Abstract This paper shows how the homo oeconomicus has evolved from utility at work to consumption and then to the mystification of profit in a context of financialization and long-term crisis. Thus, a semantic slippage occurs, which distorts the achievements of capitalism, such as individualism and self-interest, for a libertarian belief -alien to liberalism, to Bentham’s utilitarianism and marginalismin which it is not possible to define social utility, nor the connection between the “rationality” of individual decisions and social choices. Usefulness is confused with profit in the primacy of today’s business mentality and is often reflected in individual behavior.

Resumen El presente trabajo muestra cómo ha evolucionado el homo oeconomicus, al pasar de la utilidad en el trabajo al consumo, y después a la mistificación de la ganancia, en un contexto financiarizado y de larga crisis. Se opera así, un deslizamiento semántico que adultera logros del capitalismo, como el individualismo y el interés propio, por una creencia libertaria -ajena al liberalismo, al utilitarismo de Bentham y al marginalismo-, en la que no es posible definir la utilidad social, ni la conexión entre la “racionalidad” de decisiones individuales y de elecciones sociales. Lo útil se confunde con la ganancia, en la primacía de la mentalidad empresarial de hoy, y se refleja con frecuencia en conductas individuales.

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid is considered a functional food since its consumption improves people’s health. This compound is found in the milk of ruminant animals and is synthesized in the rumen and mammary gland using linoleic and α-linolenic acids as substrates, which are widely found in forage plants. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the content of fatty acids in forages, particularly of native species. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of native forage shrubs that are consumed by goats under extensive grazing in northern Mexico in 2019. For this, forage shrubs consumed by goats were collected. The selected forages were determined: dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total lipids, and fatty acid profile. The forage shrubs consumed by the goats in the rangeland were huizache [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.], mesquite [Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild], gobernadora [Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC)] and chaparro prieto [Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif)]. Of these, mesquite (CP 148 g kg-1 DM) and chaparro prieto (CP 147 g kg-1 DM) had the best crude protein contents; likewise, mesquite had a high concentration in linoleic (14.21 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) and α-linolenic (36.22 g 100 g-1 total fatty acids) fatty acids, so these forage shrubs can be considered in the diet of goats that aim to increase the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in milk or meat of grazing goats.

Resumen El ácido linoleico conjugado es considerado un alimento funcional ya que su consumo mejora la salud de las personas. Este compuesto se encuentra en leche de animales rumiantes y es sintetizado en el rumen y glándula mamaria utilizando como sustratos a los ácidos linoleico y α-linolenico, los cuales se encuentran en forma amplia en plantas forrajeras. Sin embargo, existe poca información respecto al contenido de ácidos grasos en forrajes, en particular, de especies nativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química y perfil de ácidos grasos de arbustos forrajeros nativos que son consumidos por cabras bajo pastoreo extensivo en el norte de México, en 2019. Para ello, se realizó una colecta de arbustos forrajeros consumidos por cabras. A los forrajes seleccionados se le determino: materia seca, materia orgánica, proteína cruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, lípidos totales y perfil de ácidos grasos. Los arbustos forrajeros consumidos por las cabras en el agostadero fueron: huizache (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wild.), mezquite (Prosopis laevigata (Humb & Bonpl) Wild), gobernadora (Larrea tridentata (Moç. & Seseé DC) y chaparro prieto (Vachellia constricta (Bentham Siegler & Ebinger Waif). De estos, mezquite (PC 148 g kg-1 de MS) y chaparro prieto (PC 147 g kg-1 de MS) tuvieron los mejores contenidos de proteína cruda, asimismo, mezquite tuvo una alta concentración en los ácidos grasos linoleico (14.21 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales) y α-linolenico (36.22 g 100 g-1 ácidos grasos totales), por lo que estos arbustos forrajeros pueden ser considerados en dieta de las cabras que tengan el objetivo de incrementar la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado en leche o carne de cabras en pastoreo.

