ABSTRACT: This study obtained information about the external and internal morphology of the alimentary canal of the main pest of brassica, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), when it is exposed to a microencapsulated formulation of the seed extract of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae). The toxicity of the microencapsulated formulation of the caterpillars fed for 12, 24, and 48 hours plus the control was evaluated to verify and evaluate external and internal morphological changes caused by the extract that may have killed the caterpillars. After the assays, the alimentary canal of the caterpillars was dissected, fixed, dehydrated, blocked, cut, and colored. Then, histological slides were produced and studied under light microscopy and scanning microscopy (SEM). The microencapsulated formulation of A. muricata caused irreversible damage to the alimentary canal of P. xylostella, with disorganization, cell stratification, and modifications in the morphology of the cells considered essential for survival. SEM verified that the peritrophic membrane and the muscular layer remained intact during all the assays. The effects were more severe with more hours of exposure. These results demonstrated that after contact by ingestion, the insect dies due to intoxication and cellular disorganization, inhibiting its ability to continue feeding.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi obter informações sobre a morfologia externa e interna do canal alimentar da principal praga das brássicas, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), quando exposta a uma formulação microencapsulada do extrato da semente de Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae). A toxicidade da formulação microencapsulada das lagartas alimentadas por 12, 24 e 48 horas mais o controle foi avaliada para verificar alterações morfológicas externas e internas causadas pelo extrato que possam ter causado a morte das lagartas. Após os ensaios, o canal alimentar das lagartas foi dissecado, fixado, desidratado, bloqueado, cortado e colorido. Em seguida, lâminas histológicas foram produzidas e estudadas em microscopia óptica e microscopia de varredura (MEV). A formulação microencapsulada de A. muricata, causou danos irreversíveis ao canal alimentar de P. xylostella, com desorganização, estratificação celular e modificações na morfologia das células consideradas essenciais para a sobrevivência. Na análise por MEV, verificou-se que a membrana peritrófica e a camada muscular permaneceram intactas durante todos os ensaios. Os efeitos foram mais graves com mais horas de exposição. Esses resultados demonstraram que após contato por ingestão, o inseto morre por intoxicação e desorganização celular, inibindo sua capacidade de continuar se alimentando.

Resumen La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es un frutal tropical altamente apreciado por sus características organolépticas, y es la especie de Annonaceae más importante en México. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo generar mapas de la distribución geográfica natural y eco-climática donde se desarrolla la guanábana en México, y modelar las zonas potenciales de acuerdo con los escenarios del cambio climático estimado para 2050. El modelo de distribución natural mostró que esta especie se encuentra en la mayoría de las zonas tropicales y algunas subtropicales de México. Este frutal se desarrolla en tres regiones eco-climáticas diferentes (dos tropicales y una templada): Aw1 (se encuentra en los bordes de la cuenca del Balsas, y en el sur, sureste y centro norte de la región veracruzana, así como en el centro de la costa pacífica mexicana), Am (norte y centro sur de la región veracruzana, y la península de Yucatán) y C(w0) (oriente del eje volcánico Transmexicano). El modelado de las zonas adecuadas de adaptación climática mostró que la costa pacífica mexicana y veracruzana, así como algunas zonas de la cuenca del Balsas y la península de Yucatán, tienen potencial para cultivar guanábana. Asimismo, en el escenario del cambio climático global se pronostican efectos benéficos en la adaptación de esta especie.

Abstract Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a tropical fruit tree highly valued for its organoleptic characteristics, and is the most important Annonaceae species in Mexico. This study aimed to generate maps of the natural geographic and eco-climatic distribution where soursop grows in Mexico, and to model potential zones according to climate change scenarios estimated for 2050. The natural distribution model showed that this species is found in most tropical and some subtropical areas of Mexico. This fruit tree grows in three different eco-climatic regions (two tropical and one temperate): Aw1 (found on the edges of the Balsas basin, and in the south, southeast and central north of the Veracruz region, as well as in the center of the Mexican Pacific coast), Am (north and central south of the Veracruz region, and the Yucatán peninsula) and C(w0) (east of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt). Modelling of suitable climate adaptation zones showed that the Pacific coast of Mexico and Veracruz, as well as some areas of the Balsas basin and the Yucatán peninsula, have potential for soursop cultivation. Likewise, in the scenario of global climate change, beneficial effects on the adaptation of this species are predicted.

