Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen. En México, el milano tijereta (Elanoides forficatus) se encuentra principalmente en la vertiente del Atlántico y en la península de Yucatán durante sus movimientos migratorios, por lo que su avistamiento fuera de estas áreas es inusual. En esta nota, presento el primer registro de la especie en el estado de Guanajuato, México. La observación tuvo lugar el 28 de septiembre del 2023 en el área natural protegida Presa La Purísima y su Zona de Influencia, ubicada en la capital del estado. El ave fue avistada cerca de la vegetación típica de la selva baja caducifolia, a escasos metros del cuerpo de agua. Este registro destaca la importancia de los humedales en el centro del país, tanto para las aves residentes como para las migratorias y las vagabundas.

Abstract. In Mexico, the Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus) is primarily found along the Atlantic coast and in the Yucatan Peninsula during its migratory movements, making sightings outside of these areas unusual. In this short communication, I present the first record of the species in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. The observation took place on 28 September 2023, in the protected area of Presa La Purisima and its area of influence, located in the state capital. The bird was sighted near vegetation typical of the tropical dry forest, just a few meters from the body of water. This record highlights the importance of wetlands in the central region of the country, both for resident birds and for migratory and vagrant species.

Resumen. El registro de especies en nuevas localidades lejos de sus rangos típicos de distribución provee evidencia de movimientos y migraciones atípicos provocados por varios factores pobremente entendidos, por lo que su documentación contribuye a entender dichos movimientos. En México, el Vireo Ojos Blancos, Vireo griseus, se distribuye principalmente en la vertiente del Golfo, ya sea como residente o migratorio, y los registros en la vertiente del Pacífico son muy raros. En febrero de 2022, registramos un individuo en el humedal La Mintzita, cercano a Morelia, Michoacán. El individuo solitario se encontraba forrajeando y moviéndose constantemente entre densos arbustos debajo del dosel arbóreo, a 10 m del cuerpo de agua del manantial. Esta observación constituye el primer reporte formal para V. griseus en el estado de Michoacán. Este reporte aporta información sobre la distribución y movimientos de esta especie, y resalta el valor ecológico del humedal La Mintzita para aves residentes y migratorias.

Abstract. Recording species in new localities far from their typical distribution ranges provides evidence of atypical movements and migrations caused by several poorly understood factors. Hence, their documentation contributes to understanding these movements. In Mexico, the White-eyed Vireo, Vireo griseus, is mainly distributed on the Gulf slope, either as a resident or migratory, and records on the Pacific slope are rare. In February 2022, we recorded an individual in the La Mintzita wetland near Morelia, Michoacán. The solitary individual was foraging and constantly moving among dense understory, about 10 m away from the wetland. This observation represents the first formal report of the White-eyed Vireo in Michoacán. This report provides information on the distribution and movements of this species and highlights the ecological value of the La Mintzita wetland for resident and migratory birds.

ABSTRACT: The Fuegian snipe Gallinago stricklandii (Gray, 1845) is one of the most enigmatic members of the family Scolopacidae Rafinesque, 1815. It is the least known species of the Gallinago genus and inhabits throughout the range of the biome of South American temperate forests, between the Maule region (36°S) and Cape Horn (56°S). In this biogeographical range, its reproductive and migratory habits are still poorly known. In this study, we report observations conducted between the years 2002 and 2023 in the Cape Horn National Park, with an emphasis on the most recent fieldwork on Horn Island. On this island, between January and October 2023, we recorded the autoecology of a family group composed of two adults and one juvenile. One of these adults was captured, banded, and measured in February 2023 (55°57.896'S - 67°13.478'W). The family group of G. stricklandii on Horn Island resided there during the summer, fall, winter, and spring seasons. This behavior contrasts with the migratory habit of the Magellanic snipe G. magellanica (King 1828), a better-known sympatric species. In addition to the resident habits of this family group and other individuals of G. stricklandii, we report new information about the morphology, feeding, and reproductive habits in the southern end of its distribution. This information recorded at the southern extreme of the American continent will enable new studies about this species and open up comparative analyses with other species of the cosmopolitan Scolopacidae family, which includes the world's northernmost breeding birds at the boreal extreme of the Americas.

