Resumo A região Neotropical se destaca por possuir a maior riqueza de anfíbios do mundo. Cerca de 625 espécies de anuros são conhecidas na Mata Atlântica. As regiões montanhosas do sudeste do Brasil, denominadas Serra do Mar e Serra da Mantiqueira, são áreas muito importantes para a diversidade de anuros no país, pois abrigam estratos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica que possuem diversas espécies endêmicas. O presente estudo visa ampliar o conhecimento sobre os anuros da Serra da Mantiqueira, especificamente das altas bacias dos rios Preto e Grande. A área de estudo compreendeu 10 centros amostrais. Realizamos 38 campanhas, com duração de dois dias cada. Nesse período, utilizamos a busca ativa como pistas visuais e auditivas. A busca passiva foi composta por armadilhas de queda. Análises bioacústicas foram usadas para determinar as espécies crípticas. A suficiência do esforço amostral foi estimada através da curva de acumulação usando Bootstrap e Jackknife-1 como estimadores. Durante o estudo foram encontradas 55 espécies, sendo 40 delas na bacia do Rio Preto e 44 na bacia do Rio Grande. Vinte e nove espécies foram encontradas em ambas as bacias. A família Hylidae foi predominante, seguida por Leptodactylidae. Além de espécies da Mata Atlântica, o local abriga componentes típicos do bioma Cerrado e brejos de altitude com simpatrias inesperadas. Este inventário amplia a área de ocorrência de Scinax duartei, espécie considerada ameaçada. Embora adjacente ao parque nacional mais antigo do Brasil, a composição de espécies de anuros dessa área era desconhecida até então.

Abstract The Neotropical zone stands out for having the greatest richness of amphibians in the world. About 625 species of anurans are known on Atlantic Forest. The southeastern mountainous regions of Brazil called Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira, are very important areas for the diversity of anurans in the country because they shelter remaining strata of the Atlantic Forest that have several endemic species. The present study aims to expand the knowledge about the Serra da Mantiqueira anurans, specifically from the Rio Preto and Rio Grande upper basins. The study area comprised 10 sample centers. We realized 38 campaigns, lasting two days each. During this period, we used active search as visual and auditory cues. The passive search was comprised of pitfall traps. Bioacoustic analyses were used to determine the cryptic species. The sufficiency of the sampling effort was estimated through the accumulation curve using Bootstrap and Jackknife-1 as estimators. During the study 55 species were found, 40 of them in the basin of the Rio Preto, and 44 in the basin of the Rio Grande. Twenty-nine species were found in both areas. The Hylidae family was predominant, followed by Leptodactylidae. In addition to species of the Atlantic Forest, the place houses typical components of the Cerrado biome and altitudinal swamps with unexpected sympatries. This inventory expands the area of occurrence of Scinax duartei, a species considered threatened. Although adjacent to the oldest national park in Brazil, the composition of anuran species of this area was unknown until then.

Abstract In vitro excystation of cysts of microscopically identified Chilomastix mesnili and Retortamonas sp. isolated from Japanese macaques and Retortamonas sp. isolated from small Indian mongooses could be induced using an established protocol for Giardia intestinalis and subsequently by culturing with H2S-rich Robinson’s medium supplemented with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Excystation usually began 2 h after incubation in Robinson’s medium. DNA was isolated from excysted flagellates after 4 h of incubation or from cultured excysted flagellates. Phylogenetic analysis based on their 18S rRNA genes revealed that two isolates of C. mesnili from Japanese macaques belonged to the same cluster as a C. mesnili isolate from humans, whereas a mammalian Retortamonas sp. isolate from a small Indian mongoose belonged to the same cluster as that of an amphibian Retortamonas spp. isolate from a ‘poison arrow frog’ [sequence identity to AF439347 (94.9%)]. These results suggest that the sequence homology of the 18S rRNA gene of the two C. mesnili isolates from Japanese macaques was similar to that of humans, in addition to the morphological similarity, and Retortamonas sp. infection of the amphibian type in the small Indian mongoose highlighted the possibility of the effect of host feeding habitats.

