Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

ABSTRACT The Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) is a Brazilian parrot globally threatened by extinction. Despite its threatened status (endangered), there is a scarcity of studies on its behavior. Understanding the behavior of this species is crucial to prevent inaccuracies in management and conservation strategies. This study aimed to delineate the behavioral repertoire of Lear’s Macaw individuals residing at the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo under two distinct conditions: paired and in flocking. From September 2014 to February 2016, we conducted direct observations using all-occurrences sampling. An ethogram was compiled, encompassing 65 behavioral acts categorized into ten groups: maintenance, rest, locomotion, exploration, feeding, vigilance, socio-agonistic, socio-affiliative, reproduction, and stereotypic behaviors. Additionally, six vocalizations were identified based on spectrograms and associated with specific behavioral contexts: alarm, contact, pair cohesion, reproduction, and imitation. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of Lear’s Macaw behavior in captivity. The ethogram and vocalization descriptions serve as a foundational resource for future studies, facilitating the refinement of tools employed in the conservation efforts for this species. Lears Lear s Anodorhynchus Bonaparte 1856 extinction endangered, endangered , (endangered) strategies conditions flocking 201 2016 alloccurrences all occurrences sampling compiled 6 groups maintenance rest locomotion exploration feeding vigilance socioagonistic, socioagonistic socio agonistic, agonistic socio-agonistic socioaffiliative, socioaffiliative affiliative, affiliative socio-affiliative reproduction behaviors Additionally contexts alarm contact cohesion imitation captivity 185 (endangered 20 18 2 1

RESUMO A arara-azul-de-lear (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) é um psitacídeo brasileiro globalmente ameaçado de extinção. Apesar de seu status de ameaça (em perigo), há escassez de estudos sobre seu comportamento. Compreender o comportamento desta espécie é crucial para evitar imprecisões nas estratégias de manejo e conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo delinear o repertório comportamental de indivíduos de arara-azul-de-lear residentes na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo sob duas condições distintas: pareados e em flocking. De setembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2016, conduzimos observações diretas utilizando amostragem de todas as ocorrências. Foi compilado um etograma abrangendo 65 atos comportamentais categorizados em dez grupos: manutenção, descanso, locomoção, exploração, alimentação, vigilância, comportamentos sócio-agonísticos, sócio-afiliativos, reprodução e comportamentos estereotipados. Além disso, seis vocalizações foram identificadas com base em espectrogramas e associadas a contextos comportamentais específicos: alarme, contato, coesão de pares, reprodução e imitação. Esses resultados fornecem uma visão abrangente do comportamento da arara-azul-de-lear em cativeiro. As descrições do etograma e das vocalizações servem como recurso fundamental para estudos futuros, facilitando o refinamento das ferramentas empregadas nos esforços de conservação desta espécie. araraazuldelear arara azul lear Anodorhynchus Bonaparte 1856 extinção perigo, perigo , perigo) distintas flocking 201 2016 ocorrências 6 grupos manutenção descanso locomoção exploração alimentação vigilância sócioagonísticos, sócioagonísticos sócio agonísticos, agonísticos sócio-agonísticos sócioafiliativos, sócioafiliativos afiliativos, afiliativos sócio-afiliativos estereotipados disso específicos alarme contato pares imitação cativeiro futuros 185 20 18 2 1

Abstract Introduction: The coastal wetland Poza de La Arenilla (HCPA), located in Callao (Peru), is an important resting and roosting habitat for aquatic birds, including the family Laridae. However, the wetland is suffering critical degradation due to the development of anthropogenic activities. Objective: To evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of aquatic birds of the family Laridae reported at HCPA seasonally during the period 2013-2018. Methods: Biweekly sampling was carried out in 11 delimited zones in HCPA between January 2013 and December 2018, during morning and afternoon hours using the total count method. Results: A total of 12 species of Laridae birds were recorded. Leucophaeus pipixcan is the most dominant species in most of the studied zones and its presence is highlighted in summer and spring. The species with the greatest distribution in the wetland was L. pipixcan, Larus dominicanus, and Larus belcheri, which were reported in all the zones studied. The highest average total abundance of species was recorded in summer, while the lowest in winter. A gradual increase in the average abundance of aquatic birds was observed, with these increases being noticeable between the springs and summers from one year to the following. Also, overall richness of the larids was observed to decrease throughout the period evaluated. A similar seasonal variation pattern of the Shannon diversity index (H’) was observed from one year to the following, due the fact that Laridae are migratory, and a tendency for the index to decrease with the passage of time. Conclusions: The HCPA plays a key role for the aquatic birds of the region. The presence of five migratory and seven resident species of Laridae has been recorded, which show spatial preferences in different areas of the wetland. Despite a decrease in overall species richness over time, the average abundance of Laridae birds is increasing.