RESUMEN: La becacina grande Gallinago stricklandii (Gray, 1845J es uno de los representantes más enigmáticos de la familia Scolopacidae Rafinesque, 1815. Es la especie menos conocida del género Gallinago, y está presente en todo el ámbito de distribución del bioma de los bosques templados de Sudamérica desde la región del Maule (36°S) hasta Isla Hornos (56°S). Dentro de este ámbito biogeográfico, sus hábitos reproductivos y migratorios todavía plantean interrogantes cardinales. En este trabajo reportamos observaciones realizadas entre los años 2002 y 2023 en el Parque Nacional Cabo de Hornos, con énfasis en el período de registro más reciente en isla Hornos. En esta isla, entre enero y octubre del 2023 se registró la autoecología de un grupo familiar compuesto por dos adultos y un juvenil. Uno de los adultos fue capturado, anillado y medido en febrero del 2023 (55°58'S - 67°13'O). El grupo familiar de G. stricklandii en la isla Hornos residió allí durante las estaciones de verano, otoño, invierno y primavera. Esta conducta contrasta con el hábito migratorio de la becacina común G. magellanica (King 1828), una especie mejor conocida y simpátrica con G. stricklandii. Junto a los hábitos residentes de este grupo familiar y otros individuos de G. stricklandii, se reporta nueva información sobre la morfología, hábitos alimenticios y reproductivos en el extremo sur de su distribución. La información registrada en el extremo sur del continente americano posibilitará nuevos estudios en esta especie y sondear análisis comparativos con otras especies de la familia Scolopacidae, una familia de distribución cosmopolita que incluye a las aves reproductoras más nórdicas del mundo en el extremo boreal de América.

Resumen Presentamos un análisis de la diversidad y de los patrones biogeográficos de 260 especies de aves residentes de los bosques tropicales de México, realizado a partir de datos históricos (recolectados entre el siglo XVIII y 2007) y registros de presencia de la última década (2013-2023). Realizamos comparaciones del número y cambio de composición de especies, considerando las matrices de distribución “histórica” y “actual”, y un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos. De acuerdo con los datos históricos, la mayor riqueza de especies se localiza en la vertiente del Golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, mientras que los bosques estacionalmente secos de la costa del Pacífico y la Cuenca del Balsas presentaron los valores más altos de especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los datos recopilados en la última década muestran una disminución significativa del número de especies en todas las áreas analizadas. La estimación de la diversidad beta indicó valores elevados de cambio en la composición de especies para las matrices evaluadas. La hipótesis biogeográfica obtenida indica la existencia de 2 grandes grupos: i) vertiente pacífica de México y la Cuenca del Balsas y ii) norte de la provincia Veracruzana, el norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la península de Yucatán.

Abstract We present an analysis of diversity and biogeographic patterns of 260 resident bird species in the tropical forests of Mexico, based on historical data (collected between the 18th century and 2007) and presence records from the last decade (2013-2023). We performed comparisons of the number and composition change of species, considering the “historical” and “current” distribution matrices, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity. According to historical data, the highest species richness is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, while the seasonally dry forests of the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin presented the highest values of endemic species. However, data collected in the last decade show a significant decline in the number of species in all areas analyzed. The beta diversity estimation indicated high values of change in species composition for the matrices evaluated. Biogeographic hypothesis obtained indicates the existence of 2 main groups: i) Pacific slope of Mexico and the Balsas Basin and ii) north of the Veracruzan province, the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatán Peninsula.

ABSTRACT The Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) is a Brazilian parrot globally threatened by extinction. Despite its threatened status (endangered), there is a scarcity of studies on its behavior. Understanding the behavior of this species is crucial to prevent inaccuracies in management and conservation strategies. This study aimed to delineate the behavioral repertoire of Lear’s Macaw individuals residing at the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo under two distinct conditions: paired and in flocking. From September 2014 to February 2016, we conducted direct observations using all-occurrences sampling. An ethogram was compiled, encompassing 65 behavioral acts categorized into ten groups: maintenance, rest, locomotion, exploration, feeding, vigilance, socio-agonistic, socio-affiliative, reproduction, and stereotypic behaviors. Additionally, six vocalizations were identified based on spectrograms and associated with specific behavioral contexts: alarm, contact, pair cohesion, reproduction, and imitation. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of Lear’s Macaw behavior in captivity. The ethogram and vocalization descriptions serve as a foundational resource for future studies, facilitating the refinement of tools employed in the conservation efforts for this species.