Resumo Excistação in vitro de cistos de Chilomastix mesnili e Retortamonas sp. identificados microscopicamente, isolados de macacos japoneses e Retortamonas sp. isolados de um pequeno mangusto indiano podem ser induzidos usando um protocolo estabelecido para Giardia intestinalis e, subsequentemente por cultura com meio de Robinson rico em H2S suplementado com Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. A excistação geralmente começou 2 h após a incubação em meio de Robinson. O DNA foi isolado de flagelados excistados após 4 h de incubação ou de flagelados excistados cultivados. A análise filogenética baseada em seus genes 18S rRNA revelou que dois isolados de C. mesnili de macacos japoneses pertenciam ao mesmo grupo que um isolado de C. mesnili de um humano, enquanto um isolado de Retortamonas sp. de um mamífero, o pequeno mangusto indiano, pertencia ao mesmo agrupamento do isolado de Retortamonas spp. do anfíbio, ’sapo ponta-de-flecha’ [identidade sequencial para AF439347 (94,9%)]. Esses resultados sugeriram que a homologia sequencial do gene 18S rRNA dos dois isolados de C. mesnili de macacos japoneses era semelhante a de um humano, além da semelhança morfológica, e a infecção de Retortamonas sp. do tipo anfíbio ao pequeno mangusto indiano destacou a possibilidade de ser afetado pelo habitat alimentar de seu hospedeiro.

Resumen Se presentan los primeros registros formales de dos especies de anfibios (dos salamandras) y 11 especies de reptiles (una lagartija, tres serpientes y siete tortugas) para el Bosque de Chapultepec, Ciudad de México; además se incluyen cuatro registros de confirmación de una especie de anfibio y tres de reptiles (una rana, una lagartija y dos serpientes) para el parque urbano. Se generaron 13 nuevos registros de herpetofauna para el Bosque de Chapultepec, nueve nuevos registros para la Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, un nuevo registro para la Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón y cuatro nuevos registros para la Ciudad de México. Se registra su presencia a través de avistamientos directos, recolectas y registros fotográficos obtenidos durante el muestreo en campo. De las 17 especies listadas en este trabajo, 11 (65%) son endémicas de México, cinco (29%) son introducidas, nueve (53%) están en alguna categoría de riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 y 14 (82%) están en alguna categoría de riesgo de la Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN).

Abstract The first formal records of two species of amphibians (two salamanders) and 11 species of reptiles (one lizard, three snakes, and seven turtles) are presented for the Bosque de Chapultepec, Mexico City; in addition, four confirmation records of one species of amphibian and three species of reptiles (one frog, one lizard and two snakes) are included for the urban park. 13 new herpetofauna records are generated for the Bosque de Chapultepec, nine new records for Miguel Hidalgo, one new record for Álvaro Obregón and four new records for Mexico City. Their presence is recorded through direct sightings, collections and photographic records obtained during field sampling. Of the 17 species listed in this work, 11 species (65%) are endemic to Mexico, five species (29%) are introduced, nine species (53%) are in some category of risk of the Mexican Official NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 and 14 species (82%) are in some category of risk of the International Union for Conservation of Nature´s (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.

RESUMEN Ambystoma mexicanum es un anfibio urodelo endémico del lago Xochimilco en México, perteneciente a la familia de salamandras Ambystomatidae. Esta especie se ha empleado frecuentemente como organismo modelo en laboratorios de biología del desarrollo y regeneración alrededor del mundo, dadas sus amplias capacidades regenerativas y adaptabilidad en condiciones de laboratorio. En esta revisión, se describe el establecimiento de la primera colonia de ajolotes en Colombia, para adelantar estudios de regeneración de tejidos, y se discuten las perspectivas de A. mexicanum como organismo modelo en el país, enfatizando sus posibles usos en regeneración y biología del desarrollo.

ABSTRACT Ambystoma mexicanum is a urodele amphibian endemic to Xochimilco Lake in Mexico, it belongs to the salamander family Ambystomatidae. This species has frequently been used as model organism in developmental biology and regeneration laboratories around the world due to its broad regenerative capacities and adaptability to laboratory conditions. In this review we describe the establishment of the first colony of axolotls in Colombia to study tissue regeneration and our perspectives on the use A. mexicanum as a model organism in Colombia are discussed emphasizing its possible uses in regeneration and developmental biology.