Resumen Introducción: El humedal costero Poza de La Arenilla (HCPA), Callao, Perú, es un hábitat importante para el descanso y reposo de aves acuáticas, entre ellas la familia Laridae. Sin embargo, el humedal está sufriendo una degradación crítica debido al desarrollo de actividades antropogénicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la distribución espacio-temporal de las aves acuáticas de la familia Laridae reportadas en HCPA según la temporada del año entre 2013 y 2018. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos quincenales en 11 zonas delimitadas de HCPA de enero 2013 a diciembre 2018, durante la mañana y la tarde, mediante el método de recuento total. Resultados: Se registraron 12 especies de la familia Laridae. Leucophaeus pipixcan fue la especie de mayor dominancia en la mayoría de las zonas estudiadas y su presencia se destaca en verano y primavera. Las especies con mayor distribución en el humedal son L. pipixcan, Larus dominicanus y Larus belcheri, que se registraron en todas las zonas estudiadas. La mayor abundancia total promedio de especies se registró en verano y la menor en invierno. Se observó un aumento gradual de la abundancia promedio de aves, siendo estos aumentos notables entre primavera y verano de un año a otro. Además, se observó una disminución de la riqueza global de los láridos durante el periodo evaluado. Se observó un patrón de variación estacional del índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver (H’) similar de un año a otro, debido a que los láridos son aves migratorias, y una tendencia a la disminución del índice con el paso del tiempo. Conclusiones: El HCPA desempeña un papel fundamental para la avifauna acuática de la región. Se ha registrado la presencia de cinco especies migratorias y siete residentes de esta familia, las cuales muestran preferencias espaciales en diferentes zonas del humedal. A pesar de que se observa una disminución en la riqueza global de las especies en el tiempo, la abundancia promedio de aves aumenta.

Abstract. Greenspaces immersed in the large urban centers serve as shelters for biodiversity, reducing the negative impact of urbanization. To contribute to the knowledge of the avifauna of central Mexico, in the present study the bird diversity presents in the Sierra Hermosa Ecological, Tourist and Recreational State Park, a peri-urban area of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City was determined, adjacent to the Felipe Ángeles International Airport. The data was obtained by carrying out field work over 29 months of sampling between 2019 and 2022. A total of 199 bird species were obtained, belonging to 46 families and 17 orders. The families that presented the highest species richness were Tyrannidae (19) and Parulidae (14). Ninety-two resident, 95 migratory and 12 introduced species were found. The most representative trophic group was that of insectivores (115) and the habitat with the highest species richness was abandoned buildings with induced trees (92). Three endemic species and six under some risk categories were found according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The results indicate that is a site of great importance for feeding, shelter, and reproduction for populations of resident and migratory birds that inhabit the periphery of the urban area, and that in the local scenario could be used for future research on rehabilitation, restoration, and territorial planning in the Valley of Mexico.

Resumen. Los espacios verdes inmersos en los grandes centros urbanos sirven como refugios para la biodiversidad, reduciendo el impacto negativo que representa la urbanización. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la avifauna del centro de México, se determinó la diversidad de aves presente en el Parque Estatal Ecológico, Turístico y Recreativo Sierra Hermosa, que es un área periurbana de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, adyacente al Aeropuerto Internacional Felipe Ángeles. Los datos fueron obtenidos realizando trabajo de campo durante 29 meses de muestreo entre 2019 y 2022. Se obtuvo un total de 199 especies de aves, agrupados en 46 familias y 17 órdenes; las familias que presentaron la mayor riqueza de especies fueron Tyrannidae (19) y Parulidae (14). Se encontraron 92 especies residentes, 95 migratorias y 12 introducidas. El grupo trófico más representativo fue de los insectívoros (115) y el hábitat con mayor riqueza de especies fue las edificaciones abandonadas con arbolado inducido (92). Se hallaron tres especies endémicas y seis bajo alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los resultados indican que es un sitio de gran importancia para la alimentación, refugio y reproducción para las poblaciones de aves residentes y migratorias que habitan en la periferia del área urbana, y que en el escenario local podría utilizarse para futuros estudios sobre rehabilitación, restauración y planificación territorial en el Valle de México.