ABSTRACT In semi-arid regions, the use of saline water for irrigation has become an increasingly frequent reality due to the qualitative and quantitative scarcity of water sources occurring most of the year. Thus, the use of hydrogen peroxide can be a strategy capable of mitigating the deleterious effects of salt stress on plants and guaranteeing the agricultural production of crops such as soursop. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the physiological and growth indices of soursop plants cv. Morada Nova irrigated with waters of different salinity levels. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, with three replicates. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 12, 18 and 15 µM, respectively, attenuated the effects of salt stress on stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate and chlorophyll a synthesis of soursop, at 780 days after transplanting. The 30 µM hydrogen peroxide concentration intensified salt stress on gas exchange, variable fluorescence and electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade of soursop plants cv. Morada Nova, 780 days after transplanting.

RESUMO Em regiões semiáridas, a utilização de água salina para irrigação, tem se tornado uma realidade cada vez mais frequente em função da escassez qualitativa e quantitativa das fontes hídricas que ocorre na maior parte do ano. Assim, a utilização de peróxido de hidrogênio pode ser uma estratégia capaz de amenizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino sobre as plantas e garantir a produção agrícola de culturas, como a gravioleira. Deste modo, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio sobre os índices fisiológicos e de crescimento de plantas de graviola cv. Morada Nova irrigadas com águas de diferentes níveis salinos. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, correspondendo a quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio, com três repetições. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio nas concentrações de 12, 18 e 15µM, respectivamente, atenuaram os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a condutância estomática, a taxa de assimilação de CO2 e a síntese de clorofila a de gravioleira, aos 780 dias após o transplantio. A concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio de 30 µM intensificou o estresse salino sobre as trocas gasosas, a fluorescência variável e o extravasamento de eletrólitos no limbo foliar de plantas de graviola cv. Morada Nova, aos 780 dias após o transplantio.

ABSTRACT In the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast, water sources generally have high levels of salts, standing out as one of the abiotic stresses that restrict the growth and development of plants. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of foliar applications of hydrogen peroxide on the morphophysiology of soursop under salt stress in the pre-flowering phase. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design and a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, with four values of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water - ECw (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 dS m-1) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 10, 20, and 30 μM), with three replicates. An increase in water electrical conductivity from 0.8 dS m-1 reduced stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and leaf water saturation deficit. It inhibited the growth of soursop plants at 370 days after transplanting. Hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of up to 10 μM increased leaf transpiration and water use efficiency of soursop plants irrigated with 1.8 dS m-1 water in the pre-flowering phase.

RESUMO Na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro as fontes hídricas geralmente, possuem elevados teores de saís, destacando-se como um dos estresses abióticos que restringe o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou-se, avaliar os efeitos de aplicações foliares de peróxido de hidrogênio na morfofisiologia de gravioleira sob estresse salino na fase de pré-floração. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados e arranjo fatorial 4 × 4, sendo quatro valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8; 1,6; 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio - H2O2 (0; 10; 20 e 30 μM), com três repetições. O aumento da condutividade elétrica da água a partir de 0,8 dS m-1 diminuiu a condutância estomática, a taxa de assimilação de CO2, a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação, o déficit de saturação hídrica foliar e inibiu o crescimento das plantas de graviola aos 370 dias após o transplantio. O peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de até 10 μM aumentou a transpiração foliar e a eficiência no uso da água de plantas de gravioleira irrigadas com água de 1,8 dS m-1 na fase de pré-floração.

Resumen La guanábana en Nayarit se propaga vía sexual, por lo que sus frutos presentan una morfología variable, forma y tamaño, esto ha permitido la selección y evaluación de materiales que presentan ventajas comparados con otros genotipos de la misma especie y contribuyan al mejoramiento genético. Sus frutos son ricos en fibra, minerales y compuestos bioactivos. El objetivo de esta contribución es difundir las características morfológicas y fisicoquímicas de tres nuevas variedades de guanábana Guanay-1, Guanay-2 Y Guanay-3. El estudio se realizó en 2016-2018, se seleccionaron árboles a pie franco, vigorosos y, libres de plagas y enfermedades (19 años edad), se evaluaron características morfológicas y fisicoquímicas de frutos en madurez de consumo. Los frutos de Guanay-1: fueron de forma acorazonada, longitud de 17.09 cm, peso promedio de 1 438.79 g y en promedio 86 semillas, las protuberancias estilares midieron 0.5 mm de longitud; en Guanay-2: la forma del fruto fue irregular, longitud de 25.31 cm, peso promedio de 1948.1 g y 166 semillas, las protuberancias estilares midieron 2.05 mm de longitud; en Guanay-3: la forma del fruto fue cónica, con longitud de 21.17 cm, peso promedio de 902.27 g y 231 semillas, protuberancias estilares de 7.56 mm de longitud. La firmeza y acidez titulable de Guanay-1 fue de 24.6 N y 0.6% respectivamente, Guanay-2 y Guanay-3 registraron una firmeza 8 N y acidez de 0.9%. En conclusión, las características morfológicas fueron la base para la selección y registro de estas variedades que contribuyen al desarrollo tecnológico del cultivo de guanábana en Nayarit.

