conflito entre o princípio ético da proteção da privacidade e o princípio ético de maximizar benefícios sociais. De forma a visar esses desafios é necessário primeiro ponderar os princípios éticos fundamentais. Os dois princípios básicos de proteção da privacidade e de maximizar benefícios sociais não são mutuamente antagônicos mas hierárquicos, e essa hierarquia deve ser baseada no princípio da viabilidade prática. Isso é, aplicar tecnologia biométrica deve primeiro atender ao princípio da viabilidade prática e, nessa premissa, compreender o princípio de maximizar benefícios sociais com base em não infringir o princípio de proteção da privacidade.

Resumen El quitosano es un polímero que se obtiene a partir de subproductos de crustáceos, el cual posee propiedades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas e inmunoestimulantes que pueden ser aprovechadas para la promoción del crecimiento en aves de corral sin alterar su estado de salud. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión dietética de quitosano (0.55 % y 0.65 %) sobre el comportamiento productivo y los parámetros hematológicos en pollitas Rhode Island Red. Se utilizaron 45 pollitas con un peso promedio de 36 ± 7.8 g, las cuales fueron alojadas en jaulas de 1.0 m2 (5 animales/jaula). Las pollitas fueron alimentadas por 21 días con dietas con diferentes inclusiones de quitosano: 1) dieta testigo (tipo comercial), 2) dieta testigo + quitosano al 0.55 % (CH55), 3) dieta testigo + quitosano al 0.65 % (CH65). Al final del ensayo de alimentación, el crecimiento, el índice de conversión alimentaria (ICA), la biometría hemática y bioquímica sanguínea fueron analizados. La suplementación dietética con quitosano incrementó el peso final de las pollitas y hasta 27 % la ganancia diaria de peso (P<0.05), en comparación con el tratamiento testigo. El ICA no mostró cambios significativos con la suplementación de quitosano. La concentración de glucosa en sangre incrementó con la adición de quitosano a la dieta (P<0.05). Las variables de colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol VLDL, triglicéridos, proteína total y la biometría hemática no mostraron cambios significativos (P>0.05). Se concluye que la adición de quitosano en ambas dosis favorece el crecimiento sin alterar el estado de salud de las pollitas.

Abstract Chitosan is a polymer obtained from crustacean byproducts, which has antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunostimulant properties that can be used to promote growth in poultry without altering their health status. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of chitosan (0.55 % and 0.65 %) on productive behavior and hematological parameters in Rhode Island Red pullets. Forty-five pullets with an average weight of 36 ± 7.8 g were used, which were housed in cages of 1.0 m2 (5 animals/cage). The pullets were fed for 21 days with diets with different inclusions of chitosan: 1) control diet (commercial type), 2) control diet + 0.55 % chitosan (CH55), 3) control diet + 0.65 % chitosan (CH65). At the end of the feeding trial, growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biometry and blood biochemistry were analyzed. Dietary supplementation with chitosan increased the final weight of the pullets and, by up to 27 %, the daily weight gain (P<0.05), compared to the control treatment. The FCR showed no significant changes with chitosan supplementation. Blood glucose concentration increased with the addition of chitosan to the diet (P<0.05). The variables of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein and blood biometry showed no significant changes (P>0.05). It is concluded that the addition of chitosan in both doses favors growth without altering the health status of the pullets.

ABSTRACT Biometric seed analysis can be used to characterize and differentiate forest species. However, forest species are generally studied using manual methods such as measurements with a digital caliper, which provides a limited amount of information on plant morphological characteristics, whereas agronomic species are analyzed using expensive and often inaccessible equipment. Thus, the objective of the present study was to demonstrate that seed image analysis and processing tools can help characterize and differentiate Brazilian forest species. For this purpose, the seeds of 155 forest species belonging to 42 families were photographed and analyzed to extract data on their morphometric descriptors using a new methodological approach. A total of 18 characteristics were assessed, namely eight dimensions, four shape characteristics, and six color characteristics. A set of approximately 1.827 million data was extracted from 101,521 seed images. Digital image processing efficiently characterized the studied seeds and the obtained characteristics allowed us to differentiate between species, including those belonging to the same botanical family and genus. Therefore, seed image analysis using the proposed methodology can be used to characterize, differentiate, and automatedly identify forest species in Brazil.

