Abstract Crotalid envenomation is a neglected collective health problem involving many countries in America, which need secure and inexpensive snake anti-venom treatments. Here, high antibody titers (IgY) were raised in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg yolk by immunizing with the venom of Venezuelan venomous Crotalus snakes. Ostriches were immunized with a pool of venoms from common rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus cumanensis), Uracoan rattlesnake (Crotalus vegrandis), Guayana rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus ruruima) and black rattlesnake (Crotalus pifanorum). The anti-snake venom antibodies were prepared from egg yolk by the water dilution method, enriched by the addition of caprylic acid (CA) and precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30% (W/V). The purity and molecular mass of the final product was satisfactory, yielding a single ∼ 175 kDa band in SDS-PAGE gels ran under non-reducing conditions. In the immunoblot analysis, specific binding of the antivenom was observed with most venom proteins. The LD50 was 16.5 g/mouse (825 μg/kg body weight). High titers of IgY against Crot/pool venom were shown by ELISA. The median effective dose (ED50) was 19.66 mg/2LD50. IgY antibodies neutralized efficiently the Crot/pool venom lethality. As far as we know, this is the first anti-snake venom produced in ostriches, which could make this technology an affordable alternative for low-income countries, since it is likely to produce manteniabout 2-4 g of IgY per ostrich egg. Hence, almost 400 g of IgY can be purified from only one ostrich during a year. In addition, there are enormous differences in the cost of investment in the maintenance of horses, from the points of view of infrastructure, feeding and veterinary care, in which the cost can reach USD 100 per animal per day, compared to a maintenance cost of USD 146 per month per producing bird. These results are encouraging and could easily be extrapolated to the manufacturing of other antivenoms and antitoxins as well, as they could be applied to the manufacturing of potential diagnostic tools.

Resumen El envenenamiento por crotálidos es un problema de salud colectiva desatendido, que involucra a muchos países del continente americano, los cuales necesitan tratamientos seguros y económicos. En este trabajo, se obtuvieron títulos altos de anticuerpos (IgY) producidos en yema de huevo de avestruz (Struthio camelus) mediante la inmunización con el veneno de serpientes venezolanas del genero Crotalus. Se inmunizaron avestruces con una colección de veneno de serpientes de cascabel común (Crotalus durissus cumanensis), cascabel de Uracoa (Crotalus vegrandis), cascabel de Guayana (Crotalus durissus ruruima) y cascabel negra (Crotalus pifanorum). Los anticuerpos anti-veneno de serpiente se prepararon a partir de yema de huevo por el método de dilución en agua, enriquecidos mediante la adición de ácido caprílico (CA), seguido de una precipitación con sulfato de amonio al 30% (P/V). La pureza y masa molecular de los anticuerpos (IgY) se definieron mediante ensayos de SDS-PAGE nativos y las masas moleculares se establecieron electroforéticamente, obteniéndose una única banda de IgY de ∼ 175 kDa. El análisis de inmunotransferencia mostró la unión específica del antiveneno con la mayoría de las proteínas del veneno. La DL50 fue de 16,5 μg/ratón (825 μg / kg de peso corporal); Se mostraron títulos altos de IgY contra el veneno de Crot / pool mediante ELISA. La dosis mediana efectiva (DE50) fue de 19,66 mg/2 LD50. Los anticuerpos IgY neutralizaron eficazmente la letalidad del veneno de Crot / pool. Hasta donde sabemos, se trata del primer antídoto de serpiente producido en avestruces, lo que podría abaratar la producción de este tratamiento en países del tercer mundo. Ya que es probable que se obtengan alrededor de 2-4 g de IgY por huevo de avestruz. Por lo tanto, se podrían purificar casi 400 g de IgY de un solo avestruz durante un año. Asimismo, debido a las enormes diferencias en el costo de inversión en el mantenimiento de los caballos desde el punto de vista de infraestructura, alimentación y atención veterinaria, en los que el costo puede llegar a los 100 USD por día, frente a los 146 USD por mes de mantenimiento de la producción de aves. Estos resultados abren un campo terapéutico, para la fabricación de otros antivenenos contra un amplio espectro de toxinas y también como probables herramientas de diagnóstico.