SUMMARY: The Ambystoma mexicanum commonly known as axolotl, is an amphibian and member of the genus Ambystoma which includes 32 species that can be found from southern Canada to central Mexico. Currently this species is in danger of extinction due to physicochemical changes in its environment and predation by organisms introduced into its habitat. Among the multiple strategies to aid in its conservation are the development of research programs, education and development of clinical management. The objective of this work is focused on obtaining and analyzing morphometric data accompanied by a description of the external and internal anatomy of the species Ambystoma mexicanum with the purpose of contributing to the conservation of this species. Therefore, five 2-year-old specimens of the Ambystoma mexicanum species, raised in captivity, were studied to obtain external and internal morphometric values using a vernier caliper, analytical balances and X-rays. The results of external observation showed the characteristic sexual dimorphism of these species present in the pericloacal zone. Furthermore, the radiographic analysis allowed to observe and point out some bony structures of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The specimens presented an average weight of 31.60 g and a length of 15.70 cm. The forelimbs showed a length of 2.92 cm and 2.8 cm in the hindlimbs. Analysis of the internal organs showed that the heart had a weight of 0.036 g and a length of 0.75 cm, the lungs a weight of 0.019 g and a length of 2.6 cm, the stomach had a length of 4.86 cm and the intestine 10.88 cm. In conclusion, the values presented in this work serve as a reference for future veterinary clinical research and zootechnical management of the axolotl for its conservation and preservation.

RESUMEN: El Ambystoma mexicanum o comúnmente llamado axolote, es un anfibio miembro del género Ambystoma que comprende 32 especies presentes desde el sur de Canadá hasta la región central de México. Actualmente esta especie se encuentra en peligro de extinción debido a cambios fisicoquímicos en su medio ambiente y la depredación por organismos introducidos en su hábitat. Dentro de las múltiples estrategias para su conservación se encuentran el desarrollo de programas de investigación, educación y desarrollo del manejo clínico. El objetivo del presente trabajo estuvo enfocado en obtener y analizar datos morfométricos acompañados por una descripción de la anatomía externa e interna de la especie Ambystoma mexicanum con el propósito de contribuir a su conservación. Por lo anterior, cinco ejemplares de la especie Ambystoma mexicanum de 2 años, criados en cautiverio, fueron estudiados para obtener valores morfométricos externos e internos utilizando un calibrador vernier, balanzas analíticas y rayos X. Los resultados de la observación externa mostraron el dimorfismo sexual característico de estas especies presentes en la zona peri cloacal, además, el análisis radiográfico permitió observar y señalar algunas estructuras óseas del esqueleto axial y apendicular. Los ejemplares presentaron un peso promedio de 31,6 g y una longitud de 15,7 cm. Los miembros anteriores mostraron una longitud de 2,92 cm y 2,8 cm en los miembros posteriores. El análisis de los órganos internos mostró que el corazón tiene un peso de 0,036 g y una longitud de 0,75 cm, los pulmones un peso de 0,019 g y una longitud de 2,6 cm, el estómago arrojó una longitud de 4,86 cm y el intestino 10,88 cm. En conclusión, los valores presentados en el presente trabajo sirven de referencia en futuros trabajos de investigación clínica veterinaria y manejo zootécnico del axolote para su conservación y preservación.

Resumo: A substituição das paisagens naturais por ambientes antropizados tem levado à perda de habitat e, consequentemente, ao declínio populacional e extinção de muitas espécies. Várias estratégias como a criação de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos têm sido adotadas para mitigar as consequências da crise de biodiversidade. Em Rio Verde, estado de Goiás, foi estabelecido um Programa Produtores de Água (PPA) que prevê o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos pela manutenção da vegetação ripária na região do ribeirão Abobora que abastece a cidade. Diante da ausência de estudos de diagnóstico ambiental da região, o presente estudo contribui para reduzir algumas lacunas de conhecimento, através da: i) caracterização da paisagem na área deste PPA, ii) caracterização das espécies da fauna (anfíbios, aves, peixes e mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte) e flora lenhosa que ocorrem neste local, iii) comparação da diversidade de espécies (fauna e flora) encontrada na área de estudo com aquela observada na rede de áreas protegidas do Cerrado. Nossos resultados revelam baixo índice de cobertura vegetal nativa (~21% da área total), mas por outro lado, registramos 300 espécies, sendo 20 de anfíbios anuros, 100 aves, 10 peixes, 16 mamíferos terrestres (médio e grande porte) e 154 plantas lenhosas. A nossa amostragem compreende espécies que são consideradas endêmicas do Cerrado (p.ex. Anfíbio - Barycholos terntezi e Mamífero - Callithrix penicillata), ameaçadas de extinção (p.ex. Mamíferos - Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Myrmecophaga tridactyla e Tapirus terrestris) ou exótica invasora (Mamífero - Sus scrofa). Os resultados apresentados no presente estudo são relevantes e podem auxiliar na proposição de ações de manejo no âmbito deste importante programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais.

