Abstract Introduction: More and more studies include functional diversity to understand biodiversity patterns. However, in Tolima department, little research has been conducted on this aspect in bird communities, creating a knowledge gap to this important facet of biodiversity. Objective: To determine changes or patterns in the taxonomic and functional diversity of bird communities at the Centro Universitario Regional del Norte (CURDN) for eight years. Methods: The data were organized to identify changes in the bird community over time and during different climatic periods (high and low precipitation). Several indices of taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta) were used. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Non-Parametric Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) were applied to evaluate the impact of climatic periods and temporal variation. Results: During the sampling, 2 691 individuals were recorded. We found that there was no difference in the taxonomic and functional alpha diversity. However, the results of these two facets of biodiversity revealed opposing patterns that are structuring bird communities. The partitioning analysis of taxonomic beta diversity revealed a process of species turnover, while functional beta diversity revealed functional nestedness. Conclusions: Functional diversity suggested that anthropogenic activities in the CURDN act as filters that structure bird communities. These findings highlight the importance of considering these two facets of biodiversity to determine changes or patterns in bird communities over a long period.

Resumen Introducción: Cada vez son más los estudios que incluyen la diversidad funcional para comprender los patrones de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, en el departamento del Tolima, se ha investigado poco este aspecto en las comunidades de aves, lo que crea un vacío de conocimiento acerca de esta faceta de la diversidad biológica. Objetivo: Determinar cambios o patrones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de la avifauna del Centro Universitario Regional del Norte del Tolima (CURDN) durante un periodo de ocho años. Métodos: Los datos fueron organizados de manera que permitieran determinar cambios en la comunidad de aves a lo largo del tiempo y en diferentes épocas climáticas (alta y baja precipitación). Se emplearon diferentes índices de diversidad taxonómica y funcional (alfa y beta). Para evaluar el efecto de las temporadas climáticas y establecer diferencias entre los años, se utilizó el Escalamiento Multidimensional No Métrico (NMDS) y el Análisis de Similitud no paramétrico (ANOSIM). Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 2 691 individuos. No se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad alfa, tanto taxonómica como funcional. Sin embargo, los resultados de estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad revelaron patrones opuestos que están estructurando la comunidad de aves. El análisis de partición de la diversidad taxonómica beta reveló un proceso de recambio de especies, mientras que la diversidad beta funcional determinó un anidamiento funcional. Conclusión: La diversidad funcional señaló la posibilidad de que las actividades antropogénicas llevadas a cabo en el CURDN actúan como filtros que estructuran la comunidad de aves. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar estas dos facetas de la biodiversidad para determinar cambios o patrones de las comunidades de aves durante un amplio periodo de estudio.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of birds associated with organic cocoa (Theobroma cacao) crops managed under 3 different types of tree cover. (Methodology) Three census points were established in each farm to record all birds observed and heard in 5-minute sample periods. Counts were conducted in triplicate, both in the early morning and at dusk. Differences in avifauna composition between farms were analyzed using the ANOSIM test. Abundances were transformed using the Decostand function and the Hellinger method in the R-Vegan statistical package. Analysis of clustering of species among plantations was performed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and the Bray-Curtis index. Contribution of species to the dissimilarity between groups was analyzed with the SIMPER module. Statistically significant differences were considered when P ≤ 0.05. (Results) Four hundred and twenty-eight individuals were observed, and classified into 49 species and 23 families. The farms where cocoa plants grow in shadier conditions due to canopy development showed a higher number of species (34) and individuals (146). Bird comp P < 0.02). The mean abundance of 19 species osit (39.ion 6%) varied significantly between farms (F (1,8) = 3.22; showed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing the farms with the most and least shade. (Conclusion) Bird composition is more complex on organic cocoa farms, which have more developed canopies and are near regenerating forests.