RESUMO A análise biométrica de sementes contribui para a caracterização e diferenciação de espécies florestais. Entretanto, os estudos com espécies nativas geralmente utilizam métodos manuais como o paquímetro digital, o qual extrai uma quantidade limitada de características, enquanto espécies agronômicas dispõem de equipamentos caros e pouco acessíveis. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que ferramentas de análise e processamento de imagens de sementes podem auxiliar na caracterização e diferenciação de espécies nativas brasileiras. Para isso, sementes de 155 espécies nativas, distribuídas em 42 famílias botânicas foram fotografadas e analisadas para extração de descritores morfométricos por meio de uma nova abordagem metodológica. Um total de 18 características foram geradas, sendo oito para dimensões, quatro para formato, e seis para cor. Um conjunto de aproximadamente 1,827 milhões de dados foram obtidos a partir 101.521 imagens de sementes. O processamento digital de imagens foi eficiente para a caracterização das sementes nativas, e as características utilizadas permitiram diferenciar as espécies, inclusive àquelas que estão contidas na mesma família botânica e gênero. Portanto, a análise de imagens de sementes pela metodologia proposta contribui para a caracterização, diferenciação e automatização na identificação de espécies florestais nativas do Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the biometric modifications in myopic patients with ACRIOL 128 phakic lens implantation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 31 eyes (17 patients) with high myopia treated with ACRIOL 128 phakic lens implant, between September 2016 and February 2019, which had preoperative biometric measurements with the IOL Master 3.0.2 system and postoperative refractive stability (≤ 0.5 diopters) after three months of implantation. Postoperative measurements were performed with the IOL Master 3.0.2 in phakic lens mode and with the Scheimpflug Pentacam AXL system for comparison, using the t-test for paired data, with 95% significance. Results: The average age was 29.82 ± 5.99 years, 82.4% female. The mean preoperative spherical equivalent was -12.00 ± 4.10 diopters. The difference in axial length and anterior chamber depth in millimeters between pre- and postoperative was significant with IOL Master 3.0.2 (0.13 ± 0,33 and -0.08 ± 0.17) and Pentacam AXL (0.12 ± 0.32 and -0.10 ± 0.24), respectively. However, postoperative between the two teams were not significant (p > 0.05) for these variables but significant for keratometries. Conclusions: Implantation of the ACRIOL 128 phakic lens modifies the measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth. The IOL Master 3.0.2 and Pentacam AXL provide similar postoperative axial length and anterior chamber depth measurements, but not for keratometries.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las modificaciones biométricas en pacientes miopes con implante de la lente fáquica ACRIOL 128. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 31 ojos (17 pacientes) con alta miopía tratados con implante de lente fáquica ACRIOL 128, entre septiembre 2016 y febrero 2019, los cuales tenían mediciones biométricas preoperatorias con el sistema IOL Master 3.0.2 y estabilidad refractiva posoperatoria (≤ 0,5 dioptrías) después de los tres meses del implante. Se les efectuaron las mediciones posoperatorias con el propio IOL Master 3.0.2 en modo lente fáquica y con el sistema Scheimpflug Pentacam AXL para compararlas, mediante la prueba t para datos pareados, con una significación del 95 %. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 29,82 ± 5,99 años, el 82,4 % del sexo femenino. El equivalente esférico preoperatorio medio fue de -12,00 ± 4,10 dioptrías. La diferencia de longitud axial y profundidad de la cámara anterior en milímetros entre el pre- y posoperatorio fue significativa con IOL Master 3.0.2 (0,13 ± 0,33 y -0,08 ± 0,17) y Pentacam AXL (0,12 ± 0,32 y -0,10 ± 0,24), respectivamente. Sin embargo, las posoperatorias entre ambos equipos no fueron significativas (p>0,05) para estas variables, pero sí para las queratometrías. Conclusiones: El implante de la lente fáquica ACRIOL 128 modifica la medición de la longitud axial y la profundidad de la cámara anterior. El IOL Master 3.0.2 y el Pentacam AXL ofrecen mediciones de longitud axial y profundidad de cámara anterior posoperatorias similares, no así para las queratometrías.