Abstract In Nayarit, soursop is propagated sexually, so its fruits have a variable morphology, shape and size, this has allowed the selection and evaluation of materials that have advantages compared to other genotypes of the same species and that contribute to genetic improvement. Its fruits are rich in fiber, minerals and bioactive compounds. The objective of this contribution is to disseminate the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of three new varieties of soursop Guanay-1, Guanay-2 and Guanay-3. The study was conducted in 2016-2018, trees that were ungrafted, vigorous and free of pests and diseases (19 years old) were selected, morphological and physicochemical characteristics of fruits at maturity of consumption were evaluated. The fruits of Guanay-1: were heart-shaped, length of 17.09 cm, average weight of 1 438.79 g and 86 seeds on average, the stylar protuberances measured 0.5 mm in length; in Guanay-2: the shape of the fruit was irregular, length of 25.31 cm, average weight of 1 948.1 g and 166 seeds, the stylar protuberances measured 2.05 mm in length; in Guanay-3: the shape of the fruit was conical, with length of 21.17 cm, average weight of 902.27 g and 231 seeds, stylar protuberances of 7.56 mm in length. The firmness and titratable acidity of Guanay-1 was 24.6 N and 0.6% respectively, Guanay-2 and Guanay-3 registered a firmness of 8 N and acidity of 0.9%. In conclusion, morphological characteristics were the basis for the selection and registration of these varieties that contribute to the technological development of soursop cultivation in Nayarit.

Resumen La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es una especie frutal tropical aceptada ampliamente por los consumidores debido a su pulpa cremosa y su sabor. Actualmente, México es el mayor productor y consumidor; sin embargo, las prácticas agronómicas actuales fueron establecidas sin un conocimiento sistemático de la fenología de este frutal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una descripción fenológica de árboles de guanábana en dos regiones productoras de México: Tepic y Compostela (Nayarit). Para ello, se seleccionaron 20 árboles no injertados y se describieron sus estadios de crecimiento utilizando la escala BBCH extendida (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie). Se identificaron ocho estadios fenológicos a lo largo de un año: desarrollo de yemas (estadio 0), hojas (estadio 1) y brotes (estadio 3), aparición de flores (estadio 5), floración (estadio 6), desarrollo y madurez de frutos (estadios 7-8) y senescencia de ramas (estadio 9). Además, se describieron y cuantificaron 37 etapas de crecimiento secundario. La mayor cantidad de brotes vegetativos se presentó entre marzo y julio de 2017, y el mayor incremento en estructuras florales, entre julio y septiembre del mismo año. Entre el amarre y la madurez fisiológica de los frutos transcurrieron 114 días en promedio, tanto en Tepic como en Compostela. La defoliación más intensa ocurrió en octubre de 2017 en Tepic y en diciembre de 2016 en Compostela. La información presentada en este trabajo se puede emplear para mejorar las prácticas agronómicas, así como en la realización de futuros estudios fisiológicos.

Abstract The soursop is a species of tropical fruit well accepted by consumers due to its creamy white pulp and excellent flavor. Currently, Mexico is the largest producer and consumer; however, the agronomic practices in use were established without a systematic knowledge of A. muricata L. phenology. The objective of this work then, was to conduct such a study in two of the main producing regions of Mexico: Tepic and Compostela (both in the state of Nayarit). For this, a total of 20 ungrafted trees were selected and their growth stages described using the extended BBCH-scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie). Overall, eight main phenological stages were identified over the course of a year. These were: the development of buds (stage 0), leaves (stage 1), and shoots (stage 3), the emergence of flowers (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development and maturity (stages 7-8), and senescence of branches (stage 9). In addition, 37 secondary growth stages were also described and quantified. The highest number of vegetative shoots occurred from March-July, 2017 and the biggest increase in floral structures from July-September, 2017. Fruit setting to physiological maturity took an average of 114 days in both Tepic and Compostela, with the most intense defoliation occurring in October, 2017 in the former (Tepic) and in December, 2016 in the latter (Compostela). Hopefully, improved agronomic practices will be established using this information, as well as suitable protocols for future physiological studies.