ABSTRACT Background. Bird studies in the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park (PNSAV) have reported previously that 48 % of the birds are winter migrants and 52 % are residents. However, the structure of the bird communities of its islands has yet to be previously analyzed. Objectives. To analyze the bird communities’ structure of Sacrificios, Verde, Salmedina, Polo, de Enmedio, and Santiaguillo islands. Methods. From April 2021 to April 2022, six bird censuses were conducted on each island. With the data obtained, species richness, abundance, and alpha diversity using the Shannon, Margalef, and Simpson indices, were determined. Additionally, birds were classified into marine, aquatic or coastal, hawks, and terrestrial, and the number of species and the sum of maxima of these groups were calculated for each island. Finally, with all the information, the conformation of each island’s bird communities and their diversity variations throughout the study year were analyzed. Results. De Enmedio Island had the highest diversity values (April and October 2021). October had the highest diversity values for Sacrificios, Verde, and Santiaguillo islands. Salmedina and Polo showed the highest diversity in July 2021 and January 2022; only marine and coastal birds were observed on these two islands; in the other islands, terrestrial species predominated. On Polo Island, marine birds were highly abundant despite the island’s small size. Conclusions. There appears to be great anthropogenic pressure on seabirds’ resting and breeding habitats. There needs to be more information about the islands, and generating it is relevant for the integrated management of the PNSAV.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Estudios previos en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) han reportado que 48 % de las aves son migratorias de invierno y 52 % son residentes. Sin embargo, no se ha analizado previamente la estructura de las comunidades de aves de sus islas. Objetivos. Analizar la estructura de las comunidades de aves de las islas Sacrificios, Verde, Salmedina, Polo, de Enmedio y Santiaguillo. Métodos. Se realizaron seis censos de aves en cada isla de abril de 2021 a abril de 2022. Con los datos obtenidos se determinó la riqueza específica, la abundancia y la diversidad alfa mediante los índices de Shannon, Margalef y Simpson. Adicionalmente, luego de clasificar a las aves en marinas, acuáticas o costeras, rapaces y terrestres, se calculó el número de especies y la suma de máximos de estos grupos para cada isla. Con toda la información se analizó la conformación de las comunidades de aves para cada isla y sus variaciones en cuanto a la diversidad a lo largo del año de estudio. Resultados. La isla de Enmedio presentó los mayores valores de diversidad (abril y octubre 2021). Octubre 2021 fue el mes de mayor diversidad para Sacrificios, Verde y Santiaguillo. Salmedina y Polo presentaron mayor diversidad en julio 2021 y en enero 2022, en estas dos islas solo se observaron aves marinas y costeras, en las demás islas predominaron especies terrestres. En Polo, las aves marinas presentaron una elevada abundancia a pesar del reducido tamaño de la isla. Conclusiones. Parece existir una gran presión antrópica sobre los hábitats de reposo y reproducción de las aves marinas. Existe poca información de las islas, generarla es relevante para un manejo integral del PNSAV.

Abstract Introduction: Wetlands play an important role as habitats for various groups of birds, particularly those with aquatic habits. Despite their high biodiversity, in Mexico there are few studies on the composition and dynamics of bird assemblages in these wetlands. Objective: To evaluate the spatial and temporal dynamics of the aquatic bird and raptor community in wetlands. Methods: To characterize waterfowl and raptors, transects of variable distance were checked monthly from November 2019 to February 2022 in wetlands located in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. Results: We counted 105 bird species. The highest values of diversity were in Laguna de Zumpango (91 species) and Lake Nabor Carrillo (91). Most of these species are migratory (63%), while 30% are residents, and 7% are introduced. Significant spatial and temporal differences (p<0,05) were found in the composition of the bird community. Conclusion: The highest diversity was in Zumpango and Nabor, and most species are migratory.