Resumen Introducción. Diversas técnicas de modelación se han utilizado para analizar experimentos con medidas repetidas en el tiempo; no obstante, algunas de estas no son pertinentes en la actualidad. Objetivo. Comparar cuatro estrategias de análisis que se usan para analizar experimentos agrícolas con evaluaciones a través del tiempo. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron datos de un experimento donde se evaluó el efecto de distintas fuentes de fertilizante nitrogenado sobre el contenido de clorofila en un pasto forrajero a diferentes edades de cosecha. Estos datos se analizaron con cuatro estrategias: índice de área bajo la curva (IABC), análisis de la varianza multivariado (MANOVA), efecto aleatorio de la unidad experimental y modelación de la correlación temporal. Las dos últimas estrategias se realizaron bajo la teoría de modelos lineales mixtos; en estas se ajustaron diferentes modelos, todos con la misma estructura de efectos fijos, pero con diferentes efectos aleatorios, estructura de correlación residual o estructura de varianza residual. Mediante criterios de verosimilitud penalizada (criterio de información de Akaike (AIC) y criterio de información Bayesiano (BIC)) se eligió el modelo de mejor ajuste, con este se realizaron inferencias acerca de las medias de los efectos fijos que fueron significativos y se comparó con los resultados obtenidos de las estrategias IABC y MANOVA. Resultados. El modelo lineal mixto de mejor ajuste tuvo una estructura de correlación de simetría compuesta y varianza heterocedástica. Este modelo permitió analizar la interacción tratamiento × tiempo; por el contrario, tanto el MANOVA como el IABC, no permitieron analizar las tendencias temporales de los tratamientos. Conclusión. El modelo lineal mixto de mejor ajuste posibilitó seleccionar el mejor tratamiento en función del tiempo de evaluación. Por el contrario, tanto el MANOVA como el IABC condujeron a la selección de tratamientos que no fueron los mejores en todos los tiempos de evaluación.

Abstract Introduction. Several modeling techniques have been used to analyze experiments with repeated measures over time; however, some of these are no longer relevant. Objective. To compare four analysis strategies that are used to analyze agricultural experiments with evaluations over time. Materials and methods. Data from an experiment in which the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer sources on chlorophyll content in a forage grass at different harvest ages was used. These data were analyzed using four strategies: the area under the curve index (AUC), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), random effect of the experimental unit, and temporal correlation modeling. The lasts two strategies were performed under the theory of mixed linear models; in these different models were fitted, all with the same fixed effects structure, but with different random effects, residual correlation structure, or residual variance structure. Using penalized likelihood criteria (Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC)), the best fitting model was chosen, with which inferences were made about the means of the significant fixed effects, and compared with the results obtained from the AUC and MANOVA strategies. Results. The best fitting mixed linear had a compound symmetry correlation structure and heteroscedastic variances. This model allowed for the analysis of the treatment × time interaction; on the other hand, both the MANOVA and the AUC allowed for the analysis of temporal trends of the treatments. Conclusion. The best fitting mixed linear model made it possible to select the best treatment based on the evaluation time. On the other hand, both the MANOVA and the AUC led to the selection of treatments that were not the best at all evaluation times.