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue analizar la composición de aves asociadas a cultivos orgánicos de cacao (Theobroma cacao) manejado debajo de 3 diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea. (Metodología) Distribuimos 3 puntos de conteo en cada finca, para registrar todas las aves observadas y escuchadas, en muestreos de 5 minutos. Los conteos fueron realizados por triplicado, tanto en las primeras horas de la mañana como al atardecer. La diferencia en la composición de la avifauna entre las fincas fue analizada con la prueba ANOSIM. Las abundancias se transformaron por medio de la función decostand y el método Hellinger del paquete estadístico R-Vegan. La agrupación de las especies entre las plantaciones se efectuó mediante el escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (nMDS) y el índice de Bray-Curtis. La contribución de las especies a la disimilitud entre grupos fue analizada con el módulo SIMPER. Consideramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 individuos, clasificados en 49 especies y 23 familias. La finca donde las plantas de cacao crecen en condiciones más sombreadas, debido al desarrollo del dosel, mostró mayor cantidad de especies (34) y de individuos (146). La composición de aves varió significativamente entre las fincas (F(1,8) = 3,22; P < 0,02). La abundancia media de 19 especies (39,6 %) hizo notar diferencias significativas (P < 0,05), al comparar la finca con mayor sombra y menor sombra. (Conclusión) La composición de aves es más compleja en aquellas fincas de cacao orgánico que conservan un mayor desarrollo estructural de los árboles de dosel y que están cerca de bosque en regeneración.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a composição das aves associadas às plantações de cacau orgânico (Theobroma cacao) manejadas sob três tipos diferentes de cobertura arbórea. (Metodologia) Distribuímos 3 pontos de contagem em cada fazenda, para registrar todas as aves observadas e ouvidas, em amostragens de 5 minutos. As contagens foram realizadas em triplicata, tanto nas primeiras horas da manhã quanto no final da tarde. A diferença na composição da avifauna entre as fazendas foi analisada com o teste ANOSIM. As abundâncias foram transformadas usando a função de costande o método Hellinger do pacote estatístico R-Vegan. O agrupamento de espécies entre as plantações foi feito usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (nMDS) e o índice de Bray-Curtis. A contribuição das espécies para a dissimilaridade entre os grupos foi analisada com o módulo SIMPER. Consideramos as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando P ≤ 0,05. (Resultados) Observamos 428 indivíduos, classificados em 49 espécies e 23 famílias. A fazenda onde as plantas de cacau crescem em condições mais sombreadas, devido ao desenvolvimento do dossel, apresentou um número maior de espécies (34) e indivíduos (146). A composição das aves variou significativamente entre as fazendas (F(1,8) = 3,2 apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) n; Paco< 0, mpa 02). A abundância média de 19 espécies (39,6%) ração entre a fazenda mais sombreada e a menos sombreada. (Conclusão) A composição das avesé mais complexa nas fazendas de cacau orgânico que mantêm árvores de dossel mais desenvolvidas estruturalmente e estão próximas à floresta em regeneração.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Resumen Durante las primeras excavaciones realizadas en el Parador QB (Parque Nacional Islote Lobos, costa Rionegrina) se recuperaron huesos de aves en los conjuntos zooarqueológicos. Al igual que en otras localidades arqueológicas del litoral Nordpatagónico, la representación de este taxón es escasa, aunque los huesos presentan buen estado de preservación. Con el objetivo de explorar el papel de las aves en la subsistencia de las sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras que ocuparon este litoral durante el Holoceno tardío, desarrollamos un estudio tafonómico para establecer si la depositación de sus huesos se debe a la acción antrópica o a causas naturales. La evaluación tafonómica de los restos avifaunísticos es fundamental dado que actualmente existen áreas de nidificación de diversas aves marino-costeras próximas a los sitios arqueológicos, por lo que sería factible la “contaminación ósea” -o mezcla de huesos naturales y materiales arqueológicos. Se concluye que los huesos de aves de los tres loci tienen trayectorias tafonómicas similares, mientras que la mezcla de restos óseos de diferente origen se registró principalmente en el caso de los pingüinos de Magallanes. Por último, señalar que, aunque las aves no son tan abundantes, tuvieron un lugar importante en el repertorio de presas de los cazadores-recolectores de la región.