Resumen Introducción: Los humedales cumplen una importante función ecológica como hábitats para diversos grupos de aves, en específico las de hábitos acuáticos. A pesar de su alta diversidad, en México existen escasos estudios sobre la composición y dinámica de la comunidad de aves en humedales. Objetivo: evaluar la dinámica espacial y temporal de la comunidad de aves acuáticas y rapaces en humedales. Métodos: para caracterizar las aves acuáticas y rapaces se realizaron transectos de distancia variable mensualmente durante noviembre de 2019 a febrero de 2022 humedales ubicados en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. Resultados: se registraron un total de 105 especies de aves. Los valores más altos de diversidad se encontraron en la Laguna de Zumpango (91 especies) y en el Lago Nabor Carrillo (91). La mayoría de estas especies son migratorias (63%), mientras que 30% son residentes, y 7% son introducidas. Se encontraron diferencias espaciales y temporales significativas (p<0,05) en la composición de la comunidad de aves. Conclusión: La mayor diversidad fue en Zumpango y Nabor Carrillo, y la mayoría fueron especies migratorias.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected millions of lives globally. Despite the favourable impact of Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on cardiometabolic disorders that predispose themselves to COVID-19 infection, it is important to know the dietary components with potential to improve disease-related outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and its components with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study with a sample of adults recovered from COVID-19 infection, residents of Funchal and unvaccinated. Data on sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, presence of chronic diseases, and intake of supplements food, self-perceived health status, COVID-19 symptoms and dietary consumption was collected using the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview method. Mediterranean Dietary Pattern adherence was obtained from the MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score) questionnaire. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to analyse the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and different metrics. RESULTS: A total of 541 adults were included in the study, 60.0% were female and 53.9% were 40-59 years old. Data show that 15.7% of the participants were asymptomatic for COVID-19 infection and 26.9% had severe symptoms. A strong adherence to Mediterranean Dietary Pattern was found in 14.8% of the participants, and it was significantly higher among the asymptomatic participants than those who reported mild or severe symptoms. A low ingestion of red/ processed meats, fats (butter/cream/margarine), commercial pastry and carbonated/ sugar-sweetened drinks, as well as consumption of poultry more than red meat, was associated with less severe COVID-19 symptoms, after adjustment for sex, age and education level. Participants who reported an adequate consumption of olive oil (OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.25-0.88) and vegetables (OR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.35-0.94) were less likely to experience any symptoms of disease. Nevertheless, results were not consistent when several items, associated in bivariate analysis and in unadjusted logistic regression models, were taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to Mediterranean Dietary Pattern, in particular adequate consumption of olive oil and vegetables, and limited ingestion of commercial pastry, red/ processed meat, fats and carbonated/ sugar-sweetened drinks, was associated with less severe symptoms of COVID-19 infection.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de coronavírus 19 (COVID-19) afetou milhões de vidas em todo o mundo. Apesar do impacto favorável do Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico nos distúrbios cardiometabólicos, que predispõem à infeção por COVID-19, é importante conhecer os componentes alimentares com potencial para melhorar os resultados relacionados com a doença. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a associação entre o Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico e seus componentes com a gravidade dos sintomas COVID-19. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal em uma amostra de adultos recuperados da infeção por COVID-19, residentes no Funchal e não vacinados. Dados sobre variáveis sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, presença de doenças crónicas, ingestão de suplementos alimentares, estado de saúde percecionado, sintomas de COVID-19 e consumo alimentar foram recolhidos usando o método Computer Assisted Telephone Interview. A adesão ao Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico foi obtida a partir do questionário MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score). Modelos de regressão logística simples e múltipla foram usados para analisar a gravidade dos sintomas da COVID-19 e diferentes métricas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 542 adultos foram incluídos no estudo, 60,0% do sexo feminino e 53,9% com idade entre 40 e 59 anos. Os dados mostram que 15,7% dos participantes eram assintomáticos para infeção por COVID-19 e 26,9% apresentavam sintomas graves. Uma forte adesão ao Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico foi encontrada em 14,8% dos participantes, sendo significativamente maior entre os assintomáticos do que naqueles que relataram sintomas leves ou graves. Baixa ingestão de carnes vermelhas/ processadas, gorduras (manteiga/creme ou margarina), pastelaria e refrigerantes/ bebidas açucaradas, assim como o consumo mais frequente de carne de aves do que carne vermelha, foi associada a uma menor gravidade dos sintomas, após ajustado para sexo, idade e escolaridade. Os participantes que relataram consumo adequado de azeite (OR=0,47; IC 95%: 0,25-0,88) e hortícolas (OR=0,57; IC 95%: 0,35-0,94) apresentaram menor probabilidade de ter algum sintoma da doença. Contudo, os resultados não foram consistentes, quando considerados vários itens, associados na análise bivariada e em modelos de regressão logística não ajustados. CONCLUSÕES: A adesão ao Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico, em particular o consumo adequado de azeite e vegetais, a ingestão limitada de pastelaria, carnes vermelhas/processadas, gorduras e refrigerantes/ bebidas açucaradas, foi associada a menor severidade de sintomas da infeção por COVID-19.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Os pássaros são indicadores muito valiosos da riqueza de espécies e padrões endêmicos em um determinado ecossistema, o que acaba ajudando o cientista a medir a degradação ambiental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o conhecimento humano e a atitude em relação às aves urbanas na cidade de Faisalabad, Paquistão. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro meses consecutivos: novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. A população de pássaros foi observada em oito cidades residenciais da cidade de Faisalabad, os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. Faisalabad tem uma população razoavelmente grande de pássaros, e os dados atuais mostram que há uma diferença significativa entre as aves favoritas de áreas residenciais e instituições. O pombo recebeu mais semelhanças na população de pássaros entre os residentes de áreas residenciais, enquanto o myna recebeu menos. A ave mais popular nas instituições de Faisalabad era o pardal, enquanto a ave menos popular era o myna comum. A porcentagem de adaptação de pássaros em áreas residenciais e institucionais de Faisalabad foi a mais alta para papagaios e pardais, respectivamente. As pessoas em áreas residenciais e instituições, por outro lado, se adaptaram menos ao myna comum. Conclui-se que pessoas da área de estudo como pássaros e alimentos oferecidos e alta população de pássaros estão presentes na área de estudo.