Resumo O presente estudo foi planejado para determinar variações nos parâmetros externos e internos de qualidade dos ovos de diferentes espécies de aves, incluindo avestruz Struthio camelus, patos Anas platyrhynchos, frango Gallus gallus, perus Meleagris gallopavo e francolin cinza Francolinus pondicerinus. Todas as aves foram mantidas em condições de criação semelhantes. Um total de 150 ovos foi coletado para cada espécie para registrar as características externas desses ovos. Variações estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05) foram registradas no peso do ovo, comprimento do ovo e largura do ovo entre os ovos de avestruz, patos, galinha, peru e codorna. Significativamente (p < 0,05) maior peso do ovo, comprimento e largura do ovo foram observados para ovos de avestruz, enquanto o mesmo foi menor para ovos de francolina cinza. Da mesma forma, significativamente (p < 0,05) maiores valores de índice de forma e volume de ovo foram observados para ovos de avestruz, enquanto os menores valores de índice de forma foram registrados para ovos de peru e o volume de ovo foi menor para francolina cinza. Significativamente, maiores (p < 0,05) valores de densidade de ovos foram observados para ovos de codorna e os mesmos foram menores para ovos de avestruz. Variações não significativas nos valores de densidade de ovos foram observadas entre os ovos de pato, frango, peru e francolina cinza. Concluiu-se que as correlações positivas entre as características internas e externas de qualidade do ovo indicaram que as características podem ser melhoradas por meio da seleção.

Abstract Present study was planned to determine variations in external and internal quality egg parameters of different avian species including ostrich Struthio camelus, ducks Anas platyrhynchos, chicken Gallus gallus, turkeys Meleagris gallopavo and grey francolin Francolinus pondicerinus. All the birds were kept under similar rearing conditions. A total of 150 eggs were collected for each species to record external features of these eggs. Statistically significant (p<0.05) variations were recorded in egg weight, egg length and egg width between ostrich, ducks, chicken, turkey and quail eggs. Significantly (p<0.05) higher egg weight, egg length and egg width was observed for ostrich eggs while the same was lowest for grey francolin eggs. Similarly, significantly (p<0.05) greater shape index and egg volume values were observed for ostrich eggs while lowest shape index values were recorded for turkey eggs and egg volume was lowest for grey francolin. Significantly, higher (p<0.05) values of egg density were noted for eggs of the quail and the same were lowest for ostrich eggs. Non-significant variations in egg density values were observed between eggs of the ducks, chicken, turkey and grey francolin. It has been concluded that the positive correlations between the internal and external egg quality traits indicated that the traits can be improved through selection.

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous ghrelin on pancreatic growth and development in African ostrich chicks. Sixteen 40-day-old African ostrich chicks (male or female) were randomly divided into four groups and injected intravenously metatarsal vein with saline (control) or ghrelin (10, 50, and 100 μg/kg) for 6 days. Body and pancreas weight were determined, structural characteristics were observed using HE staining, somatostatin-immunopositive cells were detected using immunohistochemistry. The results were as follows: 1. The 50 and 100 μg/kg groups showed lower relative pancreas weight than the control group (P < 0.05). 2.The islet area per unit area of the pancreas was higher in the 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). The number of islets per unit area of the pancreas was lower in the 10 μg/kg group than in the control (P < 0.05) and slightly higher in the 50 and 100 μg/kg groups than in the control (P > 0.05. Moreover, compared with the control, the islet cells in treatment groups were loosely arranged and showed reduced cytoplasm. In the exocrine pancreas, the volume of acinar cells in the 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg groups all decreased to varying degrees. 3. Somatostatin immunopositive cells were mainly located around the periphery of the islets and sporadically distributed in the center. The density of the somatostatin immunopositive cells in the 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg groups was higher than that in the control (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that exogenous ghrelin increases the area and number of islets and number of somatostatin immunopositive cells but reduces relative pancreas weight and effects the morphological and structural development of the pancreas, which may inhibit the pancreatic growth and development in African ostrich chicks.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de la grelina exógena sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo del páncreas en polluelos de avestruz africana. Dieciséis pollos de avestruz africana de 40 días (machos o hembras) se dividieron al azar en cuatro grupos y se inyectaron por vía intravenosa con solución salina (control) o grelina (10, 50 y 100 μg / kg) durante 6 días. determinadas, se observaron las características estructurales mediante tinción Hematoxilina-Eosina, se detectaron células inmunopositivas a somatostatina mediante inmunohistoquímica. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: ¨Los grupos de 50 y 100 μg / kg mostraron un menor peso relativo del páncreas que el grupo de control (P <0,05). El área de islotes por unidad de área del páncreas fue mayor en los grupos de 10, 50 y 100 μg / kg grupos que en el grupo de control (P <0,05). El número de islotes por unidad de área del páncreas fue menor en el grupo de 10 μg / kg que en el control (P <0,05). Además, en comparación con el control, las células de los islotes en los grupos de tratamiento estaban dispuestas de forma holgada y mostraban un citoplasma reducido. En el páncreas exocrino, el volumen de células acinares en los grupos de 10, 50 y 100 μg / kg disminuyó en diversos grados. Las células inmunopositivas de somatostatina se ubicaron principalmente alrededor de la periferia de los islotes y se distribuyeron esporádicamente en el centro. La densidad de las células inmunopositivas a la somatostatina en los grupos de 10, 50 y 100 μg / kg fue mayor que la del control (P <0,05). Estos hallazgos sugieren que la grelina exógena aumenta el área y el número de islotes y el número de células inmunopositivas a la somatostatina, pero reduce el peso relativo del páncreas, lo que puede inhibir el crecimiento y desarrollo pancreático en los polluelos de avestruz africana.