Abstract: The replacement of natural landscapes by anthropic environments has led to habitat loss and consequently, to the decline and extinction of many species populations. Several strategies, such as the creation of protected areas (PAs) and payment for ecosystem services have been adopted to mitigate the consequences of this biodiversity crisis. In Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil, a Water Producer Program (WPP) was established, which provides payment for ecosystem services for the maintenance of riparian vegetation in the region of the Ribeirão Abóbora, a river which supplies the city and metropolitan area. In the absence of environmental diagnostic studies in the region, this present study contributes to reducing some knowledge gaps, through the: (i) characterization of the landscape in the WPP area, (ii) characterization of species of fauna (amphibians, birds, fish, and medium and large terrestrial mammals) and woody flora that occur in this area, and (iii) comparison of species diversity (fauna and flora) found in our study area with the diversity observed in the Cerrado protected area network. Our results reveal a low native vegetation cover (~21% of total area), but we recorded 300 total species: 20 species of anuran amphibians, 100 birds, 10 fish, 16 terrestrial mammals (medium and large), and 154 woody plants. Our sample comprises species considered endemic to the Cerrado (e.g., Anuran - Barycholos terntezi and Mammal - Callithrix penicillata), threatened species (e.g., Mammals - Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Tapirus terrestris), and exotic invasive species (Mammal - Sus scrofa). The results presented in this study are relevant and may help in the proposal of management actions within the scope of this important program of payment for environmental services.

Resumo Durante o levantamento de parasitas de anfíbios brasileiros do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 foi encontrado na bexiga urinária (11 vermes adultos) e nos rins (cinco vermes juvenis) da rã-pimenta Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824). Os parasitas foram examinados por microscopia e os genes 28S rDNA e COI foram sequenciados e analisados para o estudo molecular. As reconstruções filogenéticas resultaram em topologias idênticas com valores suportados nos nós na maioria dos clados, usando métodos de máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana e posicionaram G. parvicava no subclado formado por espécies da subfamília Gorgoderinae parasitando a bexiga urinária de anfíbios. Dados filogenéticos moleculares mostraram que esta espécie está relacionada a outras espécies de Gorgoderina. Além disso, novos dados moleculares e as análises de distâncias genéticas fornecem dados comparativos extras, que podem ser aplicados em futuras investigações sobre o status taxonômico e a diversidade entre Gorgoderina spp. e relações parasita-hospedeiro.

Abstract During a parasite survey in Brazilian amphibians from São Paulo state, Brazil, Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 was found in the urinary bladder (11 adult worms) and (five juvenile worms) in the kidneys of the pepper-frog Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824). Parasites were examined by microscopy and 28S rDNA and COI gene were sequenced and analyzed for the molecular study. The phylogenetic reconstructions resulted in identical topologies with highly supported values in the nodes in most clades using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods and positioned G. parvicava in the subclade formed by species of subfamily Gorgoderinae parasitizing the urinary bladder of amphibians. Molecular phylogenetic data showed that this species is related to other species of Gorgoderina. In addition, new molecular data and the analyses of genetic distances provide extra comparative data, which can be applied in further investigations on the taxonomic status and the diversity among Gorgoderina spp. and host-parasite relationships.

Abstract Moema, a genus of the Rivulidae family, currently comprises 20 valid species. Most of these species inhabit temporary pools in the Amazon basin and only one species is found in the upper Paraguay basin. A new member of this genus from the upper Río Madeira drainage is here described. Males of the new species differ from all congeners by the combination of a color pattern consisting of oblique, sometimes chevron-like, irregular rows of red and light blue double-dots on body; dark yellowish to golden pectoral fins with no visible markings; and a stripe pattern on the ventral section of caudal fin with a very narrow black marginal line, intermittent or even absent. The existence of infrageneric species groups within Moema, the geographic distribution and taxonomic aspects of the species present in the Ríos Mamoré and Iténez/Guaporé rivers drainages, and the observation of intraspecific aggression between males and amphibious lifestyle in the new species are discussed.