RESUMEN Las investigaciones en almidones que contengan compuestos fitoquímicos son nuevas oportunidades en la producción de alimentos funcionales y suplementos dietéticos. Los almidones que contienen estos compuestos pueden tener efectos benéficos para la salud, como propiedades antioxidantes. Los almidones se encuentran en una variedad de fuentes no convencionales, dentro de los cuales se encuentran los frutos de guanábana. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el contenido de compuestos fitoquímicos en almidones extraídos de frutos de guanábana mediante método convencional y ultrasonido. Se extrajo almidón de frutos de guanábana mediante método convencional y ultrasonido obteniéndose dos fases por cada método; se determinó el contenido de amilosa y lípidos, así como el contenido de compuestos fitoquímicos en los almidones (fenoles solubles totales, taninos solubles totales, flavonoides solubles totales, fitoesteroles, alcaloides y acetogeninas). Las extracciones fueron: ACF1 (Almidón convencional fase 1), AUF1 (almidón convencional fase 1), AUF2 (Almidón ultrasonido fase 2), ACF2 (almidón convencional fase 2). Los almidones de AUF1 presentaron alto contenido de fenoles solubles totales (2.26 mg GAE/g de d.b.s), taninos solubles (0.99 mg GAE/g de d.b.s), flavonoides solubles totales (1.55 mg QE/g de d.b.s), fitoesteroles (3.55 mg CE/g de d.b.s), alcaloides (8.42 mg AE/g de d.b.s) y acetogeninas (1.81 mg ANE/g de d.b.s). La extracción de almidones asistida por ultrasonido incrementa el contenido de almidones de frutos de guanábana y compuestos fitoquímicos. Los compuestos fitoquímicos presentes en los almidones de frutos de guanábana son fenoles, flavonoides, taninos, alcaloides, fitoesteroles y acetogeninas.

ABSTRACT Researches on starches containing phytochemical compounds are new opportunities in the production of functional foods and dietary supplements. Starches containing these compounds may have beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant properties. Starches are found in a variety of unconventional sources, including soursop fruits. This study aimed to determine the content of phytochemical compounds in starches extracted from soursop fruits by conventional method and ultrasound. Starch was extracted from soursop fruits by conventional method and ultrasound, obtaining two phases for each method. The amylose and lipid content were determined, as well as the content of phytochemical compounds in the starches (phenols, tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids, and acetogenins). The extractions were: ACF1 (conventional starch phase 1), AUF1 (conventional starch phase 1), AUF2 (Ultrasonic starch phase 2), and ACF2 (conventional starch phase 2). The AUF1 starches presented high content of total soluble phenols (2.26 mg GAE/g of d.b.s), total soluble tannins (0.99 mg GAE/g of d.b.s), total soluble flavonoids (1.55 mg QE/g of d.b.s), phytosterols (3.55 mg CE/g of d.b.s), alkaloids (8.42 mg AE/g of d.b.s) and acetogenins (1.81 mg ANE/g of d.b.s). Ultrasound-assisted starch extraction increases the starch content of soursop fruits and phytochemical compounds. The phytochemical compounds present in the starches of soursop fruits are phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phytosterols, and acetogenins.

RESUMEN Fusarium falciforme y Lasiodiplodia theobromae, son los principales patógenos fúngicos en raíz y tallo en árboles de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) en Nayarit, México. A la fecha los productores de este frutal en la región no cuentan con estrategias efectivas para el control de esa patología. Por lo que, el objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el potencial de biocontrol in vitro de cepas de antagonistas de Trichoderma y la eficacia de fungicidas convencionales. Se evaluaron in vitro 12 cepas de Trichoderma contra F. falciforme y L. theobromae. Así mismo, se evaluó la sensibilidad in vitro de ambos patógenos fúngicos a ocho fungicidas comerciales. Las cepas de T. hamatum y T. asperellum inhibieron el crecimiento micelial in vitro de F. falciforme hasta un 75.31 %. Por otra parte, Mancozeb fue el único fungicida que inhibió por completo el crecimiento micelial in vitro de ambos fitopatógenos. Los resultados sugieren el potencial uso de ambas estrategias de control para la supresión de estas enfermedades radiculares y del tallo en guanábana. Se sugiere conducir estudios adicionales relacionados con los posibles efectos sinérgicos de la combinación de ambas estrategias en la prevención y control de esta enfermedad fúngica en A. muricata.