Abstract Birds are very valuable indicators of species richness and endemic patterns in a specified ecosystem, which eventually help the scientist to measure the environmental degradation. The aim of present study was to know human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. The study conducted in four consecutive months: November 2019 to February 2020. Population of birds was noted from eight residential towns of Faisalabad city, data were collected through questionnaire. Faisalabad has a reasonably large population of birds and present data show that, there is a significant difference between favorite bird of residential areas and institutions. The pigeon received the most likeness in bird population among residential area residents, while the myna received the least. The most popular bird in Faisalabad institutions was the sparrow, while the least popular bird was the common myna. Bird adaptation percentage of residential areas and institutional areas of Faisalabad was the highest for parrot and sparrow respectively. People in residential areas and institutions, on the other hand, adapted least to common myna. It is concluded that people of the study area like birds and offered food and high population of birds are present in study area.

RESUMO O comércio ilegal ou proibido de animais selvagens é um problema global e constitui uma séria ameaça às espécies ameaçadas e em perigo de extinção. A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Niceto Pérez, na localidade de Rio Frío, na província de Guantánamo. O objetivo era determinar as espécies de aves silvestres que são comercializadas ilegalmente e sua abundância no município. Um total de 95 pesquisas foi administrado a pessoas envolvidas na caça furtiva para diversos fins. Um total de mais 16 espécies foram identificadas como comercializadas no município durante o período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. Além disso, foram pesquisadas 15 rotas censitárias de quatro m de largura por 1000 m de comprimento para um total de 6 ha, dentro das quais foram estabelecidos dez pontos de contagem em cada uma, com uma distância de 100 m uma da outra. Todas as aves vistas ou ouvidas durante dez minutos foram inventariadas. 20 espécies de aves foram contadas como resultado do inventário e agrupadas em seis ordens, 15 famílias e 21 gêneros. A ordem Passeriformes era a mais representativa, 62% das quais eram residentes permanentes; destas, apenas seis espécies correspondiam àquelas relatadas nas pesquisas como caçadas ilegalmente. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas áreas pesquisadas entre os meses monitorados, especialmente nos meses que coincidem com o período reprodutivo da espécie.