RESUMO A arara-azul-de-lear (Anodorhynchus leari Bonaparte, 1856) é um psitacídeo brasileiro globalmente ameaçado de extinção. Apesar de seu status de ameaça (em perigo), há escassez de estudos sobre seu comportamento. Compreender o comportamento desta espécie é crucial para evitar imprecisões nas estratégias de manejo e conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo delinear o repertório comportamental de indivíduos de arara-azul-de-lear residentes na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo sob duas condições distintas: pareados e em flocking. De setembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2016, conduzimos observações diretas utilizando amostragem de todas as ocorrências. Foi compilado um etograma abrangendo 65 atos comportamentais categorizados em dez grupos: manutenção, descanso, locomoção, exploração, alimentação, vigilância, comportamentos sócio-agonísticos, sócio-afiliativos, reprodução e comportamentos estereotipados. Além disso, seis vocalizações foram identificadas com base em espectrogramas e associadas a contextos comportamentais específicos: alarme, contato, coesão de pares, reprodução e imitação. Esses resultados fornecem uma visão abrangente do comportamento da arara-azul-de-lear em cativeiro. As descrições do etograma e das vocalizações servem como recurso fundamental para estudos futuros, facilitando o refinamento das ferramentas empregadas nos esforços de conservação desta espécie.

Resumen Introducción: El humedal costero Poza de La Arenilla (HCPA), Callao, Perú, es un hábitat importante para el descanso y reposo de aves acuáticas, entre ellas la familia Laridae. Sin embargo, el humedal está sufriendo una degradación crítica debido al desarrollo de actividades antropogénicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la distribución espacio-temporal de las aves acuáticas de la familia Laridae reportadas en HCPA según la temporada del año entre 2013 y 2018. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos quincenales en 11 zonas delimitadas de HCPA de enero 2013 a diciembre 2018, durante la mañana y la tarde, mediante el método de recuento total. Resultados: Se registraron 12 especies de la familia Laridae. Leucophaeus pipixcan fue la especie de mayor dominancia en la mayoría de las zonas estudiadas y su presencia se destaca en verano y primavera. Las especies con mayor distribución en el humedal son L. pipixcan, Larus dominicanus y Larus belcheri, que se registraron en todas las zonas estudiadas. La mayor abundancia total promedio de especies se registró en verano y la menor en invierno. Se observó un aumento gradual de la abundancia promedio de aves, siendo estos aumentos notables entre primavera y verano de un año a otro. Además, se observó una disminución de la riqueza global de los láridos durante el periodo evaluado. Se observó un patrón de variación estacional del índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver (H’) similar de un año a otro, debido a que los láridos son aves migratorias, y una tendencia a la disminución del índice con el paso del tiempo. Conclusiones: El HCPA desempeña un papel fundamental para la avifauna acuática de la región. Se ha registrado la presencia de cinco especies migratorias y siete residentes de esta familia, las cuales muestran preferencias espaciales en diferentes zonas del humedal. A pesar de que se observa una disminución en la riqueza global de las especies en el tiempo, la abundancia promedio de aves aumenta.

Abstract Introduction: The coastal wetland Poza de La Arenilla (HCPA), located in Callao (Peru), is an important resting and roosting habitat for aquatic birds, including the family Laridae. However, the wetland is suffering critical degradation due to the development of anthropogenic activities. Objective: To evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of aquatic birds of the family Laridae reported at HCPA seasonally during the period 2013-2018. Methods: Biweekly sampling was carried out in 11 delimited zones in HCPA between January 2013 and December 2018, during morning and afternoon hours using the total count method. Results: A total of 12 species of Laridae birds were recorded. Leucophaeus pipixcan is the most dominant species in most of the studied zones and its presence is highlighted in summer and spring. The species with the greatest distribution in the wetland was L. pipixcan, Larus dominicanus, and Larus belcheri, which were reported in all the zones studied. The highest average total abundance of species was recorded in summer, while the lowest in winter. A gradual increase in the average abundance of aquatic birds was observed, with these increases being noticeable between the springs and summers from one year to the following. Also, overall richness of the larids was observed to decrease throughout the period evaluated. A similar seasonal variation pattern of the Shannon diversity index (H’) was observed from one year to the following, due the fact that Laridae are migratory, and a tendency for the index to decrease with the passage of time. Conclusions: The HCPA plays a key role for the aquatic birds of the region. The presence of five migratory and seven resident species of Laridae has been recorded, which show spatial preferences in different areas of the wetland. Despite a decrease in overall species richness over time, the average abundance of Laridae birds is increasing.