Resumen Moema, un género de la familia Rivulidae, actualmente comprende 20 especies válidas. La mayoría de estas especies habitan en charcos temporales de la cuenca amazónica y solo una especie se encuentra en la cuenca alta del Río Paraguay. Un nuevo miembro de este género de la cuenca alta del Río Madeira es descrito aquí. Los machos de la especie nueva se diferencian de todos los congéneres por la combinación de un patrón de color de filas irregulares oblicuas, a veces en forma de chevrón, de puntos dobles rojos y azul claro en el cuerpo; aletas pectorales de color amarillento oscuro a dorado sin marcas visibles; y un patrón de rayas en la sección ventral de la aleta caudal con una línea marginal negra muy estrecha, intermitente o incluso ausente. Se discute la existencia de grupos infragenéricos de especies dentro de Moema, la distribución geográfica y aspectos taxonómicos de las especies presentes en el drenaje de los Ríos Mamoré e Iténez/Guaporé, y la observación de agresión intraespecífica entre machos y estilo de vida anfibio en la nueva especie.

RESUMO Com as próprias patas: Como e onde o Sapinho-de-Jardim Rhinella dorbignyi constrói seus abrigos. Neste estudo, observamos que tocas de Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) são distribuídas de uma forma não-aleatória no habitat, sugerindo que esta espécie seleciona sítios para cavá-las. Esta conclusão foi baseada em uma caracterização de 36 tocas e do micro-habitat que as cerca. Estabelecemos um quadrante de 1 m x 1 m com a toca como seu ponto central (n=36) para medir a porcentagem (densidade) e a altura média de gramíneas, plantas herbáceas e arbustos. Todas as medidas foram repetidas em dois quadrantes não utilizados (sem tocas), para avaliar o micro-habitat disponível ao anfíbio (n=72). As tocas são construídas em áreas específicas do habitat com maior porcentagem de gramíneas, ervas mais altas, menos arbustos presentes e pouca área sombreada. Baseado em modelos tridimensionais do interior das tocas (n=15), observamos que todas elas são construídas com uma abertura elíptica que se abre para um canal estreito, perpendicular ao chão. Os canais têm diâmetro máximo médio de 38 mm e diâmetro mínimo médio de 18 mm. O comprimento médio das tocas é de 182 mm, e o volume médio é de 95 mL.

ABSTRACT In this study, we observed that burrows of Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) are distributed in a non-random manner in the habitat, suggesting a microhabitat selection for digging. This conclusion was based on a characterization of 36 burrows and surrounding micro-habitat. We established a 1 m x 1 m quadrat with the burrow in its central point (n=36) to measure the percentage (density) and the average heights of grasses, herbs, and shrubs. All measurements were repeated in two unused quadrats (without burrows) to evaluate the available microhabitat (n=72). The burrows are built in specific areas of the habitat with a higher percentage of grass, taller herbs, lower density of shrubs and low shaded sites than the founded at control sites. Based on three-dimensional models of the interior of the burrow (n=15), we observed that all of them were constructed with an elliptical opening that opens into a narrow channel perpendicular to the ground. Channels had a mean maximum diameter of 38 mm and a mean minimum diameter of 18 mm. The mean length of the burrows is 182 mm, and the mean volume is 95 mL.

ABSTRACT We report for the first time the predation of an adult Chilean frog (Calyptocephalella gayi) by the Cocoi heron (Ardea cocoi), an event that was recorded in video. The observation was made in the summer of 2021 in a pond located in an area disturbed by livestock farming. This record adds to the scarce information about predation on Chilean frog, particularly on large adults, suggesting an important role of A. cocoi as a predator of aquatic amphibians in Chile.