Abstract Taking the Autobiography as the reference text, the essay investigates some aspects of John Stuart Mill’s (1806-1873) educational history, considering it as a paradigm of the liberal education that comes up against its own limits and, at the same time, seeks to overcome them. The text deals with his educational trajectory in two moments. The first one is marked by the influence of the paternal education. James Mill (1773-1836) wanted to make his son the great liberal leader of his time and, to this end, he closely followed the principles of Jeremy Bentham’s (1748-1832) utilitarian philosophy. Such purpose incurred in several paradoxes, once the required autonomy of thought and action was denied by the educational reductionism proposed. Centered on the formation of only a few intellectual capacities, it left aside the education of certain feelings which were indispensable to the formation of the ethical beauty of human sociability from a democratic perspective. The second moment deals with the incompleteness of the paternal intellectual formation, revealed by the crisis of anguish experienced by Mill. Such crisis showed the young student the necessity of broadening the idea of education, including the formation of certain feelings, whose reference was initially obtained in the poetic-musical dimension. Finally, the essay concludes that including social feeling in the idea of education, taken as the formation of human capacities, that allows Mill to overcome the apathy and indifference related to the rational (calculating) individualism underlying his paternal education. Mills s 18061873 1806 1873 (1806-1873 history them moments 17731836 1773 1836 (1773-1836 end Benthams Bentham 17481832 1748 1832 (1748-1832 philosophy paradoxes proposed capacities perspective poeticmusical poetic musical dimension Finally calculating (calculating 1806187 180 187 (1806-187 1773183 177 183 (1773-183 1748183 174 (1748-183 180618 18 (1806-18 177318 17 (1773-18 174818 (1748-18 18061 1 (1806-1 17731 (1773-1 17481 (1748-1 (1806- (1773- (1748- (1806 (1773 (1748 (180 (177 (174 (18 (17 (1 (

Resumo Tomando a Autobiografia como texto referencial, o ensaio investiga alguns aspectos da história educativa de John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), considerando-a como paradigma de uma educação liberal que esbarra em seus próprios limites e, ao mesmo tempo, busca superá-los. Trata de sua história educativa em dois momentos, sendo o primeiro marcado pela influência da educação paterna. James Mill (1773-1836) queria fazer do filho o grande líder liberal de seu tempo e, para tanto, seguiu de perto os princípios da filosofia utilitarista de Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Tal propósito incorreu em vários paradoxos, porque a autonomia de pensamento e ação requeridas foram negadas pelo reducionismo educacional proposto, o qual, centrado na formação de apenas algumas capacidades intelectuais, deixou de lado a educação de certos sentimentos indispensáveis à formação da beleza ética da sociabilidade humana na perspectiva democrática. O segundo momento trata da incompletude da formação intelectual paterna, revelada pela crise de angústia experimentada por Mill. Tal crise mostrou ao jovem educando a necessidade de ampliar a ideia de educação, incluindo nela a formação de certos sentimentos cuja referência fora buscada, inicialmente, na dimensão poético-musical. Por fim, o ensaio conclui que é a inclusão do sentimento social na ideia de educação como formação das capacidades humanas que permite a Mill superar a apatia e a indiferença próprias ao individualismo racionalista (calculista) subjacente à educação paterna. referencial 18061873, 18061873 1806 1873 , (1806-1873) considerandoa considerando superálos. superálos superá los. los superá-los momentos paterna 17731836 1773 1836 (1773-1836 tanto 17481832. 17481832 1748 1832 . (1748-1832) paradoxos proposto qual intelectuais democrática buscada inicialmente poéticomusical. poéticomusical poético musical. musical poético-musical fim calculista (calculista 1806187 180 187 (1806-1873 1773183 177 183 (1773-183 1748183 174 (1748-1832 180618 18 (1806-187 177318 17 (1773-18 174818 (1748-183 18061 1 (1806-18 17731 (1773-1 17481 (1748-18 (1806-1 (1773- (1748-1 (1806- (1773 (1748- (1806 (177 (1748 (180 (17 (174 (18 (1 (

ABSTRACT The text discusses punitive masks, referred to by writer Grada Kilomba as a symbol of oppression against Black women. It examines how masks were used in the punitive economy, in pain management, in social control techniques, and more. It seeks to understand how the history of this object is intertwined with the historical frameworks of social control used in criminology. The argument is that examining punitive masks allows us to decolonize systems of understanding and to consider the representational and performative dimensions of modern social control. The dialogue engages with Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish, questioning when the mask appears in his narrative and why it was considered (in)significant. If Michel Foucault had addressed the mask, would it be part of his narrative of the spectacle of pain or disciplinary power? How did two of his main references (George Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, and Jeremy Bentham) depict these objects? women economy management techniques more criminology Foucaults s Punish insignificant. insignificant significant. significant (in)significant power George Kirchheimer Bentham objects