ABSTRACT Wild animals´ illegal or prohibited trade is a global problem and constitutes a serious risk to threatened and endangered species. The research was carried out in Niceto Pérez municipality, Río Frío locality in Guantánamo province. The objective was to determine the species of wild birds that are illegally traded and their abundance in the municipality. A total of 95 surveys were applied to people involved in poaching for various purposes. A total of 16 most traded species in the municipality were identified during the period from November 2018 to May 2019. 15 census routes of four m wide by 1 000 m long for a total of 6 ha were surveyed, within which ten counting points were established in each one, with a distance from each other of 100 m. All birds seen or heard during ten minutes were inventoried. As a result of the inventory, 20 bird species were counted, grouped into six orders, 15 families and 21 genera. The order Passeriformes was the most representative, 62 % were permanent residents; of these, only six species coincided with those reported in the surveys as illegally hunted. It was found that, there are significant differences in the areas studied between the months monitored, especially in those that coincide with the reproductive period of the species.

RESUMEN El comercio ilegal o prohibido de animales salvajes es un problema global y constituye una amenaza seria para las especies amenazadas y en peligro de extinción. La investigación se realizó en el municipio Niceto Pérez, localidad Río Frío de la provincia Guantánamo. El objetivo consistió en determinar las especies de aves silvestres que se comercializan ilegalmente y su abundancia en el municipio. Se aplicaron 95 encuestas a personas que se dedican a la caza furtiva para diversos fines. Se identificaron un total de 16 especies más comercializadas en el municipio durante el período comprendido entre noviembre de 2018 hasta mayo de 2019. Además, fueron levantados 15 itinerarios de censo de cuatro m de ancho por 1000 m de largo para un total de 6 ha, dentro de los cuales se establecieron diez puntos de conteo en cada uno, con una distancia uno de otro de 100 m. Fueron inventariadas todas las aves vistas u oídas durante diez min. Como resultado del inventario se contabilizaron 20 especies de aves y agrupadas en seis órdenes, 15 familias y 21 géneros. El orden Passeriformes fue el más representativo, el 62 % residentes permanentes; de ellas, solo seis especies coinciden con las reportadas en las encuestas como cazadas ilegalmente. Se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en las áreas estudiadas entre los meses monitoreados, sobre todo en los que coinciden con el período reproductivo de las especies.

RESUMEN A pesar de que la muda constituye una actividad importante y costosa en el ciclo de vida de aves, este proceso es poco conocido en especies neotropicales y lo es aún menos para especies que habitan ambientes urbanos. Estudiamos los patrones de muda, criterios de determinación de edad y sexo y datos mor-fométricos correspondientes a siete especies de aves residentes comunes en un área urbana de la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Todas las especies evidenciaron muda prebásica completa. Mudas preformativa parcial a incompleta excéntrica fueron evidenciadas para Camptostoma obsoletum, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Cata-mema analis, Poospiza hispaniolensis, Coereba flaveola y Thraupis episcopus; mientras que Columbina cruziana evidenció una muda completa. Todos los traúpidos exhibieron mudas prealterna parcial. Las mudas preformativa y prebásica fueron registradas principalmente durante la temporada seca, y los pocos registros de muda prealterna sugieren su ocurrencia poco después de la temporada húmeda. Nuestras especies también exhibieron una baja sincronía de muda, y algunas de ellas (C. cruziana, P. rubinus y C. flaveola) exhibieron períodos extensos de muda probablemente explicados por su potencial para reproducirse durante el año o la existencia de mudas suspendida / prolongada. El análisis morfométrico evidenció diferencias significativas según sexo para C. cruziana, P. rubinus y C. analis, siendo la cuerda alar la característica más común para distinguir sexos. Nuestro estudio cubre un vacío importante en conocimiento de la historia natural de aves urbanas y proporciona información para probar hipótesis sobre la variación de patrones de muda en especies con amplia distribución en las Américas.

ABSTRACT Despite molting is an important and expensive activity in the life cycle of birds, this process is poorly known for neotropical species and even less so for species inhabiting urban zones. We studied molt patterns, aging and sexing criteria, and morphometrics for seven common resident species in an urban area of Lima city, Peru. All species evidenced complete prebasic molts. Partial to eccentric incomplete preformative molts were evidenced for six species (Camptostoma obsoletum, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Catamenia analis, Poospiza hispaniolensis, Coereba flaveola, and Thraupis episcopus); whereas Columbina cruziana exhibited a complete molt. All thraupid species exhibited partial prealternate molts. Preformative and prebasic molts were recorded mostly during the dry season, and the few records of prealternate molts might suggest its occurrence soon after the wet season. Our species also exhibited low molt synchrony, with some of them (C. cruziana, P. rubinus, and C. flaveola) exhibiting extensive molt periods likely explained by its potential to reproduce throughout the year and/or the existence of suspended/ protracted molts. Morphometric analysis evidenced significant differences according to sex for C. cruziana, P. rubinus, and C. analis, with the wing chord being the most common characteristic for distinguishing between sexes. Our study covers an important gap in the knowledge of the natural history of urban birds and provides information to test hypotheses of molt pattern variation on species with widespread distribution throughout the Americas.