RESUMEN Se reporta por primera vez la depredación de un adulto de rana chilena (Calyptocephalella gayi) por la garza cuca (Ardea cocoi), evento que se registró en video. La observación se realizó en el verano de 2021 en una laguna ubicada en una zona perturbada por la ganadería. Este registro se añade a la escasa información acerca la depredación sobre la rana chilena, particularmente sobre adultos de gran tamaño, sugiriendo un importante rol de A. cocoi como depredador de anfibios acuáticos en Chile.

Abstract: Ambystoma mexicanum is in danger of extinction in free-living, due to anthropogenic actions; sperm cryopreservation for captive breeding can help in its ex-situ conservation. This research aimed to identify the viability of fresh and post-thawing sperm from different spermatophores. During the breeding season, spermatophores releasing was induced in nine specimens by reducing water temperature. The mean concentration per spermatophores was 2.6 ± 0.6 x104 sperm. A reduction of 30 % of living sperms and an increase of 15 % of abnormal morphology were determined in fresh and post-thawing sperm. With the WGA and PNA lectins bounded to FITC, two different fluorescence patterns were determined in each one, which showed the membrane presence and distribution of N-acetyl glucosamine, sialic acid, and mannose respectively. Sperm percentages in each fluorescence pattern showed differences associated with the number of spermatophores in each release. Differences in sperm viability from releases with different numbers of spermatophores were determined. The sperm collection and cryopreservation protocol of A mexicanum were efficient as tools for using cryopreserved semen for ex situ reproduction.

Resumen: El Ambystoma mexicanum se encuentra en peligro de extinción en vida libre, debido a efectos antropogénicos; la criopreservación espermática para su reproducción en cautiverio, puede ayudar a su conservación ex situ. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la viabilidad en fresco y post descongelación de espermatozoides provenientes de diferentes espermatóforos. Durante la temporada reproductiva se indujo en nueve ejemplares, la liberación de espermatóforos mediante la reducción de la temperatura del agua. La concentración promedio por espermatóforo fue de 2.6 ± 0.6 X104 espermatozoides. Se determinó en espermatozoides en fresco y post descongelación, una reducción del 30% de espermatozoides vivos y un incremento de 15 % de morfología anormal. Con las lectinas WGA y PNA, unidas a FITC, se determinaron dos patrones de fluorescencia distintos con cada una, lo cual evidencio la presencia y distribución membranal de N-acetil glucosamina, ácido siálico y manosa respectivamente. Los porcentajes de espermatozoides con cada patrón de fluorescencia mostraron diferencias asociadas al número de espermatóforos de cada liberación. Se determinaron diferencias en la viabilidad de espermatozoides obtenidos de liberaciones con diferente número de espermatóforos. El protocolo para la obtención y criopreservación espermática de A mexicanum, fue eficiente como herramienta para utilizar semen criopreservado para su reproducción ex situ.

RESUMEN El axolotl o ajolote es un anfibio caudado utilizado en numerosos estudios biomédicos por su capacidad regenerativa. Actualmente se encuentra en la categoría de peligro crítico de extinción a consecuencia de la contaminación acuática, caza indiscriminada e introducción de especies invasoras en su medioambiente natural. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los rangos de parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos de axolotls cautivos en Lima, Perú, para que puedan ser utilizados como referencia durante la evaluación clínica en laboratorios biomédicos y consultorios veterinarios de especies no convencionales. El estudio se realizó en una colección privada de axolotls en el distrito de San Juan de Miraflores, Lima. Se emplearon 27 axolotls, los cuales fueron restringidos químicamente para realizar la colecta de sangre, lográndose establecer rangos referenciales para 13 parámetros hematológicos y 10 bioquímicos.

ABSTRACT The axolotl is a caudate amphibian used in numerous biomedical studies for its regenerative capacity. It is currently in the category of critical danger of extinction because of aquatic pollution, indiscriminate hunting and introduction of invasive species into its environment. The objective of the present study was to determine the ranges of haematological and biochemical parameters of captive axolotls in Lima, Perú, so that they can be used as reference values during the clinical evaluation in biomedical laboratories and veterinary clinics of unconventional species. The study was carried out in a private collection of axolotls in the district of San Juan de Miraflores, Lima. In total, 27 axolotls were used, which were chemically restricted to perform the blood collection, establishing reference ranges for 13 haematological and 10 biochemical parameters.