RESUMO O texto trata das máscaras punitivas, referidas pela escritora Grada Kilomba como símbolo da opressão contra mulheres negras. Interroga como as máscaras foram utilizadas na economia punitiva, na gestão da dor, nas técnicas de controle social, etc. Propõe compreender como a história desse objeto se imbrica nos esquemas históricos sobre controle social utilizados na criminologia. Argumenta que olhar para as máscaras punitivas permite descolonizar os esquemas de compreensão e considerar as dimensões representacionais e performativas do controle social moderno. O diálogo é com Michel Foucault, em Vigiar e punir, sobre quando a máscara surge na sua história e por que ela foi considerada (in)significante. Se Michel Foucault tivesse tratado sobre a máscara, ela faria parte de sua história do espetáculo da dor ou do poder disciplinar? Como duas de suas referências centrais (George Rusche e Otto Kirchheimer, e Jeremy Bentham) retrataram esses objetos? negras punitiva etc criminologia moderno punir insignificante. insignificante in significante. significante (in)significante disciplinar George Kirchheimer Bentham objetos

RESUMEN El texto aborda las máscaras punitivas, referidas por la escritora Grada Kilomba como símbolo de opresión contra las mujeres negras. Interroga cómo las máscaras fueron utilizadas en la economía punitiva, en la gestión del dolor, en las técnicas de control social, etc. Propone comprender cómo la historia de ese objeto se imbrica en los esquemas históricos sobre control social utilizados en la criminología. Argumenta que mirar las máscaras punitivas permite descolonizar los esquemas de comprensión y considerar las dimensiones representativas y formativas del control social moderno. El diálogo se entabla con Michel Foucault, en Vigilar y punir, sobre todo cuando la máscara surge en su historia y porque ella fue considerada (in) significante. Si Michel Foucault hubiese tratado la máscara, ¿ella sería parte de la historia del espectáculo del dolor o del poder disciplinario? ¿Cómo dos de sus referencias centrales (George Rusche e Otto Kirchheimer, y Jeremy Bentham) retratan esos objetos? negras punitiva etc criminología moderno punir in (in significante disciplinario Cómo George Kirchheimer Bentham objetos

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of a 20-year-old plantation of the species Calycophyllum spruceanum, known in Peru as “capirona,” for its potential for wood flooring production. For this purpose, samples were collected from six trees in a plantation located in the district of Curimaná, department of Ucayali, Peru. Physical and mechanical property tests were conducted following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D143-94(2000) standard. The results showed that capirona has a basic density of 0,68 g/cm3, which is considered a heavy wood, and exhibits moderate dimensional stability. The mechanical properties demonstrated that the wood has a high resistance to bending and compression parallel to the grain, and a very high resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain, hardness, shear, and toughness. Based on the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP) 251.135:2013, the characteristics of capirona wood for flooring were evaluated, yielding positive results and indicating its potential for solid wood flooring production.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las propiedades físico mecánicas de una plantación de veinte años, de la especie Calycophyllum spruceanum, conocida en el Perú como capirona, por su potencial para la producción de pisos de madera. Para ello, se tomaron muestras de seis árboles de una plantación ubicada en el distrito de Curimaná-Ucayali, Perú. Las pruebas de propiedades físicas y mecánicas se realizaron según los estándares de la Sociedad Americana para Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM D143-94 [2000]). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la capirona tiene una densidad básica de 0,68 g/cm3, por lo que se considera una madera pesada; además, presenta una estabilidad dimensional moderada. Las propiedades mecánicas mostraron que la madera presenta una alta resistencia a la flexión y compresión paralela y muy alta resistencia a la compresión perpendicular, dureza, cizallamiento y tenacidad. Con base en la NTP 251.135.2013, se evaluaron las características de la madera de capirona para pisos y arrojó resultados positivos que indican su potencial para la producción de pisos de madera maciza.

Abstract The article is located in the iusphilosophical scenario of the mid-twentieth century. Its objective is to trace the sources of Hart's rule of recognition, taking as its starting point the thesis that makes such rule a weighted response to the debate between the Kelsenian formalism and the utilitarian theory of Bentham and Austin in the first instance. This is explored in the sources recognized and not recognized by the author himself, since the article maintains the decisive presence in methodology of direct ancestors such as Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, among others. These do not grant to the mentioned rule of recognition a mere conciliatory desire of the previous traditions, but they rather define the nature of the rule and the need to address it to be addressed from interdisciplinary fields because it can bear fruit for the analysis of the underlying principles in judicial practice from the exploration of speech in context.