Resumen Este artículo analiza los factores biológicos de los elasmobranquios más comunes en Bahía Santa Elena, en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste en el Pacifico norte de Costa Rica. Debido a un vacío de información científica marino-costera que origina un fallo del sistema de manejo, no hay enfoque de resiliencia en las poblaciones sujeto de conservación. Se utilizó el método de muestreo mensual desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016. Mediante censo subacuático, uso de un trasmallo y visita en los puestos de recibo de pescado de Cuajiniquil se determinó la diversidad, abundancia relativa, distribución de las especies, aspectos biométricos, biología reproductiva y estructura de tallas de captura; también se aplicó una encuesta a 120 pescadores para conocer la percepción social en factores del desarrollo sostenible. Se trabajó con una muestra de 289 individuos que dio como resultado que los meses de mayor precipitación se relacionan con picos de los índices de diversidad, con poca distribución espacial, donde se presenta un remplazo estacional de especies, entre las que destaca el arribo de Rhinopterasteindachneri, Mobulamunkiana, durante los meses lluviosos y Mustelushenlei junto con Sphyrnalewini durante los vientos alisios. El periodo de desove principal para Myliobatiformes se ubica antes de diciembre, pero Urotrygonnana presenta un segundo periodo en julio. Se concluye que la biometría indica un mayor número de organismos juveniles para tiburones y adultos para rayas. La pesca con trasmallo de fondo se caracterizó por bajo rendimiento económico, lo que incide en la captura de juveniles de S. lewini, y este ingreso económico no se beneficia de los bienes naturales intangibles presentes en BSE que son patrimonio del Estado.

Abstract This article analyzes the biological factors of the most common elasmobranchs in Bahía Santa Elena, in the Guanacaste Conservation Area in the north Pacific of Costa Rica. Due to a lack of marine-coastal scientific information there is a system failure of management, leaving without a resilience approach to the populations subject to conservation. The monthly sampling method was used from September 2015 to August 2016, diversity, relative abundance, species distribution, biometric aspects, reproductive biology and catch size structure were determined by means of an underwater census, the use of a trammel net and a visit to the Cuajiniquil fish reception posts. A survey was applied to 120 fishermen to know the social perception regarding the factors of sustainable development. I worked with a sample of 289 individuals, among the main results, it was obtained that the months with the highest rainfall are related to peaks of the diversity indices, with little spatial distribution. A seasonal replacement of species is presented, highlightingthe arrival of Rhinopterasteindachneri, Mobulamunkiana, during the rainy months and Mustelushenlei and Sphyrnalewini during the Trade Winds. The main spawning period for Myliobatiformes is located before December, however Urotrygonnana presents a second period in July. It is concluded that biometry indicates a greater number of juvenile organisms for sharks and adults for rays, bottom gillnet fishing was characterized by low economic performance, which affects the capture of juveniles of S. lewini, this economic income does not benefit from the intangible natural assets present in BSE that are State assets.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar si el índice de inmunidad-inflamación sistémica (IIS) es un marcador pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19. Método: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes que ingresaron con diagnóstico de COVID-19 a un hospital general de la Ciudad de México, confirmado mediante prueba de reacción cuantitativa en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa de muestras de hisopado nasofaríngeo, además de la sintomatología característica y los hallazgos de la tomografía computarizada de tórax. A su ingreso se les realizó biometría hemática para el cálculo del IIS (neutrófilos × plaquetas/linfocitos). Mediante una curva ROC se determinó el punto de corte óptimo del IIS. Para evaluar la asociación del IIS con la mortalidad se utilizó la prueba de ji al cuadrado, la fuerza de la asociación con la razón de momios (OR, odds ratio) y se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 140 individuos, de los cuales 86 (61.4%) eran hombres y 54 (38.6%) mujeres, con una media de edad de 52 (± 13.81) años. El mejor punto de corte pronóstico fue 2332.30 × 109 (área bajo la curva: 0.68; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0.59-0.77; p < 0.05). La OR fue de 3.78 (IC95%: 1.83-7.82; p < 0.05). Conclusiones: El IIS mostró ser una herramienta de fácil disponibilidad y un marcador pronóstico de mortalidad al ingreso en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19.