Resumo O avestruz (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus 1758) é a maior ave do mundo, com uma importância comercial acentuada na África e expandindo-se para diversos países. Assim, com o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de criação, tornam-se necessários estudos morfológicos que subsidiem as áreas aplicadas, pois a espécie apresenta características anatômicas próprias. O objetivo deste estudo foi a descrição dos principais afluentes da veia porta-hepática nesta espécie. Para a realização do presente trabalho, foram utilizadas dez vísceras de animais adultos, de ambos os sexos, que foram injetados com Neoprene látex por meio da veia porta-hepática para evidenciar os seus afluentes. Após a repleção vascular, os animais foram fixados e conservados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. O sistema porta-hepático foi dissecado e fotodocumentado. Observou-se que a veia porta-hepática esquerda recebe sangue da região do proventrículo e ventrículo gástrico. A veia porta-hepática direita é a responsável pela drenagem do sangue nos seguintes órgãos: baço, por meio da veia proventriculoesplênica, pâncreas, pela veia pancreaticoduonais, jejuno, por meio do tronco jejunal, e o cólon, que forma a veia mesentérica cranial.

Abstract The ostrich (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus 1758) is the largest bird in the world. It is of great economic importance in Africa and is found across several countries. With developments in breeding systems, morphological studies that facilitate the application of the knowledge are necessary, considering the species has unique anatomical features. The objective of the present study was to describe the major tributaries of the hepatic vein in the species. Ten viscera of adult individuals of both sexes, which were injected with Neoprene latex through the hepatic vein, were used to visualize their tributaries. After the vascular repletion, the tissues were fixed and conserved in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution. The hepatic carrier system was dissected and photo-documented. The left hepatic vein receives blood from the proventricle and gastric ventricle, while the right hepatic vein is responsible for the drainage of blood into the following organs: spleen, through the proventriculosplenic vein; pancreas, through the pancreaticoduodenal vein; jejunum, through the jejunum trunk; and the colon, which forms the cranial mesenteric vein.

A natural intoxication of two specimens of ostrich (Struthio camelus), raised in captivity, as a result of excessive consumption of fruits of saman (Samanea saman) in the Magdalena region of Colombia is presented. The birds had poor body condition, high degree of dehydration, apathy, weakness, drowsiness and subsequently death. The most outstanding macroscopic findings during the necropsy was a severe impaction of the proventriculus due to the accumulation of fruits and seeds of the legume and an extensive area of ulcerated mucosa. The kidney was the organ with the greatest histopathological lesions typical of a nephrotoxic condition. There were no liver lesions. Glutamic oxalacetic (TGO) and glutamic pyruvic (TGP) transaminases were found elevated. Qualitative colorimetric tests revealed the presence of tannins and saponins of the plant material found in proventriculus. The results indicated that the ostriches died due to poisoning due to the consumption of fruits of the saman.

Se expone un cuadro de intoxicación natural de dos ejemplares de avestruz (Struthio camelus), criados en cautiverio, a consecuencia del consumo excesivo de frutos de samán (Samanea saman) en la región del Magdalena Medio Colombiano. Las aves presentaban mal estado corporal, alto grado de deshidratación, comportamiento apático, debilidad, somnolencia y posteriormente su muerte. En la necropsia, los hallazgos macroscópicos más sobresalientes fueron localizados en el sistema gastrointestinal, con grave impactación del proventrículo a causa del acúmulo de frutos y semillas de la leguminosa y una extensa área de mucosa ulcerada. El riñón fue el órgano con mayores lesiones histopatológicas típicas de un cuadro nefrotóxico. No hubo lesiones en hígado. Las transaminasas glutámico oxalacética (TGO) y glutámico pirúvica (TGP) se encontraron elevadas. Pruebas colorimétricas revelaron la presencia de taninos y saponinas del material vegetal hallado en proventrículo. Los resultados indicaron que los avestruces murieron a causa de intoxicación por consumo de frutos del samán.