Resumen. Los espacios verdes inmersos en los grandes centros urbanos sirven como refugios para la biodiversidad, reduciendo el impacto negativo que representa la urbanización. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la avifauna del centro de México, se determinó la diversidad de aves presente en el Parque Estatal Ecológico, Turístico y Recreativo Sierra Hermosa, que es un área periurbana de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, adyacente al Aeropuerto Internacional Felipe Ángeles. Los datos fueron obtenidos realizando trabajo de campo durante 29 meses de muestreo entre 2019 y 2022. Se obtuvo un total de 199 especies de aves, agrupados en 46 familias y 17 órdenes; las familias que presentaron la mayor riqueza de especies fueron Tyrannidae (19) y Parulidae (14). Se encontraron 92 especies residentes, 95 migratorias y 12 introducidas. El grupo trófico más representativo fue de los insectívoros (115) y el hábitat con mayor riqueza de especies fue las edificaciones abandonadas con arbolado inducido (92). Se hallaron tres especies endémicas y seis bajo alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los resultados indican que es un sitio de gran importancia para la alimentación, refugio y reproducción para las poblaciones de aves residentes y migratorias que habitan en la periferia del área urbana, y que en el escenario local podría utilizarse para futuros estudios sobre rehabilitación, restauración y planificación territorial en el Valle de México.

Abstract. Greenspaces immersed in the large urban centers serve as shelters for biodiversity, reducing the negative impact of urbanization. To contribute to the knowledge of the avifauna of central Mexico, in the present study the bird diversity presents in the Sierra Hermosa Ecological, Tourist and Recreational State Park, a peri-urban area of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City was determined, adjacent to the Felipe Ángeles International Airport. The data was obtained by carrying out field work over 29 months of sampling between 2019 and 2022. A total of 199 bird species were obtained, belonging to 46 families and 17 orders. The families that presented the highest species richness were Tyrannidae (19) and Parulidae (14). Ninety-two resident, 95 migratory and 12 introduced species were found. The most representative trophic group was that of insectivores (115) and the habitat with the highest species richness was abandoned buildings with induced trees (92). Three endemic species and six under some risk categories were found according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The results indicate that is a site of great importance for feeding, shelter, and reproduction for populations of resident and migratory birds that inhabit the periphery of the urban area, and that in the local scenario could be used for future research on rehabilitation, restoration, and territorial planning in the Valley of Mexico.

RESUMEN La investigación se llevó a cabo en el municipio de Artemisa, provincia de Artemisa en la localidad "Finca Pedregal Dagame" con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de la captura y comercio ilegal de aves silvestres en dicho lugar, en el período comprendido entre octubre de 2020 y enero del 2021. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta a 21 personas que se dedican a la caza furtiva y comercio ilegal de las aves silvestres para diversos fines, identificándose un total de diez especies pertenecientes a tres órdenes y siete familias. Se evaluaron indicadores sociales, económicos y medio ambientales siendo la mayoría de los encuestados preuniversitarios. Se comprobó que el 70 % de las especies son usadas como mascotas y para la venta, el 20 % destinadas a mascotas, a la venta y a otras funciones, mientras que el 10 % son empleadas para venta y otras funciones; en cuanto a lo precios de venta oscilan de 10 y 400 pesos en moneda nacional, siendo las de más demanda comercial Passerina ciris, Passerina caerulea y Pheucticus lidovicianus. De las especies de aves identificadas para el comercio ilegal el 50 % son residentes permanentes (RP), el 40 % son residentes de invierno (RI) y el 10 % residentes bimodales (RB) y según su grado de amenaza, cinco especies son de preocupación menor (LC) y una vulnerable (V).