Abstract Objective: To determine if the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a prognostic marker of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Method: Retrospective study that included patients admitted to a general hospital in Mexico City with diagnostic of COVID-19, confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swab specimens in addition to characteristic symptomatology and computerized thoracic tomography imaging. Upon admission an hematic biometry was taken to calculate the SII (neutrophils × platelets/lymphocytes). The optimal cut-off point was determined from a ROC curve; the chi-square test was used to evaluate the association of SII with mortality, the strength of the association was estimated through the odds ratio (OR) and, finally, a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: 140 individuals were included, 86 (61.4%) men and 54 women (38.6%), the mean age of patients was 52 (± 13.81) years old. The best prognostic cut-off point found was 2332.30 × 109 (area under the curve: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.59-0.77; p < 0.05). The OR was 3.78 (95% CI: 1.83-7.82; p < 0.05). Conclusions: We demonstrated that the SII is an easily available tool, effective and a prognostic marker of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

RESUMEN: El complejo ligamentoso lateral de la articulación talocrural o «tobillo» (CLT) contempla básicamente tres estructuras denominadas como ligamento talofibular anterior (LTFA), ligamento calcaneofibular (LCF) y ligamento talofibular posterior (LTFP). En los últimos artículos publicados en relación con la morfología del CLT, se clasifica al LTFA en tres tipos, basada en el número de bandas o fascículos. Esta variabilidad morfológica plantea nuevos desafíos de estudios anatómicos en la biomecánica y estabilidad de la región talocrural. El objetivo de este estudio fue profundizar la anatomía de este complejo, en base a disecciones por capa que nos permitan visualizar las relaciones existentes entre estos ligamentos y estructuras aledañas. Se utilizaron 10 piezas congeladas pertenecientes al Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, cuyos ligamentos fueron localizados y medidos en ancho y longitud. Para el LTFA se observó un patrón único en 5 muestras, bifurcado en 4, mientras que en un caso se visualizó un patrón trifurcado. El conocimiento del complejo ligamentoso lateral de tobillo, así como de su dirección, biometría y bandas o fascículos son un importante aporte para la imagenología, rehabilitación, clínica y cirugías que aborden esta región.

SUMMARY: The lateral ankle complex (LAC) basically includes three structures called anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). In recent works published in relation to the morphology of LAC, ATFL is classified into three types, based on the number of bands or fascicles. This morphological modification poses new challenges for anatomical studies in biomechanics and ankle stability. The objective of this is to deepen in greater detail the anatomy of this complex, based on dissections by layer that allow us to study the existing relationships between these ligaments and surrounding structures. 10 frozen pieces belonging to the Department of Anatomy and Legal Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile were used; whose ligaments were located and measured in width and length. For ATFL, a single pattern was found in 5 samples, bifurcated in 4, while a trifurcated pattern was seen in one case. Knowledge of the lateral ligamentous complex of the ankle, as well as its direction, biometry and bands or fascicles, are an important contribution to imaging, rehabilitation, clinics and surgeries that address this region.

Resumen La tecnología de reconocimiento facial es un ejemplo de tecnología blanda y flexible, cuyo funcionamiento se basa en datos biométricos, los cuales son procesados por sistemas algorítmicos que permiten la identificación o verificación de individuos. Puede ser aplicada a una diversidad de situaciones, tales como verificación de identidad en transacciones bancarias, o asistencia a personas en condición de discapacidad, entre otras. El presente artículo realiza un análisis de la regulación colombiana sobre protección de datos en relación con las tecnologías de reconocimiento facial en contraste con la regulación de la Unión Europea y de los Estados de California e Illinois en los Estados Unidos. El objetivo Fecha de recepción: 2021-03-01; fecha de aceptación: 2021-11-03nacional para enfrentar los riesgos y desafíos planteados por este tipo de tecnología y en esa medida plantear una propuesta en caso de que la norma resulte no serlo.

Abstract Facial recognition technology is an example of soft and flexible technology, whose operation is based on biometric data, which are processed by algorithmic systems that allow the identification or verification of individuals. It can be applied to a variety of situations, such as identity verification in banking transactions, or assistance to people with disabilities, among others. This article makes an analysis of the Colombian regulation on data protection in relation to facial recognition technologies in contrast with the regulation of the European Union and the States of California and Illinois in the United States. The objective of this article is to make a comparative analysis as to the relevance of the national regulation to face the risks and challenges posed by this type of technology and, to that extent, to make a proposal in case the regulation turns out not to be adequate.