Resumen Introducción: Rhinella schneideri está ampliamente distribuida en Suramérica y su veneno es caracterizado por inducir cardiotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad. Objetivo: En este trabajo, investigamos estrategias farmacológicas para atenuar la neurotoxicidad periférica inducida por el veneno de R. schneideri en preparaciones neuromusculares de aves. Métodos: Los experimentos fueron realizados usando preparaciones de biventer cervicis de pollos sometidas a estimulación de campo para el registro de las contracciones musculares o expuestas a la acetilcolina y al cloruro de potasio para la respuesta contractural. Resultados: El veneno (10 µg/ml) provocó un bloqueo neuromuscular completo en las preparaciones después de aproximadamente 70 min de incubación (tiempos para 50 y 90 % de bloqueo: 15 ± 3 min y 40 ± 2 min, respectivamente; P < 0.05, N = 5); las contracturas en respuesta a la acetilcolina y el KCl exógenos no fueron afectadas por el veneno, indicando que no hay una interacción especifica con receptores postsinápticos o miotoxicidad respectivamente. El bloqueo neuromuscular causado por el veneno (10 µg/ml) no fue prevenido por la heparina (5 y 150 UI/ml) bajo condiciones pre y post-tratamiento. La incubación a bajas temperaturas (23-25 ºC) abolió el bloqueo neuromuscular; después de aumentar la temperatura a 37 ºC, el bloqueo neuromuscular total fue levemente más lento que el visto en preparaciones directamente incubadas a 37 ºC (tiempos para 50 y 90 % de bloqueo: 23 ± 2 min y 60 ± 2.5 min, respectivamente; P < 0.05, N= 4). Neostigmina (3.3 µM) no revirtió el bloqueo neuromuscular, mientras que 3.4-diaminopiridina (91.6 µM) produjo una reversión parcial y sostenida de las respuestas neuromusculares (29 ± 7.8 % de la reversión máxima alcanzada en aproximadamente 40 min de incubación; P < 0.05, N = 4). Conclusiones: El veneno de R. schneideri indujo neurotoxicidad periférica potente in vitro, el cual puede ser revertido por 3.4-diaminopiridina.

Abstract Introduction: Rhinella schneideri is a toad widely distributed in South America and its poison is characterized by inducing cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Objective: In this work, we investigated pharmacological strategies to attenuate the peripheral neurotoxicity induced by R. schneideri poison in avian neuromuscular preparation. Methods: The experiments were carried out using isolated chick biventer cervicis preparation subjected to field stimulation for muscle twitches recordings or exposed to acetylcholine and potassium chloride for contracture responses. Results: Poison (10 μg/ml) produced complete neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis preparation within approximately 70 min incubation (times for 50 and 90 % blockade: 15 ± 3 min and 40 ± 2 min, respectively; P < 0.05, N= 5); contracture responses to exogenous acetylcholine and KCl were unaffected by poison indicating no specificity with postsynaptic receptors or myotoxicity, respectively. Poison (10 μg/ml)-induced neuromuscular blockade was not prevented by heparin (5 and 150 IU/ml) under pre- or post-treatment conditions. Incubation at low temperature (23-25 °C) abolished the neuromuscular blockade; after raising the temperature to 37 °C, the complete neuromuscular blockade was slightly slower than that seen in preparations directly incubated at 37 °C (times for 50 and 90 % blockade: 23 ± 2 min and 60 ± 2.5 min, respectively; P < 0.05, N= 4). Neostigmine (3.3 μM) did not reverse the neuromuscular blockade in BC preparation whereas 3,4-diaminopyridine (91.6 μM) produced a partial and sustained reversal of the twitch responses (29 ± 7.8 % of maximal reversal reached in approximately 40 min incubation; P < 0.05, N= 4). Conclusions: R. schneideri poison induces potent peripheral neurotoxicity in vitro which can be partially reversible by 3,4-diaminopyridine.

RESUMEN El artículo describe y analiza las tensiones y disputas por la propiedad y el uso de los humedales naturales en un área protegida en el Caribe colombiano, llamada Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado Complejo Cenagoso Ciénaga de Zarate, Malibú y Veladero (DRMI-CCZMV). El caso estudiado es asociado, por un lado, con fenómenos globales, como el cambio climático, el acaparamiento de tierras y agua, y la relación de este con el capitalismo neoliberal. Por otro lado, se describen procesos históricos más localizados, como son los conflictos entre distintos actores por el uso de los recursos. Para el análisis de esta problemática se propone el concepto de despojo en territorios anfibios, con el propósito de entender las disputas históricas que se dan en estos escenarios complejos.