ABSTRACT: The Sanctuary of Nature Humedales del río Maullín is a system made up of various types of wetlands, from its origin in Llanquihue Lake to its encounter with the Pacific Ocean. Its great estuary constitutes one of the coastal wetland systems most diverse of continental Chile. The objective of this work was to determine the composition and structure of the community of aquatic birds present in various coastal wetlands of the Maullín River, considering its seasonal variation over six years of study. From 2015 to 2020, seasonal censuses of aquatic birds were conducted in four coastal wetlands of the Maullín River: Las Lajas, Laguna Quenuir, Lepihué-La Pasada, and Amortajado. A total of 68 species of aquatic birds were recorded, of which 70% are residents, and about 30% migratory shorebirds, mostly of boreal origin. The greatest differences in the diversity of aquatic birds were obtained when comparing Laguna Quenuir with the rest of the coastal wetlands studied. This wetland presented a greater particularity in the diversity of birds, therefore, it is advisable to take special management measures for its conservation. On the other hand, the wetlands of Amortajado and Las Lajas presented similar values of richness and abundance of aquatic birds, sharing important abundances of migratory shorebirds such as Phoenicopterus chilensis and Limosa haemastica. The coastal wetlands of the Maullín River correspond to one of the places with the greatest diversity of aquatic birds on the Chilean littoral.

RESUMEN: El Santuario de la Naturaleza Humedales del río Maullín es un sistema compuesto por diversos tipos de humedales, desde su nacimiento en el lago Llanquihue hasta su encuentro con el océano Pacífico. Su gran estuario constituye uno de los complejos de humedales costeros más diversos de Chile continental. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la composición y estructura de la comunidad de aves acuáticas presentes en diversos humedales costeros del río Maullín, considerando su variación estacional a lo largo de seis años de estudio. Desde el año 2015 al 2020, se realizaron censos estacionales de aves acuáticas en cuatro humedales costeros del río Maullín: Las Lajas, Laguna Quenuir, Lepihué-La Pasada y Amortajado. En total se registraron 68 especies de aves acuáticas, de las cuales el 70% son residentes y cerca del 30% aves playeras migratorias mayoritariamente de origen boreal. Las mayores dife rencias en la diversidad de aves acuáticas se obtuvieron al comparar el sitio Laguna Quenuir con el resto de los humedales costeros estudiados. Este humedal presentó una mayor particularidad en la diversidad de aves, por tanto, se recomienda tomar medidas de gestión especiales para su conservación. Por otra parte, los humedales de Amortajado y Las Lajas presentaron valores similares de riqueza y abundancia de aves acuáticas, compartiendo importantes abundancias de aves playeras migratorias como Phoenicopterus chilensis y Limosa haemastica. Los humedales costeros del río Maullín corresponden a uno de los lugares con mayor diversidad de aves acuáticas en el litoral de Chile.

Resumen El género Notocotylus es un grupo de trematodos endoparásitos cosmopolitas en ciegos intestinales de aves y algunos mamíferos. Su identificación se basa en características anatómicas, morfométricas y hospedatorias. En este estudio utilizamos morfometría tradicional y análisis de morfometría geométrica en algunas especies del género Notocotylus, que parasitan aves residentes (Rallidae) y migratorias (Anatidae) de las Ciénegas de Lerma, México. Para el análisis, formamos grupos de acuerdo con la especie, hospedero y localidad. Para el estudio de la forma se analizaron 20 puntos de referencia distribuidos en la forma del organismo y estructuras internas. Los resultados de morfometría lineal sugieren que la discriminación de grupos se basa en el ancho total, ancho ovárico, longitud total y ancho testicular de los parásitos. La morfometría geométrica muestra diferentes morfotipos en los parásitos de aves residentes y migratorias, así como un efecto en la localidad. Finalmente, la morfometría geométrica aporta resultados significativos y puede ayudar a mejorar la identificación de especies del género Notocotylus.