Abstract During the first excavations carried out at the Parador QB (Islote Lobos National Park, Rio Negro coast), bird bones were recovered in the zooarchaeological assemblages. As in other archaeological localities on the North Patagonian coast, the representation of this taxon is scarce, although the bones present a good state of preservation. With the aim of exploring the role of birds in the subsistence of the hunter-gatherer societies that occupied this coastline during the Late Holocene, a taphonomic study was developed to establish whether the deposition of bird bones was due to anthropogenic action or to natural causes. The taphonomic evaluation of the avifauna remains is essential given that currently there are nesting areas of various marine-coastal birds close to the archaeological sites, so that "bone contamination," or the mixing of natural bones and archaeological materials, can result. It is concluded that bird bones from the three loci have similar taphonomic trajectories, while modern bones mixed with the archaeological materials were mainly of Magellanic penguins. Finally, it should be noted that, although bird bones are not abundant, birds had an important place in the prey repertoire of the hunter-gatherers of the region.

Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos d’água lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos d’água desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Resumen Presentamos un análisis de la diversidad y de los patrones biogeográficos de 260 especies de aves residentes de los bosques tropicales de México, realizado a partir de datos históricos (recolectados entre el siglo XVIII y 2007) y registros de presencia de la última década (2013-2023). Realizamos comparaciones del número y cambio de composición de especies, considerando las matrices de distribución “histórica” y “actual”, y un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos. De acuerdo con los datos históricos, la mayor riqueza de especies se localiza en la vertiente del Golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, mientras que los bosques estacionalmente secos de la costa del Pacífico y la Cuenca del Balsas presentaron los valores más altos de especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los datos recopilados en la última década muestran una disminución significativa del número de especies en todas las áreas analizadas. La estimación de la diversidad beta indicó valores elevados de cambio en la composición de especies para las matrices evaluadas. La hipótesis biogeográfica obtenida indica la existencia de 2 grandes grupos: i) vertiente pacífica de México y la Cuenca del Balsas y ii) norte de la provincia Veracruzana, el norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la península de Yucatán.

Abstract We present an analysis of diversity and biogeographic patterns of 260 resident bird species in the tropical forests of Mexico, based on historical data (collected between the 18th century and 2007) and presence records from the last decade (2013-2023). We performed comparisons of the number and composition change of species, considering the “historical” and “current” distribution matrices, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity. According to historical data, the highest species richness is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, while the seasonally dry forests of the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin presented the highest values of endemic species. However, data collected in the last decade show a significant decline in the number of species in all areas analyzed. The beta diversity estimation indicated high values of change in species composition for the matrices evaluated. Biogeographic hypothesis obtained indicates the existence of 2 main groups: i) Pacific slope of Mexico and the Balsas Basin and ii) north of the Veracruzan province, the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatán Peninsula.

Abstract The lowland Atlantic Forest, at altitudes of below 500 m, is highly fragmented, and is home to many threatened species of birds. The Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro has a high concentration of threatened birds in the Americas and is an important residual of the dense ombrophilous formations of the Atlantic Forest, which includes the Reserva Biológica União, a high priority area for conservation of Atlantic Forest birds. This study compiled empirical and secondary records of threatened birds in this reserve and discusses potential factors determining their local occurrence. Since 2008, regular observations, including transect surveys and mist-netting, in addiction to secondary data, have provided records of 306 bird species, of which 49 appear on red lists at some level (state, national or global), including 34 listed as endangered, of which 13 are listed globally, eight of them dependent on well-conserved lowland rainforest. Future studies should include new areas of the reserve, with the aim of confirming the presence of additional threatened species. The long-term conservation of this fauna will depend not only on the adequate management of the reserve, but also the reestablishment of its connectivity with adjacent forest fragments and upland areas in the state. 50 m fragmented União occurrence 2008 observations mistnetting, mistnetting mist netting, netting mist-netting data 30 4 state, (state global, global , global) 3 endangered 1 globally wellconserved well conserved rainforest longterm long term 5 200 20 2