RESUMO Uma avestruz-do-pescoço-vermelho, com dois anos de idade, apresentava um nódulo no terço médio do esôfago e foi submetida a procedimento cirúrgico. Histologicamente, observou-se uma área focalmente extensa de necrose estendendo-se da túnica mucosa à muscular, e, em algumas secções, à túnica adventícia. Circundando a área de necrose, observou-se uma reação inflamatória composta principalmente por granulócitos e macrófagos, associada à fibroplasia e neovascularização. Em meio às áreas de necrose e inflamação, verificavam-se numerosas imagens negativas de hifas em seções longitudinais e transversais, melhor apreciadas pela coloração de metenamina nitrato de prata de Grocott. O diagnóstico definitivo de infecção por Pythium insidiosum foi confirmado por imuno-histoquímica. A avestruz recebia água para consumo de um lago localizado em uma área de pastagem, no qual alguns cavalos haviam desenvolvido pitiose cutânea anteriormente.

Abstract: The low productivity in ostrich commercial production units is characteristic of countries where the activity is incipient; as in Mexico, with 320 intensive production units from 1991 to 2017, of which only about 30 remain in operation. To improve productivity and encourage the permanence of the activity, it is important to adopt the applied knowledge in the leading countries in production. In this sense, the objective of this study was to identify the main sources of innovation for companies that remain active. For this, the level of knowledge applied by twenty companies was determined, as well as the sources from which they obtain it. The most significant source of innovation for Mexican ostrich producing companies is the interaction between them, since it allows to increase the level of knowledge applied in about 20% (p <0.1). It was also found that the level of applied knowledge has a favorable influence on the productivity of companies (p <0.1). In conclusion, the innovation network of ostrich-producing companies in Mexico is distinguished by a high peer collaboration, a situation normally found in the literature concerning emerging productive sectors.

Resumen: La baja productividad en unidades de producción comercial de avestruz es característica de países donde la actividad es incipiente; como en México, donde se registran 320 unidades de producción intensiva de 1991 a 2017 y de las cuales solo alrededor de 30 se mantienen funcionando. Para favorecer la productividad y permanencia de la actividad es importante adoptar el conocimiento aplicado en países líderes en producción; en ese sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las principales fuentes de innovación para las empresas que se mantienen activas. Para ello, se determina el nivel de conocimiento aplicado por veinte empresas, así como las fuentes de donde lo obtienen. Se encuentra que la fuente de innovación más significativa para las empresas productoras de avestruz mexicanas es la interacción entre sí, pues permite incrementar el nivel de conocimiento aplicado en cerca de 20% (p<0.1). Asimismo, el nivel de conocimiento aplicado influye favorablemente en la productividad de las empresas (p<0.1). En conclusión, la red de innovación de las empresas productoras de avestruz en México se distingue por una alta colaboración entre pares, situación encontrada con normalidad en la literatura referente a sectores productivos emergentes.

SUMMARY: In the 1990’s, ostrich production reached a peak in our country, boosted by the special characteristics of its meat and the potential of the derivatives. The breed raised is a hybrid called African Black (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) which has a high quality meat in terms of nutritional factors and flavor. With regard to reproduction, the female ostrich reaches maturity at the age of 2.5 years. Genital organs are very important in fowl’s production, because they can generate fertility deficiencies that, in turn can diminish brood number. Histological analysis allows a better understanding of the basic structure of the female’s genital organs and is a helpful tool to resolve breeding problems. For this analysis samples were obtained from the different segments of the reproductive system of 6 female ostrich in reproductive age. These samples were processed using standard histological technique. Sections were observed, photographed and analyzed under the light-microscope. Photographs were compared with hen’s samples. The ostrich female’s reproductive system has the particularity of having just the left ovary and oviduct developed. The ovary has a big size and a cluster shape which varies from season to season. It presents paramount, previtellogenic, vitellogenic and atresic follicles. The vitellogenic follicles have granulosa cells and inner and external theca. The oviduct presents cephalocaudally: infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina, flowing into the urodeum. It shows long pleats of different length and number, with drusen of mucose and serose secretion, except in the vagina. The comparative histological analysis allowed us to establish that the basic structure of the female reproductive system is similar to that of the hen (Gallus gallus).