ABSTRACT In this article, we describe and analyze the tensions and disputes over the ownership and use of natural wetlands in a protected area in the Colombian Caribbean, called Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado Complejo Cenagoso Ciénaga de Zarate, Malibú y Veladero (DRMI-CCZMV). The case under study is associated, on the one hand, with global phenomena such as climate change, land and water grabbing, and their relationship with neoliberal capitalism. On the other, it describes more localized historical processes, such as conflicts between different actors over resource use. To analyze this problem, we propose the concept of dispossession in amphibious territories, in order to understand the historical disputes that occur in these complex environments.

RESUMO O artigo descreve e analisa as tensões e disputas pela propriedade e pelo uso das áreas úmidas naturais numa área protegida no Caribe colombiano, chamada Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado Complejo Cenagoso Ciénaga de Zarate, Malibú y Veladero (DRMI-CCZMV). O caso estudado é associado, por um lado, a fenômenos globais, como a mudança climática, o monopólio de terras e de água, e a relação deste com o capitalismo neoliberal. Por outro lado, descrevem-se processos históricos mais localizados, como são os conflitos entre diferentes atores pelo uso dos recursos. Para a análise dessa problemática, propõe-se o conceito de “espoliação em territórios anfíbios”, com o propósito de entender as disputas históricas que acontecem nesses cenários complexos.

SUMMARY: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, VEGFR-2, are known to regulate blood vessel endothelium growth. They play important role in human and rodents teeth development. In newt jaws, there are sequential developmental teeth germs following behind the mature teeth. We examined the immunohistochemical localization of VEGF and its receptor and showed the specific expression pattern of VEGF and VEGF receptor in Cynops pyrrhogaster sequential tooth development. The intensity of immunoreactivity for VEGF in the inner enamel epithelium was weaker than that in the outer enamel epithelium in the dentine matrix formation and mineralization stages. Finally, at the enameloid maturation and enamel-like matrix formation stage, immunoreactivity for VEGF in inner enamel epithelium was stronger than in the outer enamel epithelium. The intensity of immunoreactivity for VEGFR-2 was positive for the outer enamel epithelium throughout tooth development. The crown sides of the odontoblasts were stained especially strongly for VEGF and VEGFR-2 during the dentine matrix formation and mineralization stage of the enameloid maturation and enamel- like matrix formation stage. We postulate that the expression of VEGF in the inner enamel epithelium and odontoblast widely effects tooth development in newts, as well as in human and rodents.

RESUMEN: Se sabe que el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (VEGF) y su receptor, VEGFR-2, regulan el crecimiento del endotelio de los vasos sanguíneos. Desempeñan un papel importante en el desarrollo de los dientes humanos y de los roedores. En las mandíbulas de tritón, hay gérmenes dentales de desarrollo secuenciales que siguen a los dientes maduros. Examinamos la localización inmunohistoquímica de VEGF y su receptor y mostramos el patrón de expresión específico de VEGF y receptor de VEGF en el desarrollo secuencial de dientes de Cynops pyrrhogaster. La intensidad de la inmunorreactividad para VEGF en el epitelio interno del esmalte era más débil que en el epitelio externo del esmalte en las etapas de formación y mineralización de la matriz de dentina. Finalmente, en la etapa de maduración del esmalte y de formación de la matriz similar al esmalte, la inmunorreactividad para VEGF en el epitelio interno del esmalte fue más fuerte que en el epitelio externo del esmalte. La intensidad de la inmunorreactividad para VEGFR- 2 fue positiva para el epitelio externo del esmalte durante el desarrollo del diente. Los márgenes de la corona de los odontoblastos se tiñeron especialmente para VEGF y VEGFR-2 durante la etapa de formación de la matriz de dentina y mineralización de la etapa de maduración del esmalte y la etapa de formación de la matriz similar al esmalte. Postulamos que la expresión de VEGF en el epitelio interno del esmalte y odontoblastos afecta ampliamente el desarrollo de los dientes en tritones, así como en humanos y roedores.