Abstract We evaluated the bird composition, forest dependence, trophic guilds and avian representativeness associated with 7, 10 and 15 years old reforestations and mature forest patches in order to verify the successional process and avian contribution to the forest restoration. Analyses revealed a segregation of bird composition with a gradual increasing in forest dependent species from 7 years to mature forest. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ranged from those birds often present in semi-open habitats to forest birds, canopy frugivorous and understory insectivorous as the successional stages progressed from the most recent reforestation to the most mature. Although 7 and 10 years of reforestation had the largest composition range, the more generalist, granivorous and forest independent birds, three years were enough to have different bird diversity between them. Avifauna of 15 years patches resembled most closely that of mature forest but still lacked 18 species. In this way, we addressed: 1) planting of herbaceous/shrub and freshy-fruited species in reforestations and; 2) establish riparian forest corridors along the Paraná river to connect these reforestation patches with mature forest. These measures will allow higher avian beta-diversity to maximize the diaspores dispersed by birds to expand and accelerate the rehabilitation of this threatened for forest. dependence 1 restoration semiopen semi open range generalist them way addressed herbaceousshrub herbaceous shrub freshyfruited freshy fruited 2 betadiversity beta

ABSTRACT Caatinga is a biome unique to Brazil, where degradation caused by anthropogenic actions has led to loss of biodiversity and put many species at risk of extinction. The Ceará state is located within the Caatinga and has a rich avifauna. It comprises 433 species, including 13 species that are in danger of extinction, which are found in the Baturité Massif. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and diversity of enterobacteria in wild birds and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobials. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 50 individuals of 28 different species, including the Ceara Gnatheter (Conopophaga cearae) and the Red-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanocephala), which are classified as vulnerable (VU) by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. A total of 55 isolates belonging to 14 different species of Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Among them, Pantoea agglomerans and Escherichia coli were the most prevalent species with isolation rates of 36% and 26%, respectively. The highest rate of antimicrobial resistance found was to ampicillin (41.8%), followed by nalidixic acid (36.3%) and amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid (32.7%). Drugs that presented best efficacy were tobramycin (96.4%), ciprofloxacin (92.6%), and tetracycline (90.9%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 23.5% of the analyzed strains. This research provides important information about the composition of the cloacal microbiota of wild birds in Mulungu, Brazil, as well as their health status. Additionally, these results demonstrate that they harbor multidrug-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Brazil extinction avifauna 43 1 Massif antimicrobials 5 2 Conopophaga cearae Rednecked Red necked Tangara cyanocephala, cyanocephala , cyanocephala) VU (VU Environment identified them 36 26 26% respectively 41.8%, 418 41.8% 41 8 (41.8%) 36.3% 363 3 (36.3% 32.7%. 327 32.7% . 32 7 (32.7%) 96.4%, 964 96.4% 96 4 (96.4%) 92.6%, 926 92.6% 92 6 (92.6%) 90.9%. 909 90.9% 90 9 (90.9%) 235 23 23.5 Mulungu status Additionally multidrugresistant multidrug resistant 41.8 (41.8% 36.3 (36.3 32.7 (32.7% 96.4 (96.4% 92.6 (92.6% 90.9 (90.9% 23. 41. (41.8 36. (36. 32. (32.7 96. (96.4 92. (92.6 90. (90.9 (41. (36 (32. (96. (92. (90. (41 (3 (32 (96 (92 (90 (4 ( (9

ABSTRACT The Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) is internationally recognized for its economic, social, and environmental relevance. It is designated as a World Heritage site and part of selected wetland areas that protect and conserve biodiversity, especially waterbirds. However, it has historically been under pressure from human activities, and the information about waterbirds that use the region is fragmented. Thus, with this study, we sought to establish a baseline for the waterbirds using the bays of the PEC, considering aspects such as species richness, abundance, and conservation status. On board a boat, we conducted monthly surveys from March 2020 to February 2021 along 36 transects equally distributed among the three main bays of the PEC. We recorded 46 species distributed across 17 families and eight orders. The order Charadriiformes displayed the highest number of species, totaling 19. Among them, the Neotropic Cormorant, identified as Nannopterum brasilianum, stood out with the highest number of occurrences. Furthermore, we documented eight migratory species from the Northern Hemisphere, including Calidris pussilla, the Semipalmated Sandpiper, considered near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Additionally, we observed seven other species classified under some threat of extinction. Our results revealed that the PEC harbors a rich and diverse assemblage of waterbirds consisting of resident and migratory species, many of which are at some risk of population decline. Therefore, we reinforce the importance of continuous monitoring in the region, which can serve as a basis for public policies, supporting management and conservation strategies focused on waterbirds and the wetlands on which they depend. (PEC economic social relevance biodiversity However activities fragmented Thus study richness abundance status boat 202 3 4 1 orders 19 them Cormorant brasilianum occurrences Furthermore Hemisphere pussilla Sandpiper List Additionally extinction decline Therefore policies depend 20 2