RESUMEN: El auge de la producción intensiva del avestruz, comenzó en la década de los noventa impulsada por la calidad de su carne y potencialidad de sus subproductos. La raza empleada para producción por la calidad nutricional y sabor de su carne es el híbrido llamado African black (Struthio camelus var. domesticus). En cuanto a la reproducción, el avestruz hembra alcanza su madurez sexual a partir de los 2,5 años. Es importante considerar el aparato genital en aves de producción, ya que una alteración en él, puede generar deficiencias en la fertilidad que se traducen en un menor número de crías. El estudio histológico del aparato reproductor de la hembra será una herramienta más que permitirá resolver problemas reproductivos. Para este análisis se obtuvo muestras de los diferentes segmentos del aparato reproductor de 6 avestruces hembras en edad reproductiva y se procesaron de acuerdo a las técnicas histológicas de rutina. Los cortes fueron observados, fotografiados y analizados bajo microscopio de luz. Obtenidas las fotografías, se analizó comparativamente su morfología con la descrita en la gallina (Gallus gallus). El aparato reproductor de la hembra tiene la particularidad de tener desarrollado solo el ovario y oviducto izquierdo. El ovario es de gran tamaño y en forma de racimo, el cual varía según la estacionalidad. Presenta folículos primordiales, previtelogénicos, vitelogénicos y atrésicos. Los folículos vitelogénicos presentan células de la granulosa y de la teca interna y externa. El oviducto presenta de cefálico a caudal los siguientes segmentos: infundíbulo, magnum, istmo, útero y vagina, que desemboca en la cloaca a nivel del urodeo. En ellos hay pliegues de variada longitud, grosor y número que comprometen la mucosa y submucosa, con glándulas de secreción mucosa y serosa a excepción de la vagina. El análisis histológico comparativo, permitió establecer que la morfología del aparato reproductor de la hembra es semejante a la observada en la gallina con ciertas diferencias microscópicas (Gallus gallus).

SUMMARY: Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and has been found in the liver of multiple vertebrates. While ghrelin has been identified in the gastrointestinal tract of African ostrich chicks, little is known regarding its distribution in the liver of the African ostrich. In the present study, the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells in the liver of the African ostrich were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that the liver is divided into two sections: the capsule and the parenchyma, which comprises hepatic lobules and the hepatic portal area. The hepatic lobules include the central vein, hepatocellular cord, and the hepatic sinusoid. The hepatocellular cord is composed of hepatocytes, and Macrophagocytus stellatus (Kupffer cells) as well as endothelial cells reside within the hepatic sinusoid. ghrelin-ip cells were detected among both the Macrophagocytus stellatus and endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoid in the African ostrich liver. In contrast, no ghrelinip cells were located within the hepatocytes or the hepatic portal area. These results clearly demonstrated the presence of ghrelin-ip cells in the liver of the African ostrich. Therefore, ghrelin may have a physiological function in the liver of the African ostrich.

RESUMEN: La ghrelina es el ligando endógeno para el receptor secretagogo de la hormona del crecimiento, y se ha encontrado en el hígado de múltiples vertebrados. A pesar que la ghrelina ha sido identificada en el tracto gastrointestinal de polluelos de avestruz africanas, poco se sabe sobre su distribución en el hígado de esta ave. En el presente estudio se investigó la distribución y características morfológicas de las células ghrelininmunopositivas (ghrelin-ip) en el hígado del avestruz africana mediante inmunohistoquímica. Nuestros resultados indican que el hígado se divide en dos secciones: la cápsula y el parénquima, que comprende los lóbulos hepáticos y el área portal hepática. Los lóbulos hepáticos incluyen la vena central, el cordón hepatocelular y el sinusoide hepático. El cordón hepatocelular está compuesto de hepatocitos y de Macrophagocytus stellatus (células de Kupffer) y las células endoteliales se localizan dentro del sinusoide hepático. Fueron detectacas células ghrelin-ip entre los Macrophagocytus stellatus y las células endoteliales del sinusoide hepático en el hígado de avestruz africana. En contraste, no se localizaron células de ghrelin-ip dentro de los hepatocitos o en el área portal hepática. Estos resultados demuestran claramente la presencia de células de ghrelin-ip en el hígado. Por lo tanto, la ghrelina puede tener una función fisiológica en el hígado de avestruz africana.

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, has been detected in the thymus of multiple vertebrates. However, little is known about its distribution in the thymus of the African ostrich. In this study, we evaluated the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-producing cells in the thymus of the African ostrich. Our results revealed that the thymus consists of a capsule and a parenchyma, which comprises the cortex and medulla. Compared to the cortex, the medulla had a fewer number of thymocytes and a greater number of epithelial cells. Additionally, three thymic corpuscles were identified. Ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells were detected both in the cortex and medulla of the African ostrich thymus, specifically within epithelial cells and thymic corpuscles. On the other hand, no ghrelin-ip cells were detected within thymocytes. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of ghrelin-ip cells in the thymus of the African ostrich.