ABSTRACT The research was carried out in the municipality of Artemisa, province of Artemisa in the town "Finca Pedregal Dagame" with the objective of evaluating the behavior of the illegal capture and trade of wild birds in said place, in the period between October 2020 and January 2021. To this end, a survey was applied to 21 people who are dedicated to poaching and illegal trade in wild birds for various purposes, identifying a total of ten species belonging to three orders and seven families. Social, economic and environmental indicators were evaluated, with the majority of respondents being pre -university. It was proven that 70 % of the species are used as pets and for sale, 20 % are used for pets, for sale and other functions, while 10 % are used for sale and other functions; As for the sales prices, they range from 10 to 400 pesos in national currency, with the most commercially in demand being Passerina ciris , Passerina caerulea and Pheucticus lidovicianus. Of the bird species identified for illegal trade, 50 % are permanent residents (PR), 40 % are winter residents (RI) and 10% are bimodal residents (RB) and according to their degree of threat, five species are least concern (LC) and vulnerable (V).

RESUMO A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Artemisa, província de Artemisa, na localidade "Finca Pedregal Dagame", com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da captura e comércio ilegal de aves silvestres nesse local, no período entre outubro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. Para isso, foi aplicada uma pesquisa a 21 pessoas envolvidas na caça e no comércio ilegal de aves silvestres para diversos fins, identificando um total de 10 espécies pertencentes a 3 ordens e 7 famílias. Foram avaliados indicadores sociais, econômicos e ambientais, sendo que a maioria dos entrevistados eram estudantes pré-universitários. Constatou-se que 70 % das espécies são usadas como animais de estimação e para venda, 20 % são usadas como animais de estimação, para venda e para outros fins, enquanto 10 % são usadas para venda e outros fins; os preços de venda variam de 10 a 400 pesos em moeda nacional, sendo que as espécies mais procuradas comercialmente são Passerina ciris, Passerina caerulea e Pheucticus lidovicianus. Das espécies de aves identificadas para o comércio ilegal, 50 % são Residentes Permanentes (RP), 40 % são Residentes de Inverno (IR) e 10 % são Residentes Bimodais (BR) e, de acordo com seu grau de ameaça, cinco espécies são Menos Preocupantes (LC) e uma é Vulnerável (V).