Resumen: En la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, se ha reconocido la importancia de los humedales urbanos con la declaración de dos ecosistemas clave: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán y Humedales de Antumalén. Este trabajo presenta un inventario de aves en estos humedales, siguiendo la norma Darwin Core, y compara los hallazgos con otros inventarios seleccionados en Chile. Las observaciones se realizaron mediante conteos puntuales y transectos durante 21 horas. Se identificaron un total de 50 especies de 26 familias y 15 órdenes, predominando las especies nativas. Catorce especies se encontraron en ambos humedales, 20 eran exclusivas de Chivilcán y 15 de Antumalén. La comparación con otros estudios reveló diferencias significativas en la composición de aves entre hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, mostrando que los hábitats asociados a ciudades mantienen una diversidad singular que difiere de los hábitats periurbanos. La diversidad de hábitats y el estatus de “preocupación menor” de la mayoría de las especies resaltan la importancia de estos humedales como refugios para la biodiversidad aviar. La estructura de la base de datos Darwin Core facilita su integración con otros sistemas de biodiversidad, subrayando la necesidad de continuar con la conservación y el estudio de estos ecosistemas urbanos. Resumen Temuco Chile clave Antumalén 2 horas 5 1 órdenes nativas periurbanos preocupación menor aviar

Abstract: In the city of Temuco, Chile, the importance of urban wetlands has been recognized with the legal declaration of two key ecosystems: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán and Humedales de Antumalén. This paper presents an inventory of birds in these wetlands, following the Darwin Core standard, and compares the results with other selected inventories in Chile. Observations were made using point counts and 21-hour transects. A total of 50 species from 26 families and 15 orders were identified, with a predominance of native species. Fourteen species were found in both wetlands, 20 exclusively in Chivilcán and 15 in Antumalén. Comparison with other studies revealed significant differences in bird composition between urban and peri-urban habitats, illustrating that urban habitats maintain a unique diversity distinct from that of peri-urban areas. The diversity of habitats and the ‘least concern’ status of most species highlight the importance of these wetlands as refuges for avian biodiversity. The structure of the Darwin Core database facilitates their integration with other biodiversity systems, highlighting the need for continued conservation and study of these urban ecosystems. Abstract Temuco Chile ecosystems Antumalén standard 21hour hour 21 transects 5 2 1 identified periurban peri areas least concern systems