RESUMO A área foliar é um parâmetro de fundamental importância para estudos relacionados ao crescimento e fisiologia vegetal. O objetivo do trabalho foi construir equações alométricas que permitam estimar com precisão e rapidez a área foliar do sapotizeiro. Foram coletadas 250 folhas de diferentes formas e tamanhos em árvores matrizes de sapotizeiro localizadas na Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, Brazil. Em cada folha, foi mensurado o comprimento, largura, produto entre comprimento e largura (LW), produto entre comprimento e comprimento, produto entre largura e largura, e área foliar. Modelos lineares e não lineares foram utilizados para construção das equações alométricas. As melhores equações foram escolhidas com base nos seguintes critérios: maior coeficiente de determinação, coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson e índice de concordância de Willmott, e menor critério de informação de Akaike e raiz do quadrado médio do erro. Diante disso, verificou-se que os modelos que utilizaram o produto entre comprimento e largura apresentaram os melhores critérios para estimar a área foliar do sapotizeiro. Buscando reduzir o tempo das análises e maior precisão dos dados, as equações ŷ = 0.664 × LW1.018 e ŷ = 0.713 × LW e utilizando LW são as mais indicadas para estimar a área foliar do sapotizeiro.

ABSTRACT The leaf area is a parameter of fundamental importance in studies on plant growth and physiology. The objective of this study was to build allometric equations for the accurate and fast estimation of sapodilla leaf areas. In total, 250 leaves of different shapes and sizes were collected from sapodilla matrices trees growing at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, Brazil. For each leaf, the length, width, product of length and width (LW), product of length and length, product of width and width, and leaf area were measured. Linear and nonlinear models were used to construct the allometric equations. The best equations were chosen on the basis of the following criteria: the highest coefficient of determination, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, and Willmott’s index of agreement; and the lowest Akaike information criterion and root mean square error. It was verified that the models that used the LW value presented the best criteria for estimating the leaf area. Specifically, the equations ŷ = 0.664 × LW1.018 and ŷ = 0.713 × LW, which use LW values, are the most suitable for estimating the leaf area of sapodilla quickly and accurately.

SUMMARY: The median-ulnar communicating branch (MUCB) is the communication that originates from the median nerve (MN) or one of its branches, to join the ulnar nerve (UN) in the human forearm. With a prevalence that oscillates between 8% and 32%, when this MUCB is present, it establishes that axons from the MN move to the UN, modifying the normal innervation of the muscles of the hand. Our aim was to determine the prevalence, biometry and topography and anatomical relationships of the MUCB. Additionally, the coexistence of this MUCB with other connections between the MN and UN was established. A descriptive, quantitative, non experimental and transectional study was conducted. Thirty adult human forearms belonging to the cadaveric donation program of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile were dissected. The samples were fixed in formalin and stored at 4 °C. The MUCB appeared in 5 cases (17%). Of these, three originated from the anterior interosseous nerve (60%) and two (40%) arose from the branch that the MN gives it to the superficial muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm. These were classified according to the literature consulted, obtaining that Group Ic occurred in three cases (60%), and Group Ia in two (40%). The average MUCB length was 53.9 mm. The origin of the MUCB was on average 21% of the length of the forearm from the biepicondylar line. The connection of this MUCB with the UN was located on average at 44% from this line. In three cases (60%) the coexistence of the MUCB and a connection between the common palmar digital nerves was observed. These findings confirm that the RCMU is generally established between the anterior interosseous nerve of forearm and NU, and its presence could modify the nerve distribution of the hand.