La ghrelina, un ligando endógeno para el receptor secretor de la hormona del crecimiento, se ha detectado en el timo de múltiples vertebrados. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre su distribución en el timo de la avestruz africana. En este estudio se evaluó la distribución y características morfológicas de las células productoras de ghrelina en el timo de la avestruz africana. Nuestros resultados revelaron que el timo consiste en una cápsula y un parénquima, que comprende la corteza y la médula. En comparación con la corteza, se observó un número menor de timocitos en la médula y un mayor número de células epiteliales. Además, se identificaron tres corpúsculos tímicos. Se detectaron células inmunopositivas a la ghrelina (ghrelin-ip) tanto en la corteza como en la médula del timo de la avestruz africana, específicamente dentro de células epiteliales y corpúsculos tímicos. Por otra parte, no se detectaron células ghrelin-ip dentro de los timocitos. Estos resultados demuestran claramente la presencia de células ghrelin-ip en el timo de la avestruz africana.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas de três formulações de linguiças cozidas defumadas, que somente diferiram em relação à carne magra utilizada: (Fórmula 1 ― 100% carne de avestruz; Fórmula 2 ― 50% carne de avestruz + 50% carne suína; e Fórmula 3 ― 50% carne de avestruz + 50% carne de frango), elaboradas com aparas de carne de avestruz. As fórmulas apresentaram teor de umidade levemente superior (62,00-64,41%) ao máximo permitido na legislação para linguiças cozidas (60%) (Brasil, 2000). No entanto, seu teor de proteína (19,99-22,14%) foi no mínimo 42% maior que o nível mínimo exigido (14%); o teor de gordura (11,82-14,25%) foi menos da metade do conteúdo máximo permitido (35%) na mesma legislação e pelo menos 45% inferior ao teor de gordura de três marcas bem conhecidas de linguiças cozidas defumadas comercializadas no Brasil; e o valor energético (194,89-208,19kcal%) foi no mínimo 31% menor que as mesmas marcas de linguiças defumadas; com isso, as três fórmulas de linguiças cozidas defumadas de carne de avestruz poderiam ser rotuladas como "light" em relação ao teor de gordura e valor energético (European Union, 2006; Brasil, 2012). O presente estudo mostrou que as aparas de carne de avestruz podem ser utilizadas com sucesso na elaboração de linguiças cozidas defumadas "light", saudáveis, competindo no mercado com linguiças defumadas tradicionais, e adicionando valor à cadeia de carne de avestruz.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of three formulations of smoked cooked linguiças, only differing in the lean meat used: (Formula 1 ― 100% ostrich meat; Formula 2 ― 50% ostrich meat + 50% pork; and Formula 3 ― 50% ostrich meat + 50% chicken), elaborated with ostrich meat trimmings. The formulas showed slightly higher moisture content (62.00-64.41%) than the maximum allowed in the legislation for cooked linguiças (60%) (Brasil, 2000). However, their protein content (19.99-22.14%) was at least 42% higher than the minimum required level (14%); the fat content (11.82-14.25%) was less than half the maximum permitted level (35%) in the same legislation, and at least 45% less than three well-known smoked cooked linguiça brands commercialized in Brazil; and the energy value (194.89-208.19 Kcal%) was at least 31% less than the same smoked linguiça brands; thus the three ostrich smoked linguiça formulas elaborated could be claimed "light" in fat content and energy value (European Union, 2006; Brasil, 2012). The present study showed that ostrich meat trimmings can be successfully used to elaborate healthy, "light", smoked cooked linguiças, competing in the market with traditional smoked cooked linguiças, and adding value in the ostrich meat chain.

Resumo No presente estudo, pós de hidroxiapatita e hidroxiapatita substituída com zinco foram sintetizados utilizando-se casca de ovo de avestruz como fonte de cálcio. As amostras foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura com fonte de emissão de campo e difração de raios X (DRX) para identificação das fases presentes, e por espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X para análise química quantitativa dos pós sintetizados e tratados termicamente. A técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier foi utilizada antes e após tratamentos térmicos a 700, 900 e 1100 °C, a fim de identificar os grupos funcionais, como uma técnica complementar a DRX. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo representam um método promissor para a síntese de hidroxiapatita e hidroxiapatita parcialmente substituída com zinco, uma vez que os resultados não mostraram a presença de fases indesejáveis ou impurezas nos pós produzidos. Constatou-se que as amostras sintetizadas com Zn apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica do que as amostras de hidroxiapatita pura.

Abstract In the present study, hydroxyapatite and Zn-substituted hydroxyapatite powders were synthesized using ostrich eggshell as a calcium source. The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the present phases, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for quantitative chemical analysis of the synthesized and heat treated powders. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique was used before and after heat treatments at 700, 900 and 1100 °C in order to identify the functional groups present, as an additional technique to the XRD analysis. The results presented in this study represent a promising method for synthesis of hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite partially substituted with zinc, since the results showed no undesirable phases or impurities in the produced powders. It was observed that Zn-substituted hydroxyapatite showed higher thermal stability, when compared to pure hydroxyapatite.