Resumo A migração de aves é um fenômeno que leva milhares de indivíduos a se deslocarem entre diferentes áreas de alimentação e reprodução, podendo esses movimentos ultrapassarem fronteiras geopolíticas. Este é um comportamento crucial para a sobrevivência de muitas espécies. No entanto, os impactos antrópicos estão afetando os habitats das espécies, contribuindo para o declínio populacional das aves. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os distúrbios causados pelas atividades turísticas sobre as aves migratórias que visitam os estuários dos rios Cardoso e Camurupim, no litoral do estado do Piauí, e propor medidas para mitigar as perturbações sobre as aves. As amostragens foram realizadas em três pontos de observação, onde foram analisadas as alterações do comportamento das aves em repostas às atividades turísticas. Para isto, foram utilizados binóculos, câmera fotográfica e um telêmetro a laser para auxiliar na elaboração das zonas de impacto. Embora ocorram diversos tipos de atividades turísticas na região, as principais perturbações são causadas pelo kitesurf e turistas caminhando próximo às áreas de alimentação ou repouso das espécies. Calidris minutilla, Calidris pusilla, Calidris alba, Actitis macularius e Charadriius semipalmatus foram as espécies menos sensíveis aos distúrbios, reagindo com mais frequência dentro das zonas de impactos Z = 0-30m e Z = 30-60m, ao passo que as espécies Pluvialis squatarola, Numenius hudsonicus, Tringa melanoleuca, Calidris canutus, Limnodromus griseus e Pandion haliaetus apresentaram maiores distâncias de fuga. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a presença de turistas caminhando e a prática do kitesurf são as principais atividades que impactam as aves migratórias na região, o que demonstra a necessidade de medidas para mitigar tais impactos. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, a criação de zonas de proteção mínima de 160m e 200m são indicadas para mitigar os distúrbios provocados pela aproximação de banhistas e kitesurfistas. reprodução geopolíticas entanto disto Camurupim Piauí observação isto binóculos impacto região minutilla pusilla alba 030m m 0 30m 3060m, 3060m 30 60m, 60m 30-60m squatarola hudsonicus melanoleuca canutus fuga kitesurfistas 3

Abstract The bird migration phenomenon makes thousands of individuals displace between different sites for feeding and breeding purposes. These displacements often make these birds cross geopolitical borders. This behavior is crucial for the survival of many species; however, anthropogenic impacts affect their habitats and contribute to bird-population decline. In light of the foregoing, the aims of the present study are to analyze disturbances caused by touristic activities over migratory birds who visit the estuaries of Cardoso and Camurupim rivers on the coast of Piauí State, and to suggest measures aimed at mitigating disturbances over birds. Samples were collected at three observation points to analyze changes in bird behavior, in response to touristic activities in these sites. Binoculars, a camera and a laser rangefinder were used to help drawing impact zones. Although several touristic activities are performed in the herein assessed region, the main disturbance in it is caused by both kitesurf practitioners and tourists who walk by these species’ feeding or resting zones. Calidris minutilla, Calidris pusilla, Calidris alba, Actitis macularius and Charadriius semipalmatus were the species least sensitive to disturbances, and they more often reacted to them within impact zones Z = 0-30m and Z = 30-60m, whereas species Pluvialis squatarola, Numenius hudsonicus, Tringa melanoleuca, Calidris canutus, Limnodromus griseus and Pandion haliaetus flee to distances. Based on the current results, kitesurfing and tourists walking by these sites account for the main impact on migratory birds in this region. This finding highlights the need of taking measures to mitigate such impacts. Accordingly, creating minimum protection zones to cover distances ranging from 160m to 200m radius is a recommendation to mitigate disturbances caused by bathers and kitesurf practitioners’ approaching. purposes borders however birdpopulation population decline foregoing State Binoculars region minutilla pusilla alba 030m m 0 30m 3060m, 3060m 30 60m, 60m 30-60m squatarola hudsonicus melanoleuca canutus results Accordingly approaching 3