Resumen: El artículo se ubica en el escenario iusfilosófico de mitad del siglo XX. Tiene como objetivo rastrear fuentes de la regla de reconocimiento de Hart tomando como partida la tesis que hace de dicha regla una respuesta ponderada al debate entre el formalismo kelseniano y la teoría utilitarista de Bentham y Austin en primera instancia. Esto se explora en las fuentes reconocidas y no reconocidas por el propio autor, por cuanto el artículo sostiene la presencia decisiva en lo metodológico de ascendientes directos en dicho trabajo como Hobbes, Hume, Malinowski, entre otros, los que otorgan a dicha regla de reconocimiento no un mero afán conciliador de las tradiciones anteriores, sino que definen su naturaleza propia y la necesidad de abordarla desde ámbitos interdisciplinarios, porque es desde la exploración del habla en contexto como ella puede rendir frutos para el análisis de los principios subyacentes en la práctica judicial.

Resumen Acalypha californica Bentham es una planta utilizada por los grupos étnicos de Sonora para tratar el cáncer; sin embargo, es una planta que no es cultivada, de manera tal que la especie crece en hábitats expuestos a las actividades antropogénicas y la colecta indiscriminada, resultando en la disminución significativa de las poblaciones silvestres. Aunado a lo anterior las actividades biológicas relacionadas con los procesos antiproliferativos (antioxidante y antiinflamatoria) atribuidos a la especie no han sido evaluadas. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer las condiciones adecuadas para el crecimiento de callos de A. californica, así como caracterizar química y biológicamente el extracto etanólico de los callos generados. Primeramente, para producción de callos se utilizaron explantes a partir de hojas, pecíolos, yemas y segmentos nodales de A. californica los que fueron inoculados en Woody Plant Medium (WPM), suplementado con ácido indol butírico (AIB), bencil amino purina (BAP) o cinetina (CIN) en un intervalo de 0.5-2.0 mg/L. El extracto de los callos liofilizados fue generado por maceración con etanol al 70% y la actividad antiproliferativa del mismo se midió mediante el ensayo MTT en las líneas celulares cancerosas humanas A549, HeLa y MCF-7. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó empleando los ensayos DPPH, FRAP y midiendo el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (TPC y TFC). La actividad antiinflamatoria fue estimada a través de la capacidad inhibitoria del óxido nítrico en macrófagos RAW264.7 estimulados con LPS. Finalmente se generó un perfil químico de los compuestos presentes en el extracto etanólico de los callos utilizando espectrometría de masas. Resultando que las yemas fueron el explante más callogénico, con un 55.60 % de inducción en la concentración de 1.5 mg/L de AIB. En tanto que el extracto etanólico de callos de A. californica no mostró una actividad significativa sobre las líneas celulares probadas; sin embargo, presentó un gran contenido de TPC y TFC con valores de 2.6±0.25 mmol GAE/g de extracto y 1.56±0.25 mmol QE/g de extracto; así como una actividad antioxidante significativamente alta por el método de estabilización del radical DPPH (EC50 44.85±1.22 (g/mL) y FRAP (1.58±0.15 mmol de Fe2+ /g de extracto). El extracto etanólico de los callos de A. californica inhibió en un 24% la producción de óxido nítrico con respecto a las células control. En el perfil químico del extracto etanólico de los callos se encontraron estructuras pertenecientes a los ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides principalmente. De esta manera se concluyó que para desarrollar callos efectivos de A. californica las yemas de la planta deben ser cultivadas en WPM+1.5 mg/L de AIB. Adicionalmente se concluye que los compuestos fenólicos son los responsables de la alta actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria presentada por el extracto etanólico de los callos obtenidos.