Resumo: As artérias mesentéricas das aves são importantes para a irrigação do aparelho digestório e encontram-se associadas ao ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Objetivou-se descrever as origens, esqueletopias, medidas e principais ramificações das artérias mesentéricas cranial e caudal em avestruzes. Foram utilizados 41 cadáveres de filhotes de avestruzes, 23 machos e 18 fêmeas, obtidos de um criadouro após morte natural. Os cadáveres foram fixados com formaldeído a 10% e tiveram o sistema vascular preenchido com Petrolatex® S-65 colorido. As artérias mesentéricas, cranial e caudal e seus ramos proximais foram dissecados "in situ" e medidas com paquímetro digital. A artéria mesentérica cranial teve comprimento médio de 3,68 ± 1,04 cm e surgiu da aorta descendente ao nível da oitava vértebra torácica na maioria dos casos. Ramificou-se em artérias jejunal e ileocecal. A artéria jejunal ofereceu média de 14,04 ±2,08 ramos ao jejuno e a artéria ileocecal originou um ramo retal e outro que se bifurcou para derivar ramos para íleo, ceco e reto. Em um espécime macho a artéria ileocecal foi ramo da artéria celíaca. A artéria mesentérica caudal originou-se na porção terminal da aorta descendente predominantemente ao nível das 4ª e 6ª vértebras sacro-caudais. Perto da extremidade caudal do rim emitiu os ramos cranial e caudal. O primeiro irrigou o reto e anastomosou-se com ramo retal da artéria mesentérica cranial; o segundo irrigou a porção final do reto, cloaca e bolsa cloacal. Não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as medidas, esqueletopia e número de ramificações das artérias entre os sexos.

Abstract: The mesenteric arteries of birds are important for the irrigation of the digestive tract and are associated with weight gain and food conversion. This study aimed to describe the origins, skeletopy, measures and main branches of cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries in ostriches. Forty-one cadavers of ostrich chicks, 23 males and 18 females, obtained from a farmer after natural death. The cadavers were fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution and their vascular system was filled with colored Petrolatex® S-65. The cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries and its proximal branches were dissected in situ and measured with a digital caliper. The mesenteric artery had an average length of 3.68cm±1.04 and emerged from the descending aorta at the level of the eighth thoracic vertebra in most cases; it branched into jejunal and ileocecal arteries. The jejunal artery sent a mean of 14 (14.04±2.08) branches to the jejunum. The ileocecal artery sent a rectal branch and another branch that irrigated ileum, cecum and rectum. In a male specimen the ileocecal artery was originated from the celiac artery. The caudal mesenteric artery emerged in the terminal portion of the descending aorta predominantly at the level of the 4th and 6th sacrocaudal vertebrae. Near the caudal end of the kidney it issued the cranial and caudal branches. The first irrigated the rectum and anastomosed with the rectal branch of the cranial mesenteric artery; the second irrigated the final part of the rectum, cloaca and cloacal bursa. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between measurements, skeletopy and number of branches of the arteries between genders.

Boron is an essential trace element which plays an important role in process of metabolism and the function of the tissues. However, the effects of boron on the intestinal cells in African ostrich chicks are poorly reported. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the role of boron on proliferation and apoptosis of the intestinal cells. A total of 36, ten day-old ostrich chicks were randomly divided into six groups and fed on the same basal diet supplemented with 0, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg/L boric acid in drinking water for 80 days. Proliferatingcell nuclearantigen (PCNA) wasused to test the proliferation indexof intestine in different group byimmunohistochemicalstaining (IHC). Apoptoticcellsofintestinewere detectedbyDutp-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction and evaluated by integral optical density (IOD). Results showed that proliferationof intestinal cells significantly increased in groups of 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg/L. TUNEL reaction showed that apoptosis significantly decreased in 80 mg/L groups, while significantly increased in high dose of boron groups (320 and 640 mg/L), especially inepithelium. In conclusion, low dose of boron-supplemented water could promote cell proliferation and depress apoptosis, while high dose of boron could cause intestinal apoptosis and thus we found increased proliferation of intestine cell as a compensatory adaption. These findings may support optimal dosage of boron that could protect the development of ostrich intestine, while high dosage of boron could suppress it, or even has toxic effects on it.