RESUMEN El presente estudio trata sobre la composición y estructura de la comunidad de aves en un jardín privado “amigable” en la ciudad de San Miguel de Tucumán (Tucumán), Argentina. El jardín cuenta con una gran variedad de árboles, arbustos y enredaderas, transformándolo en un parche verde inmerso en una gran matriz urbana. Las aves se registraron utilizando censos de punto de radio fijo, una vez al día (mañana o tarde), durante la temporada seca (otoño-invierno 2020). En 174 conteos se obtuvieron 5221 registros de aves, pertenecientes a 38 especies de 20 familias y 8 órdenes. Los ensambles presentes en el jardín fueron: aves que buscan alimento caminando en el suelo, aves que buscan alimento entre la vegetación y aves que buscan alimento desde el aire y/o perchas. Se determinaron seis dietas principales y se destacaron registros de aves migratorias regionales y altitudinales. La alta riqueza y diversidad observada en este jardín urbano indicarían la importancia de estos pequeños espacios verdes “amigables” como hábitat para las aves en el ambiente urbano. Estos jardines podrían ser fuentes de recursos alimenticios y sitios de refugio principalmente cuando las condiciones climáticas son adversas (temporada seca). Por ello consideramos que este estudio es un primer paso para mostrar el potencial que tienen los jardines privados urbanos, sin importar su tamaño, en San Miguel de Tucumán.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluates the composition and structure of the bird community in a “friendly” private garden in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán (Tucumán), carried out during the dry season (autumn-win-ter 2020). The garden has a wide variety of trees, shrubs and vines, transforming it into a green patch immersed in a large urban matrix. Birds were recorded using fixed radius point surveys, once a day (morning or afternoon), during the dry season (autumn-winter 2020). In 174 counts, 5221 birds records were obtained, belonging to 38 species from 20 families and 8 orders. The assemblages present in the garden were: birds that search for food by walking on the ground, birds that search for food among the vegetation, and birds that search for food from the air and/or perches. Six main diets were identified and regional and altitudinal migratory bird records were highlighted. The high richness and diversity observed in a single urban garden would indicate the importance of these small “friendly” green spaces to be considered as reservoirs for birds in an urban environment. These gardens could be sources of food resources and refuge sites mainly when weather conditions are adverse (dry season). For this reason, we consider that this study is a first step to show the potential value of private urban gardens, regardless of their size, in San Miguel de Tucumán.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de coronavírus 19 (COVID-19) afetou milhões de vidas em todo o mundo. Apesar do impacto favorável do Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico nos distúrbios cardiometabólicos, que predispõem à infeção por COVID-19, é importante conhecer os componentes alimentares com potencial para melhorar os resultados relacionados com a doença. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a associação entre o Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico e seus componentes com a gravidade dos sintomas COVID-19. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal em uma amostra de adultos recuperados da infeção por COVID-19, residentes no Funchal e não vacinados. Dados sobre variáveis sociodemográficos, estilo de vida, presença de doenças crónicas, ingestão de suplementos alimentares, estado de saúde percecionado, sintomas de COVID-19 e consumo alimentar foram recolhidos usando o método Computer Assisted Telephone Interview. A adesão ao Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico foi obtida a partir do questionário MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score). Modelos de regressão logística simples e múltipla foram usados para analisar a gravidade dos sintomas da COVID-19 e diferentes métricas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 542 adultos foram incluídos no estudo, 60,0% do sexo feminino e 53,9% com idade entre 40 e 59 anos. Os dados mostram que 15,7% dos participantes eram assintomáticos para infeção por COVID-19 e 26,9% apresentavam sintomas graves. Uma forte adesão ao Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico foi encontrada em 14,8% dos participantes, sendo significativamente maior entre os assintomáticos do que naqueles que relataram sintomas leves ou graves. Baixa ingestão de carnes vermelhas/ processadas, gorduras (manteiga/creme ou margarina), pastelaria e refrigerantes/ bebidas açucaradas, assim como o consumo mais frequente de carne de aves do que carne vermelha, foi associada a uma menor gravidade dos sintomas, após ajustado para sexo, idade e escolaridade. Os participantes que relataram consumo adequado de azeite (OR=0,47; IC 95%: 0,25-0,88) e hortícolas (OR=0,57; IC 95%: 0,35-0,94) apresentaram menor probabilidade de ter algum sintoma da doença. Contudo, os resultados não foram consistentes, quando considerados vários itens, associados na análise bivariada e em modelos de regressão logística não ajustados. CONCLUSÕES: A adesão ao Padrão Alimentar Mediterrânico, em particular o consumo adequado de azeite e vegetais, a ingestão limitada de pastelaria, carnes vermelhas/processadas, gorduras e refrigerantes/ bebidas açucaradas, foi associada a menor severidade de sintomas da infeção por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected millions of lives globally. Despite the favourable impact of Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on cardiometabolic disorders that predispose themselves to COVID-19 infection, it is important to know the dietary components with potential to improve disease-related outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and its components with the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study with a sample of adults recovered from COVID-19 infection, residents of Funchal and unvaccinated. Data on sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, presence of chronic diseases, and intake of supplements food, self-perceived health status, COVID-19 symptoms and dietary consumption was collected using the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview method. Mediterranean Dietary Pattern adherence was obtained from the MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score) questionnaire. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to analyse the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and different metrics. RESULTS: A total of 541 adults were included in the study, 60.0% were female and 53.9% were 40-59 years old. Data show that 15.7% of the participants were asymptomatic for COVID-19 infection and 26.9% had severe symptoms. A strong adherence to Mediterranean Dietary Pattern was found in 14.8% of the participants, and it was significantly higher among the asymptomatic participants than those who reported mild or severe symptoms. A low ingestion of red/ processed meats, fats (butter/cream/margarine), commercial pastry and carbonated/ sugar-sweetened drinks, as well as consumption of poultry more than red meat, was associated with less severe COVID-19 symptoms, after adjustment for sex, age and education level. Participants who reported an adequate consumption of olive oil (OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.25-0.88) and vegetables (OR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.35-0.94) were less likely to experience any symptoms of disease. Nevertheless, results were not consistent when several items, associated in bivariate analysis and in unadjusted logistic regression models, were taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to Mediterranean Dietary Pattern, in particular adequate consumption of olive oil and vegetables, and limited ingestion of commercial pastry, red/ processed meat, fats and carbonated/ sugar-sweetened drinks, was associated with less severe symptoms of COVID-19 infection.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Os pássaros são indicadores muito valiosos da riqueza de espécies e padrões endêmicos em um determinado ecossistema, o que acaba ajudando o cientista a medir a degradação ambiental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o conhecimento humano e a atitude em relação às aves urbanas na cidade de Faisalabad, Paquistão. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro meses consecutivos: novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. A população de pássaros foi observada em oito cidades residenciais da cidade de Faisalabad, os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. Faisalabad tem uma população razoavelmente grande de pássaros, e os dados atuais mostram que há uma diferença significativa entre as aves favoritas de áreas residenciais e instituições. O pombo recebeu mais semelhanças na população de pássaros entre os residentes de áreas residenciais, enquanto o myna recebeu menos. A ave mais popular nas instituições de Faisalabad era o pardal, enquanto a ave menos popular era o myna comum. A porcentagem de adaptação de pássaros em áreas residenciais e institucionais de Faisalabad foi a mais alta para papagaios e pardais, respectivamente. As pessoas em áreas residenciais e instituições, por outro lado, se adaptaram menos ao myna comum. Conclui-se que pessoas da área de estudo como pássaros e alimentos oferecidos e alta população de pássaros estão presentes na área de estudo.