ABSTRACT Fusarium falciforme and Lasiodiplodia theobromae are the main root and stem fungal pathogens in soursop trees (Annona muricata L.) in Nayarit, Mexico. Regional fruit producers do not have effective strategies to control this pathology. Therefore, the main objective of the research was to evaluate the in vitro biocontrol potential of strains of Trichoderma antagonists and the efficacy of conventional fungicides. Twelve Trichoderma strains were evaluated in vitro against F. falciforme and L. theobromae. Also, the in vitro sensitivity of both fungal pathogens to eight commercial fungicides was evaluated. The strains of T. hamatum and T. asperellum inhibited the in vitro mycelial growth of F. falciforme up to 75.31%. On the other hand, Mancozeb was the only fungicide that completely inhibited the in vitro mycelial growth of both phytopathogens. Obtained data suggest the potential use of both control strategies for the suppression of root and stem diseases in soursop. It is recommended to conduct additional studies on the possible synergistic effects of the combination of both strategies in preventing and controlling this fungal disease in A. muricata.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las bebidas de Annona muricata se utilizan ampliamente en la medicina tradicional para tratar diferentes padecimientos; sin embargo, han sido poco caracterizadas fitoquímicamente y se consumen como bebidas azucaradas, y pueden contribuir a enfermedades no trasmisibles, entre ellas la obesidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener y caracterizar una bebida sensorialmente aceptable a partir de un extracto de hojas y pulpa de A. muricata. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño de mezcla para formular nueve bebidas, combinando diferentes proporciones del extracto acuoso de hojas y pulpa de A. muricata. Estas bebidas se sometieron a una evaluación fisicoquímica y sensorial. A partir de estos resultados, se seleccionó una bebida para caracterizarla por espectrofotometría y compararla con una bebida infusionada y otra comercial. Además, se analizó la composición fitoquímica de la bebida seleccionada mediante cromatografía de ultra alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de masas y cromatografía líquida de alta resolución acoplada a un detector de matriz de fotodiodos. Resultados clave: La bebida seleccionada se formuló con 25% de pulpa, 50% de extracto de hojas y 25% de agua; además, presentó un valor de 7.63 °Brix, un pH 3.42 y una acidez de 0.40%. Esta bebida fue hasta tres veces superior en compuestos bioactivos respecto a las bebidas infusionada y comercial. Se cuantificaron catorce compuestos fenólicos y dos acetogeninas, mientras que se identificaron provisionalmente dos alcaloides (coclaurina y reticulina) y quince acetogeninas. Conclusiones: La combinación de extracto de hojas y pulpa de A. muricata es una alternativa vital para obtener una bebida sensorialmente aceptable que contiene compuestos bioactivos con potencial acción medicinal, ya que los compuestos fenólicos, alcaloides y acetogeninas presentes en la bebida podrían tener actividades biológicas eficientes en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas degenerativas.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Annona muricata beverages are widely used in traditional medicine to treat different ailments; however, they have been little characterized phytochemically and are consumed as sugary beverages, and may contribute to non-communicable diseases, including obesity. The objective of this work was to obtain and characterize a sensorially acceptable beverage from an extract of A. muricata leaves and pulp. Methods: A mixture design was used to formulate nine beverages by combining different ratios of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves and pulp. These beverages were subjected to physicochemical and sensory evaluation. Based on these results, one beverage was selected to be characterized by spectrophotometry and compared with an infused and commercial beverage. In addition, the selected beverage was further analyzed for its phytochemical composition by ultra-high-performance chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector. Key results: The selected beverage was formulated with 25% pulp, 50% leaf extract, and 25% water; it also displayed a 7.63 °Brix, pH 3.42, and 0.40% acidity. This beverage was up to three times higher in bioactive compounds than infused and commercial beverages. Fourteen phenolic compounds and two acetogenins were quantified, while two alkaloids (coclaurine and reticuline) and fifteen acetogenins were tentatively identified. Conclusions: The combination of A. muricata leaf extract and pulp is a vital alternative to obtain a sensorially acceptable beverage that contains bioactive compounds with a potential medicinal action since the phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and acetogenins present in the beverage could have efficient biological activities in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la composición fisicoquímica de pulpas de tres ecotipos de guanábana (Annona muricata L) para obtener néctar con lactosuero, se analizaron en las pulpas y néctares sus características físicas, bromatológicas y fisicoquímicas (cenizas, proteína, grasa, humedad, fibra, compuestos fenólicos, calcio). Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las pulpas con respecto a sus propiedades físicas, bromatológicas y fisicoquímicas; exceptuando el análisis de grasa. La pulpa de guanábana del ecotipo negra tuvo mayor contenido de calcio 507,283 mg/kg (P<0,05) que la blanca y la amarilla y fósforo 520,500 mg/kg más que la amarilla. Además, tiene propiedades tecnológicas adecuadas como poca fibra; pH de 4,55, Brix de 18,2 y mejor rendimiento 63,2 % a pesar de ser la más pequeña con una longitud promedio de 9,6 ± 1,8 cm y diámetro de 8,7± 1,0 cm. El néctar elaborado con la pulpa de guanaba negra tuvo mayor contenido de calcio y fosforo siendo de 192,50 y 285,50 mg/kilo, aunque no se encontró diferencias estadísticas, si hubo diferencias significativas en los resultados de aceptabilidad global; donde los néctares con ecotipos negra y amarilla tuvieron mayor aceptabilidad con respecto al ecotipo blanca, siendo las dos primeras ideales para el procesamiento de néctares.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to compare the physicochemical composition of pulps of three ecotypes of soursop (Annona muricata L) to obtain nectar with whey, their physical characteristics, bromatological and physicochemicals (ash, protein, fat, moisture, fiber, phenolic compounds and calcium). The results showed significant statistical differences between the pulps regarding their physical, bromatological and physicochemical properties; except for fat analysis. The soursop pulp of the black ecotype had a higher calcium content 507,283 mg / kg (P <0,05) than white and yellow soursop and phosphorous 520,500 mg / kg more than the yellow. Likewise, it has adequate technological properties such as little fiber; pH of 4,55, Brix of 18,2 and best yield 63,2% despite being the smallest with an average length of 9,6 ± 1,8 cm and diameter of 8,7 ± 1,0 cm. The nectars had high content of calcium and phosphorus 182,50 and 285,50 mg / kilo of nectar, although no significant differences were found between nectars of the three soursop ecotypes, but there were significant differences in the organoleptic results; where the nectars with the ecotype black and yellow had greater acceptability tan ecotype white, the first two being ideal for processing of nectars.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar, por meio da análise multivariada de dados, o efeito da aplicação exógena de peróxido de hidrogênio sobre os pigmentos fotossintéticos, as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de mudas de gravioleira sob estresse salino. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - Paraíba. A pesquisa foi conduzida durante o período de maio a outubro de 2018. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 5 × 5, sendo cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,6 - testemunha, 1,2, 1,8, 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e cinco concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio - H2O2 (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 µM), com duas plantas por parcela e quatro repetições. A salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 1.2 dS m-1 afetou negativamente a biossíntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos, as trocas gasosas e o crescimento da gravioleira. Aplicação de peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 20 µM resultou em atenuação do estresse salino sobre a biossíntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos, as trocas gasosas e o crescimento da gravioleira. Concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio acima de 30 µM intensificaram o efeito deletério da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre os pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas e o crescimento da gravioleira.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate, through multivariate data analysis, the effect of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide on the photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange and growth of soursop seedlings under salt stress. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, at Federal University of Campina Grande - Paraíba. The assay was carried out from May to October 2018. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement, corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.6-control, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 dS m-1) and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 μM), with two plants per plot and four replicates. Irrigation water salinity from 1.2 dS m-1 negatively affected the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange and growth of soursop. Application of hydrogen peroxide at the concentration of 20 μM resulted in attenuation of salt stress effects on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange and growth of soursop. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations above 30 μM intensified the deleterious effect of irrigation water salinity on the photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange and growth of soursop.