RESUMO A intensidade de pastejo é um dos principais fatores que moldam a estrutura da vegetação, influenciando a comunidade de aves campestres. Aves de grama alta, incluindo diversas espécies ameaçadas, dependem de baixas intensidades ou exclusão de pastejo, pouco praticadas no Pampa. Aqui, avaliamos a comunidade de aves em campos sob intensidade de pastejo moderada, baixa e sob exclusão de pastejo. Estabelecemos 3 transecções, uma em cada uma destas condições. As três transecções foram amostradas mensalmente, durante 13 meses, registrando as espécies e suas abundâncias e posteriormente relacionando-as com as condições da vegetação observadas. As três áreas apresentaram riqueza e diversidade (H’) de espécies muito semelhantes entre si, variando de 50 a 54 espécies, e de 2,79 a 2,95, respectivamente. A abundância de indivíduos, foi favorecida pela diminuição da intensidade e pela exclusão de pastejo. De modo geral, espécies de aves associadas à grama curta foram mais representativas na área sob pastejo moderado, enquanto as associadas à grama alta foram favorecidas pela baixa intensidade e exclusão de pastejo. A vegetação mais alta e densa, das áreas menos impactadas pelo gado, foi especialmente importante para as espécies ameaçadas de extinção, como Culicivora caudacuta Vieillot, 1818 e Sporophila cinnamomea Lafresnaye, 1839 fornecendo abrigo, poleiros e substrato para construção e fixação de ninhos. Corroboramos, dessa forma, a necessidade de áreas com distintas intensidades de pastejo, formando um mosaico com diferentes alturas de vegetação, mantendo a diversidade de aves campestres. São necessárias, porém, mais áreas com baixa intensidade ou exclusão de pastejo, das quais diversas espécies ameaçadas dependem. Contudo, estas áreas também devem ser manejadas, evitando o desenvolvimento de excessiva vegetação lenhosa, que pode levar à descaracterização da vegetação campestre, afetando a avifauna a ela associada. campestres Pampa Aqui moderada mensalmente 1 meses relacionandoas relacionando observadas H (H’ si 5 279 2 79 2,7 295 95 2,95 respectivamente indivíduos geral moderado densa gado extinção Vieillot 181 Lafresnaye 183 abrigo ninhos Corroboramos forma necessárias porém Contudo manejadas lenhosa campestre associada (H 27 7 2, 29 9 2,9 18

ABSTRACT Grazing intensity is one of the main factors that shape vegetation structure, influencing the grassland bird community. Tall grass birds, including several threatened species, are depending on low intensities or exclusion of grazing, which is rarely practiced in Pampa. In this study we evaluate how grazing intensities affects the bird community in Brazilian Pampa grasslands. We established three transect lines, one each grazing treatment (moderate and low intensity, and on an area with cattle exclusion). During 13 months, transects were sampled monthly to record the diversity and abundance of bird species. All three areas presented very similar species richness, ranging from 50 to 54 species, and diversity (H’) ranging from 2.79 to 2.95. The abundance was favored by the decrease in intensity and the exclusion of grazing. In general, shortgrass bird species were more representative in the area under moderate grazing, while tallgrass birds were favored by low intensity and grazing exclusion. The taller and denser vegetation, in areas less impacted by livestock, was especially important for endangered species, such as Culicivora caudacuta Vieillot, 1818 and Sporophila cinnamomea Lafresnaye, 1839, providing shelter, perches and substrate for building and fixing nests. We corroborate the need for areas with distinct grazing intensities, forming a mosaic with different heights of vegetation, maintaining the grassland bird diversity. However, more areas with low intensity or exclusion of grazing are needed, on which several threatened species depend. Although, even these areas must be managed, avoiding the encroachment of excessive woody vegetation, which can lead to the deterioration of grassland vegetation, affecting the associated birdlife. structure grasslands lines . exclusion) 1 months richness 5 H (H’ 279 2 79 2.7 295 95 2.95 general livestock Vieillot 181 Lafresnaye 1839 shelter nests However needed depend Although managed birdlife (H 27 7 2. 29 9 2.9 18 183

RESUMO (Dinâmica da comunidade de aves nos ambientes costeiros da Ilha do Cardoso, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Este estudo examina a dinâmica da comunidade de aves nos ambientes costeiros da Ilha do Cardoso, SP, considerando variáveis ambientais, sazonais e geográficas. Destaca-se a relevância das zonas de praia como ecossistemas únicos, onde as aves desempenham papéis fundamentais. Ao preencher lacunas na pesquisa sobre a avifauna local, oferece uma visão abrangente da comunidade de aves e suas variações sazonais nas praias, contribuindo para a compreensão e conservação desses ecossistemas. O estudo descreve várias espécies de aves presentes, enfatizando migrações sazonais e interações ecológicas complexas, enriquecendo a complexidade ecológica do ambiente. Destaca-se a importância das praias da Ilha do Cardoso para reprodução, alimentação e migração das aves, bem como as adaptações fisiológicas e comportamentais dessas aves diante dos desafios ambientais. Conclui-se ressaltando a notável diversidade de espécies na ilha, influenciada por fatores como clima e eventos migratórios, e destacando a importância da plasticidade comportamental e evolutiva das aves de praia diante das mudanças ambientais. Dinâmica Paulo Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) SP ambientais geográficas Destacase Destaca se únicos fundamentais local presentes complexas ambiente reprodução Concluise Conclui ilha migratórios