Abstract Birds are very valuable indicators of species richness and endemic patterns in a specified ecosystem, which eventually help the scientist to measure the environmental degradation. The aim of present study was to know human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. The study conducted in four consecutive months: November 2019 to February 2020. Population of birds was noted from eight residential towns of Faisalabad city, data were collected through questionnaire. Faisalabad has a reasonably large population of birds and present data show that, there is a significant difference between favorite bird of residential areas and institutions. The pigeon received the most likeness in bird population among residential area residents, while the myna received the least. The most popular bird in Faisalabad institutions was the sparrow, while the least popular bird was the common myna. Bird adaptation percentage of residential areas and institutional areas of Faisalabad was the highest for parrot and sparrow respectively. People in residential areas and institutions, on the other hand, adapted least to common myna. It is concluded that people of the study area like birds and offered food and high population of birds are present in study area.

RESUMEN A pesar de que la muda constituye una actividad importante y costosa en el ciclo de vida de aves, este proceso es poco conocido en especies neotropicales y lo es aún menos para especies que habitan ambientes urbanos. Estudiamos los patrones de muda, criterios de determinación de edad y sexo y datos mor-fométricos correspondientes a siete especies de aves residentes comunes en un área urbana de la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Todas las especies evidenciaron muda prebásica completa. Mudas preformativa parcial a incompleta excéntrica fueron evidenciadas para Camptostoma obsoletum, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Cata-mema analis, Poospiza hispaniolensis, Coereba flaveola y Thraupis episcopus; mientras que Columbina cruziana evidenció una muda completa. Todos los traúpidos exhibieron mudas prealterna parcial. Las mudas preformativa y prebásica fueron registradas principalmente durante la temporada seca, y los pocos registros de muda prealterna sugieren su ocurrencia poco después de la temporada húmeda. Nuestras especies también exhibieron una baja sincronía de muda, y algunas de ellas (C. cruziana, P. rubinus y C. flaveola) exhibieron períodos extensos de muda probablemente explicados por su potencial para reproducirse durante el año o la existencia de mudas suspendida / prolongada. El análisis morfométrico evidenció diferencias significativas según sexo para C. cruziana, P. rubinus y C. analis, siendo la cuerda alar la característica más común para distinguir sexos. Nuestro estudio cubre un vacío importante en conocimiento de la historia natural de aves urbanas y proporciona información para probar hipótesis sobre la variación de patrones de muda en especies con amplia distribución en las Américas.