Abstract The genus Notocotylus is a group of cosmopolitan endoparasites trematodes hosted in the intestinal caeca of birds and some mammals. It´s identification is based on anatomical, morphometric and host characteristics. In this study we used traditional lineal morphometry and geometric morphometryc analysis in some species of Notocotylus genus, which parasitize resident (Rallidae) and migratory (Anatidae) birds of the Ciénegas de Lerma, Mexico. For analysis, we formed groups according to species, host and locality. For study of the form, 20 reference points were analyzed, distributed in the shape of the organism and internal structures. Linear morphometric results suggest that group discrimination groups is based on total width, ovarian width, total length, and testicular width of the parasites. Geometric morphometry shows different morphotypes in the parasites of resident and migratory birds, as well as, an effect of locality. Finally, geometric morphometry provides significant results and can help improve the identification of species of the Notocotylus genus.

Resumo: O Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), localizado no estremo sul do litoral paulista, reúne um importante remanescente de Floresta Atlântica em bom estado de conservação, carecendo, porém, de um estudo aprofundado sobre a comunidade de aves que habita a ilha. Diante disso, o presente estudo visou a elaborar um inventário das espécies de aves do parque abordando a riqueza, frequência de ocorrência, status de ocorrência e divisão das espécies em guildas. Foram realizadas entre setembro de 2015 e setembro de 2017, 25 expedições de campo com cinco dias de duração cada, incluindo os ecossistemas de manguezal, restinga, floresta, baixio, praia e marinho. O inventário foi realizado combinando três técnicas para estudos ornitológicos: identificação visual, identificação auditiva e captura com redes-de-neblina (cinco pontos fixos no manguezal, restinga e floresta). Foram registradas 335 espécies de aves, sendo 28 espécies consideradas endêmicas para o Brasil e 33 com algum grau de risco de extinção. Setenta e três espécies foram registradas em todos os meses amostrados (FO = 100%), enquanto que 46 apresentaram registros em apenas um mês (FO = 4%). No que se refere ao status de ocorrência, 55% das espécies são residentes, 20% visitantes ocasionais, 13% residentes incomuns, 6% migratórias e 6% visitantes. As espécies registradas permitiram o reconhecimento de 25 guildas com base nos itens alimentares, tamanho corporal e estrato em que comumente forrageiam, sendo as mais representativas na comunidade, as guildas de “Insetívoros de estrato médio” (N = 55), “Onívoros de copa” (N = 33), “Consumidores de Invertebrados Aquáticos” e “Piscívoros” (N = 31). Por fim, com o presente estudo, buscamos através de um significativo esforço em campo trazer um melhor conhecimento no que diz respeito a avifauna do PEIC, que pode vir a servir de base na hora de traçar ações visando ao manejo do parque bem como das unidades de conservação que se distribuem no seu entorno.

Abstract: The Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), located on extreme South of São Paulo’s cost, in Brazil, holds an important Atlantic Forest remnant which still in a good state of conservation, but lack a deepen study about the avian community that habits the island. This study aimed to elaborate a census of avian species that occur in the park approaching richness, occurrence frequency, occurrence status and the structure of trophic guilds. A total of 25 field expedictions occurred between September 2015 and September 2017 during five days each, the field work included different ecosystems as mangrove, restinga, forest, sandbank, beach and marine. The census was made combine three different techniques used in ornithological studies: visual identification, auditory identification and catch by mist-nets (with five fixed sites in mangrove, restinga and forest). Were recorded 335 avian species, with 28 of them endemic from Brazil and 33 being threatened with extinction. Seventy-three species were recorded in all sampled months (FO 100%), while 46 were recorded in just one month (FO = 4%). About occurrence status, 55% of species are residents, 20% occasional visitors, 13% unusual residents, 6% migratory and 6% visitors. According the recorded species were recognized 25 trophic guilds based on food items, corporal size and strata that commonly forage, which of most representative in the community, the guild of “of insectivorous of medium-strata” (N = 55), “canopy omnivorous” (N = 33), “aquatic invertebrates consummers” and “piscivorous” (N = 31). Finally, with the current study, we aimed through a significative field effort bring a better knowledge about avifauna of PEIC, which could be a good base when is necessary take actions that aim to park management and the Conservation Unities around it.