Abstract Acalypha californica Bentham is a plant used by the ethnic groups of Sonora to treat cancer; however, it is a plant that is not cultivated, in such a way that the species grows in habitats exposed to anthropogenic activities and indiscriminate collection, resulting in a significant decrease in wild populations. In addition to the above, the biological activities related to the antiproliferative processes (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) attributed to the species have not been evaluated. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to establish the adequate conditions for the growth of A. californica calluses, as well as to characterize chemically and biologically the ethanolic extract of the generated calluses. First, for callus production, explants were used from leaves, petioles, buds, and nodal segments of A. californica, which were inoculated in Woody Plant Medium (WPM), supplemented with indole butyric acid (AIB), benzyl amino purine (BAP) or kinetin (CIN) in a range of 0.5-2.0 mg/L. The lyophilized callus extract was generated by maceration with 70% ethanol and its antiproliferative activity was measured by the MTT assay in the human cancer cell lines A549, HeLa and MCF-7. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH and FRAP assays and by measuring the content of total phenols and flavonoids (TPC and TFC). The antiinflammatory activity was estimated through the inhibitory capacity of nitric oxide in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. Finally, a chemical profile of the compounds presents in the ethanolic extract of the callus was generated using mass spectrometry. Resulting that the buds were the most callogenic explant, with a 55.60% induction in the concentration of 1.5 mg/L of AIB. While the ethanolic extract of A. californica calluses did not show significant activity on the cell lines tested; however, it presented a high content of TPC and TFC with values of 2.6±0.25 mmol GAE/g of extract and 1.56±0.25 mmol QE/g of extract; as well as a significantly high antioxidant activity by the DPPH radical stabilization method (EC50 44.85±1.22 (g/mL) and FRAP (1.58±0.15 mmol of Fe2+/g of extract). The ethanolic extract from A. californica calluses inhibited nitric oxide production by 24% compared to control cells. In the chemical profile of the ethanolic extract of the calluses, structures belonging to phenolic acids and flavonoids were found mainly. In this way, it was concluded that to develop effective calluses of A. californica, the buds of the plant must be cultivated in WPM+1.5 mg/L of AIB. Additionally, it is concluded that phenolic compounds are responsible for the high antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity presented by the ethanolic extract of the calluses obtained.

For more than five decades, representatives of the animal liberation movement and of a biocentric or even ecocentric perspective have been demanding that legal rights should be recognised for non-human beings. In 1780, the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham was the first to argue in favour of granting legal rights to animals (cf. Sezgin 2016). More generally, the United States jurist Christopher Stone (cf. Stone 1972) demanded legal rights for trees and for all elements of nature. Such concepts have been legally implemented in a few cases since the beginning of the 21st century, although there are still fundamental questions and differentiating rejections of the idea of legal rights for nature. This article develops a theological-ethical argumentation for the recognition of dignity for non-human beings with the consequence of granting legal rights in an ecocentric perspective.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to present and analyze the opposition than classical utilitarianism, proposed by Jeremy Bentham, represents against deontological view of the philosophy of natural rights. By these means, it will be argued that Bentham´s goal go beyond of philosophical propositions and state de need to include practical elements that allow the generation of tangible actions for most individuals. Once the above is addressed, this essay shows that the main axiom of utilitarianism - the greatest happiness for the greatest possible number as a measure of right and wrong - requires, based on a method of quantification of pleasure and pain, the intervention of the legislator in the face of externalities and the implementation of certain wealth redistribution measures that lead to the accomplishment of the main principle: to generate the greatest possible equality and happiness.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como propósito inicial exponer y analizar la oposición que representa el utilitarismo clásico propuesto por Jeremy Bentham frente a la visión deontológica propia de la filosofía de los derechos naturales. Se argumentará que el objetivo del teórico inglés radicaba en trascender los planteamientos netamente filosóficos y argüir por la necesidad de incluir elementos prácticos que permitieran generar acciones tangibles para el bienestar de la mayoría de los individuos. Una vez abordado lo anterior, se demostrará que el principal axioma del utilitarismo -la mayor felicidad para el mayor número posible como medida de lo correcto e incorrecto- requiere, basado en un método de cuantificación edificado en el placer y el dolor, de la intervención del legislador ante las externalidades y de la implementación de ciertas medidas de redistribución de la riqueza que conduzcan al cumplimiento del principio planteado: generar la mayor igualdad y felicidad posible.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e comparar os ácidos graxos, vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis, fenóis e capacidades antioxidantes de três espécies endêmicas de Salvia L. (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge e S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) e avaliar esses resultados sistematicamente. As composições de ácidos graxos foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa, enquanto as vitaminas lipossolúveis, esteróis e fenóis foram determinadas por HPLC. Além disso, as capacidades antioxidantes das três espécies de Salvia foram medidas in vitro. O ácido palmítico foi encontrado como ácido graxo saturado principal, enquanto o ácido oleico, ácido linoleico, ácido α-linolênico e ácido erúcico foram encontrados como principais ácidos graxos insaturados no presente estudo. Verificou-se que S. euphratica var. euphratica tem menor teor de ácido palmítico (8.94 ± 0.71%) e ácido graxo saturado total (19.16 ± 0.15%) e maior teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (82.08 ± 0.52%) do que as outras espécies estudadas. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a S. euphratica var. euphratica apresentou diferentes proporções 18:3/18:2 (0.36) de ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados (4.28). No entanto, este estudo demonstrou que o gênero Salvia tinha baixo teor de vitaminas lipossolúveis e baixo conteúdo de esteróis. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que as espécies do gênero Salvia contém quantidades de catequinas (509.2 ± 4,21 µg/mg-552.2 ± 9.21 µg/mg) e ácido vanílico semelhantes (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/mg 396,8 ± 4,1 µg/mg). Descobriu-se também que o gênero Salvia tinha alto conteúdo de ácido rosmarínico enquanto a espécie S. euphratica var. leiocalycina apresentou o maior teor desse ácido (1.480 ± 7.57 µg/g). Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que os teores de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. eupratica foram maiores (1.175 ± 5.21 µg/mg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) do que o conteúdo de ácido ferúlico da espécie S. pseudoeuphratica dos quais foi o mais baixo (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). Os resultados atuais sugerem que os resultados bioquímicos orientaram os estudos morfológicos e as espécies de Salvia têm uma potente capacidade antioxidante.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