El boro es un elemento esencial que desempeña un importante rol en el proceso del metabolismo y en la función de los tejidos. Sin embargo, existe poca información de los efectos del boro en las células intestinales de polluelos de avestruz Africana. Por lo tanto, este estudio fue diseñado para investigar el papel del boro sobre la proliferación y la apoptosis de las células intestinales. Un total de 36 polluelos de avestruz de diez días se dividieron, aleatoriamente, en seis grupos y se alimentaron con una misma dieta basal suplementada con 0, 40, 80, 160, 320 y 640 mg/L de ácido bórico en agua potable durante 80 días. Se utilizó el antígeno nuclear celular de células en proliferación (PCNA) para probar el índice de proliferación de intestino en diferentes grupos por tinción inmunohistoquímica. Las células apoptóticas del intestino fueron detectadas por dUTP-biotina nick etiquetado para reacción (TUNEL) y evaluadas por la densidad óptica integrada (DOI). Los resultados mostraron que la proliferación de las células intestinales aumentó significativamente en los grupos de 80, 160, 320 y 640 mg /L. La reacción TUNEL mostró que la apoptosis se redujo significativamente en los grupos de 80 mg/L, mientras que el aumento fue significativo en grupos tratados con dosis alta de boro (320 y 640 mg/L), especialmente en el epitelio. En conclusión, la baja dosis de boro en agua suplementada podría promover la proliferación celular y deprimir la apoptosis, mientras que altas dosis de boro podrían provocar apoptosis intestinal y, por lo tanto, se halló una mayor proliferación de las células del intestino como una adaptación compensatoria. Estos hallazgos indican que una dosis óptima de boro podría proteger el desarrollo del intestino del avestruz, mientras que altas dosis de boro podrían suprimirla, o incluso tener efectos tóxicos sobre ella.

The aim of the current study focused on the morphological features of the brain of the African ostrich. The brain was studied macroscopically, microscopically and the measurements of all brain parts were demonstrated. The brain of ostrich was rhombus in shape with large obtuse triangular cerebrum with sagittal dorsomedial wulst. The olfactory bulb was small with undeveloped olfactory lobe. The diencephalon gave rise to the pineal gland, which was inverted tubal structure with an obtuse triangle bottom. Large optic chiasm and optic tract demonstrated that continued to the optic lobes. The cerebellum was represented by central vermis that had numerous transverse fissures and two small lateral floccules on its lateral surface. The medulla oblongata with clear pontine flexure and no obvious pons or trapezoid body appeared. The histological results revealed that the cerebral cortex formed of several ill-defined layers of neurons. The most common appearance characterized by few small neurons supported by neuroglia. The cerebellar cortex consists of three layers namely molecular layer, Purkinje cells layer and internal granular layer, the layer of Purkinje cells characterized by a very large cell body. The medulla oblongata was covered by pia mater of loose connective tissue that covered with simple squamous epithelium and vascular supply extended beneath the pia mater. The cell nuclei of the medulla oblongata were formed from few multipolar neurons, supported by few neuroglia. The fourth ventricle was lined by pseudo stratified columnar ciliated ependymal cells.

El objetivo fue describir las características morfológicas del cerebro de la avestruz africana. El cerebro se estudió macroscópica y microscópicamente, y las mediciones de todas las partes del cerebro fueron registradas. El cerebro tuvo una forma romboidal, con cerebelo grande triangular obtuso con una protuberancia dorsomedial sagital. El bulbo olfatorio era pequeño, con un lóbulo olfativo sin desarrollar. El diencéfalo dio lugar a la glándula pineal, que es una estructura en forma de tubo invertida con un triángulo obtuso en su parte inferior. Un gran quiasma y tracto óptico demostraron ser continuos con los lóbulos ópticos. El cerebelo estaba caracterizado por la vermis central que tenía numerosas fisuras transversales y dos pequeños flóculos laterales en su superficie lateral. La médula oblongada mostró en algunos casos una flexión pontina evidente, en otros ausencia de puentes o la aparición de un cuerpo trapezoide. Los resultados histológicos revelaron que la corteza cerebral está formada de varias capas de neuronas mal definidas. El aspecto más común se caracterizó por unas pequeñas neuronas soportadas por neuroglias. La corteza cerebelosa consistió en tres capas, molecular, de células de Purkinje y granular interna; las células de Purkinje se caracterizaron por un cuerpo celular grande. La medula oblongada estaba cubierta por pia madre de tejido conectivo laxo, revestida por epitelio escamoso simple y un suministro vascular extenso bajo la piamadre. Los núcleos de las células de la médula oblongada se formaron a partir pocas neuronas multipolares, soportados por algunas neuroglias. El cuarto ventrículo estaba revestido un epitelio pseudo-estratificado de células ependimarias columnares ciliadas.