RESUMEN: El ramo comunicante mediano-ulnar (RCMU) es la conexión que se origina del nervio mediano (NM) o alguno de sus ramos, para unirse al nervio ulnar (NU) en el antebrazo humano. Cuando este RCMU está presente, determina una prevalencia que oscila entre un 8 % y un 32 %, de tal manera los axones del NM se trasladen al NU, modificando la inervación habitual de los músculos de la mano. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia, biometría, topografía y relaciones anatómicas del RCMU. Adicionalmente, se estableció la coexistencia de otras conexiones entre los NM y NU en el antebrazo y la mano. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, no experimental y transeccional. Disecamos 30 antebrazos humanos de individuos adultos, pertenecientes al programa de donación cadavérica de la Pontificia Universidad Católicade Chile. Las muestras estaban fijadas en formalina y a 4 °C. El RCMU se presentó en 5 casos (17 %). De estos ramos, tres surgieron del nervio interóseo anterior (NIA) (60 %) y dos (40 %) del ramo que el NM aporta a los músculos superficiales del compartimiento anterior del antebrazo. Estos se clasificaron de acuerdo a la literatura, así el tipo Ic se presentó en tres casos (60 %), y el tipo Ia en dos (40 %). La longitud promedio del RCMU fue de 53,9 mm. El origen del RCMU se ubicó en el tercio proximal y la conexión de este con el NU se estableció en el tercio medio del antebrazo. En tres casos (60 %) se observó la coexistencia del RCMU y una conexión entre los ramos digitales palmares comunes. Estos hallazgos confirman que el RCMU mayoritariamente se extiende entre el nervio interóseo anterior y el NU, y su presencia podría modificar la distribución nerviosa de la mano.

Resumo O trabalho objetivou avaliar a relação peso-comprimento e o fator de condição, caracterizando a biometria, anatomia, histologia e densidade volumétrica do fígado de Brycon amazonicus, em diferentes estágios de crescimento corporal. O experimento utilizou vinte espécimes em quatro fases de crescimento corporal (PI, PII, PIII e PIV) colhidos a cada 90 dias, contendo cinco espécimes, cada grupo. Os fígados foram dissecados, pesados (g) e processados rotineiramente pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. A equação que representou a relação peso-comprimento foi W = 0,05902 x L2,63, com crescimento alométrico negativo, mas com fator de condição relativo igual a 1,0. O fígado apresentou-se dividido em três lobos com a vesícula biliar próxima ao lobo direito e sua cor variou de vermelho claro a vermelho escuro, não variando em relação a outras espécies de peixes. A relação hepatossomática acompanhou o crescimento corporal até a fase do grupo PII e então declinou, demonstrando o comportamento de seu desenvolvimento em Brycon amazonicus. O órgão constitui-se predominantemente por hepatócitos, seguido de vasos e capilares sinusoidais, com a morfologia histológica semelhante ao de muitas espécies de peixes. Centros melanomacrófagos foram encontrados apenas nos animais mais desenvolvidos, mas em pequena quantidade, instigando o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre esta célula, nesta espécie. Desta forma, pesquisas desta natureza permitem a caracterização de espécies de peixes, auxiliando no aperfeiçoamento de métodos de criação, compreensão de processos patológicos provocados por enfermidades, e obtenção de melhor capacidade produtiva, atendendo um mercado cada vez mais exigente e próspero.

Abstract The work aimed to evaluate the weight-length relationship and the condition factor, characterizing the biometry, anatomy, histology and volumetric density of the liver of Brycon amazonicus, in different stages of body growth. The experiment used twenty specimens in four stages of body growth (PI, PII, PIII and PIV) harvested every 90 days, containing five specimens, each group. The livers were dissected, weighed (g) and processed routinely using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation test and linear regression. The equation that represented the weight-length relation was W = 0.05902 x L2.63, with negative allometric growth, but with a relative condition factor equal to 1.0. The liver was divided into three lobes with the gallbladder close to the right lobe and its color varied from light red to dark red, not varying in relation to other fish species. The hepatosomatic relationship followed body growth until the PII group stage and then declined, demonstrating the behavior of its development in Brycon amazonicus. The organ consists predominantly of hepatocytes, followed by sinusoidal vessels and capillaries, with histological morphology similar to that of many species of fish. Melanomacrophage centers were found only in the most developed animals, but in small quantities, prompting the development of new research on this cell, in this species. In this way, research of this nature allows the characterization of fish species, helping to improve breeding methods, understanding pathological processes caused by diseases, and obtaining better productive capacity, serving an increasingly demanding and prosperous market.