ABSTRACT Despite molting is an important and expensive activity in the life cycle of birds, this process is poorly known for neotropical species and even less so for species inhabiting urban zones. We studied molt patterns, aging and sexing criteria, and morphometrics for seven common resident species in an urban area of Lima city, Peru. All species evidenced complete prebasic molts. Partial to eccentric incomplete preformative molts were evidenced for six species (Camptostoma obsoletum, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Catamenia analis, Poospiza hispaniolensis, Coereba flaveola, and Thraupis episcopus); whereas Columbina cruziana exhibited a complete molt. All thraupid species exhibited partial prealternate molts. Preformative and prebasic molts were recorded mostly during the dry season, and the few records of prealternate molts might suggest its occurrence soon after the wet season. Our species also exhibited low molt synchrony, with some of them (C. cruziana, P. rubinus, and C. flaveola) exhibiting extensive molt periods likely explained by its potential to reproduce throughout the year and/or the existence of suspended/ protracted molts. Morphometric analysis evidenced significant differences according to sex for C. cruziana, P. rubinus, and C. analis, with the wing chord being the most common characteristic for distinguishing between sexes. Our study covers an important gap in the knowledge of the natural history of urban birds and provides information to test hypotheses of molt pattern variation on species with widespread distribution throughout the Americas.

RESUMEN El comercio ilegal o prohibido de animales salvajes es un problema global y constituye una amenaza seria para las especies amenazadas y en peligro de extinción. La investigación se realizó en el municipio Niceto Pérez, localidad Río Frío de la provincia Guantánamo. El objetivo consistió en determinar las especies de aves silvestres que se comercializan ilegalmente y su abundancia en el municipio. Se aplicaron 95 encuestas a personas que se dedican a la caza furtiva para diversos fines. Se identificaron un total de 16 especies más comercializadas en el municipio durante el período comprendido entre noviembre de 2018 hasta mayo de 2019. Además, fueron levantados 15 itinerarios de censo de cuatro m de ancho por 1000 m de largo para un total de 6 ha, dentro de los cuales se establecieron diez puntos de conteo en cada uno, con una distancia uno de otro de 100 m. Fueron inventariadas todas las aves vistas u oídas durante diez min. Como resultado del inventario se contabilizaron 20 especies de aves y agrupadas en seis órdenes, 15 familias y 21 géneros. El orden Passeriformes fue el más representativo, el 62 % residentes permanentes; de ellas, solo seis especies coinciden con las reportadas en las encuestas como cazadas ilegalmente. Se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en las áreas estudiadas entre los meses monitoreados, sobre todo en los que coinciden con el período reproductivo de las especies.

RESUMO O comércio ilegal ou proibido de animais selvagens é um problema global e constitui uma séria ameaça às espécies ameaçadas e em perigo de extinção. A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Niceto Pérez, na localidade de Rio Frío, na província de Guantánamo. O objetivo era determinar as espécies de aves silvestres que são comercializadas ilegalmente e sua abundância no município. Um total de 95 pesquisas foi administrado a pessoas envolvidas na caça furtiva para diversos fins. Um total de mais 16 espécies foram identificadas como comercializadas no município durante o período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. Além disso, foram pesquisadas 15 rotas censitárias de quatro m de largura por 1000 m de comprimento para um total de 6 ha, dentro das quais foram estabelecidos dez pontos de contagem em cada uma, com uma distância de 100 m uma da outra. Todas as aves vistas ou ouvidas durante dez minutos foram inventariadas. 20 espécies de aves foram contadas como resultado do inventário e agrupadas em seis ordens, 15 famílias e 21 gêneros. A ordem Passeriformes era a mais representativa, 62% das quais eram residentes permanentes; destas, apenas seis espécies correspondiam àquelas relatadas nas pesquisas como caçadas ilegalmente. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas áreas pesquisadas entre os meses monitorados, especialmente nos meses que coincidem com o período reprodutivo da espécie.

ABSTRACT Wild animals´ illegal or prohibited trade is a global problem and constitutes a serious risk to threatened and endangered species. The research was carried out in Niceto Pérez municipality, Río Frío locality in Guantánamo province. The objective was to determine the species of wild birds that are illegally traded and their abundance in the municipality. A total of 95 surveys were applied to people involved in poaching for various purposes. A total of 16 most traded species in the municipality were identified during the period from November 2018 to May 2019. 15 census routes of four m wide by 1 000 m long for a total of 6 ha were surveyed, within which ten counting points were established in each one, with a distance from each other of 100 m. All birds seen or heard during ten minutes were inventoried. As a result of the inventory, 20 bird species were counted, grouped into six orders, 15 families and 21 genera. The order Passeriformes was the most representative, 62 % were permanent residents; of these, only six species coincided with those reported in the surveys as illegally hunted. It was found that, there are significant differences in the areas studied between the months monitored, especially in those that coincide with the reproductive period of the species.