RESUMEN Las infusiones de hojas de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) se han utilizado como medicina alternativa por su composición fitoquímica, actividad farmacológica y citotóxica, que les confieren actividad antibacteriana, antioxidante y anticancerígena. Las infusiones de hojas de guanábana se obtuvieron a 5, 10 y 15 min en muestras colectadas de las regiones de Chiapas y Nayarit en México; se evaluaron fenoles solubles totales (FST), flavonoides (F), taninos condensados (TC), antocianinas totales (AT), actividad antioxidante, reflectancia total atenuada por análisis de espectroscopia infrarroja transformada de Fourier (FTIR-ATR) y actividad citotóxica en líneas celulares MCF7 y HT-29. El contenido promedio de FST, F, TC y AT fue de 0.229±0.006 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico ml-1, 0.177±0.003 mg equivalentes de catequina ml-1, 0.298±0.012 mg equivalentes de cianidina 3-glucósido ml-1 y 0.189±0.003 mg equivalentes de catequina ml-1 respectivamente. El análisis FTIR-ATR determinó grupos carbonilo, hidroxilo, éster y ácidos carboxílicos. La actividad antioxidante por 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfónico (ABTS) fue de 0.446±0.014 y 3.53±0.515 mM equivalentes de Trolox ml-1 respectivamente. Los rendimientos de extracción de FST, F, TC y AT mediante infusión fueron 88.41, 66.12, 34.93 y 56.09 respectivamente. La actividad antioxidante fue 50.77% de ABTS y 21.44% de DPPH. Se presentó actividad citotóxica contra la línea celular MCF7 (80%). Las infusiones presentaron un alto contenido de polifenoles, actividad antioxidante y citotóxica.