Abstract A revised and reread study about Bentham on the admissibility of evidence has a historical and actual importance. The author noted that the judge must consider whether the evidence that has not yet been submitted is available to be admitted at trial within a reasonable period of time. If the evidence is important to the case, the judge must strive to order and wait for its production. Settled his main philosophical and historical presuppositions as well as the points that he criticized the most in relation to Common Law, the role of the judicial process and the judge is identified. Thus, his theory of evidence and the so-called domestic or natural system of the procedure are systematically analyzed, and the main idea revolves around the suppression of the excessively technical procedural rules of that time in favor of an increase on the discretionary powers of the judge. In order to arrive at the right decision, the decision maker must have all the relevant evidence on the matter in order to discover the truth.

Resumen Un estudio revisado y releído de Bentham sobre la admisibilidad de la prueba es importante histórica y actualmente. El autor señaló que el juez debe considerar si las pruebas que aún no se han entregado están disponibles para ser admitidas en el juicio dentro de un período de tiempo razonable. Si las pruebas son importantes para el caso, el juez debe esforzarse por ordenar y esperar su producción. Sentados sus presupuestos filosóficos e históricos principales, así como los puntos que más criticó en relación al Common Law, se identifica el rol del proceso judicial y del juez dentro de su pensamiento. Así, se analiza sistemáticamente su teoría de la prueba y el denominado sistema doméstico o natural del procedimiento, cuya principal idea gira en torno a la supresión de las reglas procedimentales excesivamente técnicas de la época a favor de un aumento de facultades discrecionales del juez. Para llegar a la decisión correcta, el tomador de decisiones debe contar con todas las pruebas relevantes sobre el asunto para descubrir la verdad.

Panopticism is Michel Foucault's term for the internalisation of surveillance and cultural control that is closely linked to the panopticon or surveillance architecture (associated with prisons) of Jeremy Bentham during the 18th and 19th centuries. The purpose of this article is to argue that Adam Smith's concept of the impartial spectator provides an alternative perspective of internal surveillance that may enhance moral development and resistance to oppressive forms of control. For Smith, this is established through analogical imagination that is used for self-observation to enhance prudent behaviour. The impartial spectator and its resistance to totalitarian behaviour is specifically relevant in contemporary society because of the dominant role of digital technology and scandals that have exposed digital media as participating in digital forms of surveillance, digital personae, artificial intelligence and control. It will also be highlighted that digital surveillance is closely connected to the capitalism that has infiltrated all domains of society, from socio-personal relationships to the workplace.

Resumo: A partir de um caso clínico, propomos a seguinte hipótese: na prática clínica, a descentração do ego em Lacan não é nem demolir o ego, nem muito menos elogiá-lo, mas delimitá-lo conceitualmente. Tudo isso será discutido analisando o caso de uma mulher, à luz de alguns aspectos fundamentais do seminário II, juntamente com outras referências implícitas: a teoria das ficções de Jeremy Bentham e a construção na análise de Freud. Este análise teórico-clínica nos guiará a considerar que uma possível delimitação conceitual do ego é de considerá-lo como uma ficção útil.