ABSTRACT (Dynamics of the bird community in the coastal environments of Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo State, Brazil). This study examines the dynamics of the bird community in the coastal environments of Ilha do Cardoso, SP, considering environmental, seasonal, and geographical variables. The relevance of beach zones as unique ecosystems, where birds play fundamental roles, is highlighted. By filling gaps in local avifauna research, it provides a comprehensive view of the bird community and its seasonal variations on beaches, contributing to the understanding and conservation of these ecosystems. The study describes various bird species present, emphasizing seasonal migrations and complex ecological interactions, enriching the ecological complexity of the environment. The importance of Ilha do Cardoso’s beaches for bird reproduction, feeding, and migration is emphasized, as well as the physiological and behavioral adaptations of these birds to environmental challenges. It is concluded by highlighting the remarkable diversity of species on the island, influenced by factors such as climate and migratory events, and emphasizing the importance of behavioral and evolutionary plasticity of beach birds in the face of environmental changes. Dynamics Cardoso State Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) SP variables ecosystems roles highlighted research present interactions environment Cardosos s reproduction feeding emphasized challenges island events changes

Resumo A criação de aves silvestres como animais de estimação está diretamente relacionada a questões culturais, socioeconômicas e de declínio das espécies envolvidas. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo levantou o conhecimento de criadores locais de aves silvestres em cativeiro, bem como as práticas de manejo e aspectos de comercialização dos animais e o contexto sociocultural envolvido com esta atividade no estado brasileiro da Paraíba. Os dados foram coletados de quatro informants por meio de questionários semiestruturados, abordando aspectos da criação de aves silvestres em cativeiro. Foram registradas três espécies: Sporophila angolensis, S. bouvreuil e Sicalis flaveola. As espécies são mantidas principalmente pelo canto e pelo potencial para uso em rinhas (brigas de pássaros), fatores támbem responsáveis pela comercialização das espécies. Os aspectos envolvidos na manutenção variam entre criadores e de acordo com fatores interespecíficos. No entanto, a seleção e reprodução das espécies estão relacionadas a fatores comportamentais (capacidade de canto e potencial para rinhas). Os dados mostram que a criação e manejo de aves silvestres é uma atividade complexa num contexto sociocultural e econômico, sendo necessário mais estudos para compreender a dinâmica envolvida neste processo incluindo se estas formas de manejo interferem ou não na genética das espécies de aves através do processo de seleção artificial. culturais envolvidas perspectiva cativeiro Paraíba semiestruturados angolensis S flaveola brigas pássaros, pássaros , pássaros) interespecíficos entanto capacidade rinhas. . rinhas) econômico artificial

Abstract The breeding of wild birds as pets is directly related to cultural, socioeconomic and decline issues of the species involved. In this perspective, the study surveyed the knowledge of local breeders of captive wild birds, as well as the management practices and commercialization aspects of the animals and the socio-cultural context involved with this activity in the Brazilian state of Paraíba. Data were collected from four informants through semi-structured questionnaires, addressing aspects of captive breeding of wild birds. Three species were recorded: Sporophila angolensis, S. bouvreuil and Sicalis flaveola. The species are kept mainly because of the beauty of their songs and the potential for their use in rinhas (bird fighting), factors also responsible for the commercialization of the species. The aspects involved in maintenance vary among breeders and according to interspecific factors. However, the selection and reproduction of the species are related to behavioural factors (singing ability and potential for rinhas). The data show that the breeding and management of wild birds is a complex activity in a socio-cultural and economic context, with more studies required to understand the dynamics involved in this process including whether or not these forms of management interfere with the genetics of the birds species through the artificial selection process. cultural perspective sociocultural socio Paraíba semistructured semi structured questionnaires recorded angolensis S flaveola bird fighting, fighting , fighting) However singing rinhas. . rinhas)