ABSTRACT Infusions of soursop or graviola (Annona muricata L.) leaves have been used as alternative medicine for their phytochemical composition, pharmacological and cytotoxic activity that are related with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Infusions of soursop leaves were obtained at 5, 10, and 15 min in samples collected from the Chiapas and Nayarit regions of Mexico. Total soluble phenols (TSP), flavonoids (FC), condensed tannins (CT), total anthocyanins (AC), antioxidant activity, attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR-TRA), cytotoxic activity in MCF7 and HT-29 cell lines were evaluated. The average contents of TSP, FC, CT and AC were as follows: 0.229±0.006 mg gallic acid equivalents ml-1, 0.177±0.003 mg catechin equivalents ml-1, 0.298±0.012 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents ml-1, and 0.189±0.003 mg catechin equivalents ml-1, respectively. The FTIR-ATR analysis determined carbonyl, hydroxyl, ester, and carboxylic acid groups. The antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were 0.446±0.014 and 3.53±0.515 mM Trolox equivalents ml-1, respectively. The extraction yields of TSP, FC, CT, and AC by infusion were 88.41, 66.12, 34.93, and 56.09%, respectively. The antioxidant activity was 50.77% for ABTS and 21.44% for DPPH. Cytotoxic activity was present against the MCF7 (80%) cell line. The infusions had high polyphenol contents, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la extracción de acetogeninas (ACGs) de semillas de guanábana usando diferentes disolventes, métodos y número de extracciones. El trabajo se desarrolló en cuatro ensayos. En el primer ensayo se evaluaron siete disolventes (metanol, acetato de etilo, diclorometano, cloroformo, éter dietílico, hexano, y éter de petróleo) para extraer ACGs de semillas mediante extracción asistida con ultrasonido (EAU). En el segundo ensayo se comparó la EAU, método soxhlet y disolventes, para obtener ACGs de semillas desengrasadas. En el tercer ensayo se evaluó el efecto del disolvente y número de extracciones con EAU, sobre el contenido de ACGs en endospermo desengrasado. En el cuarto ensayo, se identificaron ACGs. Se observó una mayor presencia de ACGs en los extractos de semillas completas sin desengrasar, con metanol y acetato de etilo. La EAU extrajo más ACGs a partir de la semilla completa desengrasada. Sin embargo, usando el endospermo desengrasado, EAU y cinco extracciones con metanol por 50 min cada una, se obtuvo el mayor contenido de ACGs (25.14 mg/g base seca). Se identificaron dos ACGs (annonacina, y pseudoanno-nacina) en proporción 73:27. Estas últimas condiciones, son una alternativa para aumentar el rendimiento de extracción de ACGs de semillas de A. muricata.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of soursop seeds acetogenins (ACGs) extraction methods, using different solvents, methods, and the number of extractions. The work was carried out in four trials. In the first trial, seven solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, diethyl ether, hexane, and petroleum ether) were evaluated to extract ACGs from seeds by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). In the second trial, UAE, soxhlet method, and solvents were compared to obtain ACGs from defatted seeds. In the third trial, the effect of solvents and the number of extractions by UAE on the content of ACGs in defatted endosperm was evaluated. In the fourth trial, ACGs were identified. The highest presence of ACGs was observed in extracts obtained from defatted whole seeds with methanol and ethyl acetate. UAE extracted more ACGs from the defatted whole seed. However, the highest ACG content (25.14 mg/g dry basis) was obtained using the defatted endosperm, UEA, and five extractions with methanol for 50 min each. Two ACGs were identified (annonacin and pseudoannonacin) in proportion 73:27. The latter conditions are an alternative to increasing the extraction yield of ACGs from A. muricata seeds.