ABSTRACT: Using a clinical case as a starting point, we pose the following hypothesis: in clinical practice, Lacan’s decentering of the ego is neither its demolition nor its praise, but its conceptual delimitation. This idea will be argued through the analysis of a woman’s case, in the light of certain points from Seminar 2 and other references that are implied in this text: Jeremy Bentham’s theory of fictions and Freud’s construction in analysis. This clinical-theoretical analysis will guide us to contemplate a possible conceptual delimitation of the ego: the ego as a useful fiction.

Abstract In Judging Positivism, I argue that Joseph Raz has changed his position over time and that these changes produced inconsistencies and incoherencies in his mature position. The key claim that sets the argument in motion is the following: Raz’s account of legal systems in Practical Reasons and Norms (PRN) is grounded in, and dependent on, the claim that judges have a duty to apply the law. It is a positivistic account of law that springs from a positivistic account of adjudication. Problems emerge for Raz when he introduces moral elements into his positivistic account of law. More specifically, I explore the difficulties Raz encounters when he combines his pre-emption thesis with a moral theory of adjudication in Ethics in the Public Domain, and a morally robust theory of authority in The Morality of Freedom. André Coelho and Jorge Fabra-Zamora take issue with my critique of Raz’s account of adjudication, while Thomas Bustamante focuses his commentary on my analysis of Razian authority. In the course of responding to my critics, I revisit my interpretation of PRN, while exploring the foundational assumptions at play in the exchanges. I reject the possibility that all foundational assumptions are equally valuable: non-normative conceptual analysis is, in my opinion, not a viable methodology. I also explore the difficulties of Raz’s account of authority: while the ambiguity found in his core theses may account for its appeal, upon closer inspection, Raz struggles to keep any distance between himself and his intellectual adversaries, including Bentham and the natural lawyers.

Resumen En Judging Positivism, sostengo que Joseph Raz cambió su posición con el paso del tiempo y que esos cambios han producido inconsistencias e incoherencias. La tesis básica que funda mi argumento es la siguiente: el análisis de los sistemas jurídicos en Practical Reason and Norms (PRN) está basado en, y depende de, la tesis según la cual los jueces tienen un deber de aplicar el derecho. Se trata de una concepción positivista del derecho que deriva de una visión positivista de la función del juez. Los problemas surgen cuando Raz introduce en ella elementos morales. En particular, analizo las dificultades a las que Raz se enfrenta cuando introduce una teoría moral de la adjudicación en Ethics in the Public Domain (EPD), y una teoría moralmente robusta de la autoridad en Morality of Freedom (MF). André Coelho y Jorge Fabra-Zamora cuestionan mi crítica a la concepción raziana de la adjudicación, mientras que Thomas Bustamante centra sus comentarios en mi análisis de la autoridad según Raz. Al contestar a mis críticos, vuelvo sobre mi interpretación de PRN, examinando al mismo tiempo las premisas fundacionales que están en juego en estos debates. Rechazo la posibilidad de que todas las asunciones fundacionales sean igualmente valiosas: el análisis conceptual no normativo no es, en mi opinión, una metodología viable. Vuelvo también sobre las dificultades a las cuales se enfrenta la teoría de la autoridad de Raz: mientras que la ambigüedad de sus tesis principales puede explicar su atractivo, una mirada más atenta muestra que Raz tiene dificultades para no caer en el iusnaturalismo.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and element levels of Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham. The free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant capacity levels were analyzed as the antioxidant parameters. Seven bacteria and one yeast strains were used to determine the antimicrobial activity. The cytotoxic effects of plant extracts were determined using A549, MCF-7, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. The findings demonstrated that the antioxidant activity increased with an increase in the phenolic content of extracts. This species is rich in bio-elements such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Mg. Different concentrations of extracts could have antibacterial activity. This plant had an apparent cytotoxic effect only in the A549 cell line and increased the proliferation in other cell lines. The findings demonstrated that plant could be used alone or as a supplement to the current treatment protocols in diseases due to their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. However, it is recommended that Verbascum L. species intended for use in therapy should be procured from areas where there is no soil pollution or organic farming is preferred.