RESUMO As plantas cultivadas sob estresse salino estão sujeitas aos estresses osmóticos e iônicos que ocasionam várias alterações fisiológicas, desta forma, a busca por estratégias que minimizem os efeitos deletérios é imprescindível para o desenvolvimento da agricultura irrigada. Neste contexto, objetivou-se, avaliar os efeitos de aplicações foliares com ácido salicílico na mitigação dos efeitos do estresse salino nos pigmentos fotossintéticos e na fluorescência da clorofila a da gravioleira cv. Morada Nova. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento de blocos casualizados e arranjo fatorial 5 × 4, com cinco valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8 - controle; 1,6; 2,4; 3,2 e 4,0 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de ácido salicílico - AS (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 mM), com três repetições. A aplicação foliar do ácido salicílico na concentração de 1,4 mM amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total e carotenoides da gravioleira quando irrigadas com água de até 1,5 dS m-1. O ácido salicílico em concentrações acima de 1,4 mM aliado a irrigação com água salina intensificou os efeitos deletérios sobre os pigmentos fotossintéticos. A fluorescência da clorofila a não foi influenciada pelas pulverizações de ácido salicílico até a concentração de 3,6 mM.

ABSTRACT Plants grown under salinity are subject to osmotic and ionic stresses that cause several physiological changes, so searching for strategies that minimize the deleterious effects is essential for the development of irrigated agriculture. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effects of foliar applications of salicylic acid on the mitigation of the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll a fluorescence of soursop cv. Morada Nova. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design and 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five values of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.8 - control, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid - SA (0, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 mM), with three replicates. Foliar application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.4 mM mitigated the effects of salt stress on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total, and carotenoids of soursop when irrigated with water of up to 1.5 dS m-1. Salicylic acid at concentrations above 1.4 mM combined with irrigation with saline water intensified the deleterious effects on photosynthetic pigments. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was not influenced by salicylic acid sprays up to the concentration of 3.6 mM.

RESUMEN La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es un cultivo de importancia económica para Nayarit, México. Los frutos han tenido una excelente aceptación en el mercado regional, dificultando su comercialización a lugares lejanos porque la producción es altamente perecedera, aunado a que los árboles de los huertos de guanábana son en su mayoría ecotipos o fenotipos sin ningún plan de mejoramiento genético. Debido a la falta de variedades comerciales y de un banco de germoplasma, es importante conocer la diversidad genética para identificar y seleccionar genotipos; una de las herramientas para este propósito es el uso de marcadores moleculares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la diversidad genética de guanábana de las principales zonas productoras de Nayarit. Se extrajo ADN genómico de hojas de guanábana, las cuales fueron recolectadas de 11 huertos (poblaciones) de las siguientes zonas: Compostela (cinco poblaciones), Tepic (tres poblaciones) y San Blas (tres poblaciones). Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis mediante marcadores moleculares SSR y SRAP. Los resultados indicaron que los SSR no mostraron polimorfismo entre las poblaciones. Por otro lado, en los marcadores SRAP se obtuvieron 116 loci polimórficos con un promedio de porcentaje de loci polimórfico (P) entre las zonas productoras de 29,55 %. Asimismo, se realizó un AMOVA, el cual mostró que el mayor porcentaje de varianza se encuentra dentro de las poblaciones. Además, los análisis de agrupamiento demostraron la formación de tres grupos independientes. Por tanto, se obtuvo una alta homocigocidad y baja diversidad genética de guanábana entre las zonas y poblaciones estudiadas.

ABSTRACT Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a crop of economic importance for Nayarit, Mexico. Soursop fruits have had an excellent acceptance in the regional market, making it difficult its commercialization to distant places because the production is highly perishable, in addition to the fact that the trees in the soursop orchards are mostly ecotypes or phenotypes without any genetic improvement plan. Due to the lack of commercial varieties and a germplasm bank, it is important to know the genetic diversity to identify and select genotypes; one of the tools for this purpose is the use of molecular markers. The objective of this research was to analyze the genetic diversity of soursop in the main producing areas of Nayarit. Genomic DNA was extracted from soursop leaves from 11 orchards (populations) in the following areas: Compostela (five populations), Tepic (three populations) and San Blas (three populations). Subsequently, we performed molecular analysis using SSR and SRAP molecular markers. The results indicated that the SSRs showed no polymorphism between the populations. On the other hand, we found 116 polymorphic loci in the SRAP markers with an average percentage of polymorphic loci (P) among the producing areas of 29.55 %. Likewise, an AMOVA was performed, showing that the highest percentage of variance is found within the populations. Furthermore, cluster analyzes demonstrated the formation of three independent groups. Therefore, a high homozygosity and low genetic diversity of soursop were obtained between the areas and populations studied.