Resumen Introducción.Fusariumsp yAlternariasp son hongos fitopatógenos que causan serios problemas en cultivos y en el sector agrícola, situación que genera pérdidas económicas importantes. Además, debido a la producción de micotoxinas representan una amenaza para la salud de los consumidores y para las plantas. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad antifúngica del extracto etanólico de hojas de borraja (Borago officinalis)sobreFusariumsp yAlternariasp. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó la identificación cualitativa y cuantitativa de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico deB. officinalis, posteriormente,FusariumspyAlternariasp. fueron secuenciadas por estudios moleculares mediante la amplificación de la región ITS (espaciador transcribible interno) del ADN ribosomal y finalmente, se evaluó la actividad antifúngica del extracto sobre las cepas previamente reconocidas mediante la prueba de crecimiento radial por técnica de difusión en agar. Resultados. El extracto etanólico de las hojas deB. officinaliscontiene alcaloides, flavonoides, fenoles, polifenoles y saponinas, de los cuales los polifenoles y los flavonoides presentan una concentración de 19,08±0,01 miligramos equivalentes de ácido gálico (EAG) por gramo de extracto y 28,12±0,06 miligramos equivalentes de catequina (Qe) por gramo de extracto, respectivamente. La secuenciación de los aislamientos evaluados mostró una alta similitud (>98%) con varias especies de Fusarium sp yAlternariasp, mientras que los ensayos de actividad antifúngica del extracto mostraron actividad fungistática por parte deB. officinalisal ser 16 mg.l-1el tratamiento más efectivo para ambos aislamientos evaluados con un porcentaje de inhibición de 90,3±0,9% paraAlternariasp y 86,6±2,2% paraFusariumsp, dondeAlternariasp presentó mayor susceptibilidad frente al extracto de las hojas deB. officinalis. Conclusión. Los resultados de esta investigación proporcionan uno de los primeros reportes de la actividad antifúngica deBorago officinalissobreFusariumsp yAlternariasp.

Abstract Introduction.Fusariumsp andAlternariasp are phytopathogenic fungi that cause serious problems in crops and in the agricultural sector, situation that generates significant economic losses. In addition, due to the production of mycotoxins, they pose a threat to the health of consumers and plants. Objective. To evaluate the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of borraja leaves (Borago officinalis) onFusariumsp andAlternariasp. Materials and methods. Qualitative and quantitative identification of the secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic extract ofB. officinaliswas carried out, later,Fusariumsp andAlternariasp were sequenced by molecular studies by amplifying the ITS (internal transcribable spacer) region of ribosomal DNA and finally, antifungal activity of the extract on previously recognized strains was evaluated by means of radial growth test using agar diffusion technique. Results. Ethanolic extract ofB. officinalisleaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols and saponins, of which polyphenols and flavonoids have a concentration of 19.08±0.01 milligrams equivalent of gallic acid (EAG) per gram of extract and 28.12±0.06 milligrams equivalent of catechin (Qe) per gram of extract, respectively. Molecular sequencing of the evaluated isolates showed a high similarity (> 98%) with several species ofFusariumsp andAlternaria sp, while antifungal activity tests of the extract showed fungistatic activity byB. officinalis, with 16 mg.l-1being the most effective treatment for both isolates evaluated with an inhibition percentage of 90.3±0.9% forAlternariasp and 86.6±2.2% forFusariumsp, whereAlternariasp presented greater susceptibility to the extract ofB. officinalisleaves. Conclusion. The results of this investigation provide one of the first reports of the antifungal activity ofBorago officinalisonFusariumsp andAlternariasp.

Abstract Fungi develop upon pine seeds during storage, and deteriorate their quality. The objective of this study was to identify the fungal genera that are associated with the seeds of Pinus montezumae and P. greggii in two relative humidities (HR). They were stored at 60 and 80 % RH at 5 °C. The samplings were made for 180 days. Seed moisture content (HS), fungal free seeds (SLH) were assessed and fungal genera (GH) were identified by colony morphology. In HS and SLH, a completely randomized experimental design was applied and a comparison of means was made. All sources of variation were significant. The mean HS per species was 9.59 and 12.37 % and SLH of 64.52 and 69.28 % for P. greggii and P. montezumae, respectively. In the P. greggii seed stored at 60 HR, HS was 7.97 %, with 66.19 % in SLH and at 80 HR, 11.21 % and 62.85 % in SLH. For P. montezumae at 60 HR, the HS was 10.21 % and 71.42 % in SLH; at 80 HR, HS was 14.53 % and 67.14 % in SLH. The GH identified promote the deterioration of the seeds; they were: Alternaria sp, in P. greggii at 60 HR it was not observed, Penicillium sp. increased and predominated after 120 days, Fusarium sp. was constant; Aspergillus sp. and Rizhopus sp., appeared sporadically

Resumen Las semillas de pinos durante su almacenamiento pueden presentar hongos que deterioran su calidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en identificar los géneros fúngicos que se asocian a las semillas de Pinus montezumae y P. greggii en dos humedades relativas (HR). Se les almacenó a 60 y 80 % de HR a 5 °C. Los muestreos se hicieron durante 180 días. Se evaluó el contenido de humedad de semilla (HS), las semillas libres de hongos (SLH); y se identificaron los géneros de los hongos (GH) por la morfología de sus colonias. En HS y SLH se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar y se hizo una comparación de medias. Todas las fuentes de variación fueron significativas. La HS media por especie fue de 9.59 y de 12.37 %; la SLH de 64.52 y 69.28 % para P. greggii y P. montezumae, respectivamente. En la semilla de P. greggii almacenada a 60 HR, la HS fue de 7.97 %, con 66.19 % en SLH y a 80 HR, de 11.21 % y 62.85 % en SLH. Para P. montezumae a 60 HR, la HS fue de 10.21 % y de 71.42 % en SLH; a 80 HR, la HS fue de 14.53 % y 67.14 % en SLH. Los GH identificados que promueven el deterioro de las semillas fueron: Alternaria sp, que en P. greggii a 60 HR no se observó; Penicillium sp incrementó y predominó a partir de los 120 días; Fusarium sp. fue constante; de forma esporádica se presentaron Aspergillus sp y Rizhopus sp.

Abstract The vertical distribution of fungi in seven types of pine leaves of Pinus arizonica, P. cembroides, and P. pseudostrobus was studied during one year by the method of isolation in culture medium in Petri dishes (indirect method) and by the use of moist chambers (direct method). 57 taxa of fungi were identified by the culture medium method, 56 taxa are adscribed to the Phyla Ascomycota and only one species (Gymnopus androsaceus) belongs to the Phyla Basidiomycota; Lophodermium australe, Pestalotia stevensonii and Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii were the most abundant species; Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata and Ceuthospora sp. were the most frequent taxa. By the moist chamber method 28 taxa were determined; Lophodermium australe, Preussia sp., and Pestalotia stevensonii were the most abundant species; Preussia sp., and Coniochaeta ligniaria were the most frequent species. Well defined patterns of fungi were observed in both methods for the three pine species and for the studied leave types. Pinus arizonica, registered the bigger fungal diversity followed by P. pseudostrobus and P. cembroides. As the leaf degradation rate grows, the number of species of fungi decrease.

Resumen Se estudió la distribución vertical de hongos en siete tipos de hojas de Pinus arizonica, P. cembroides y P. pseudostrobus mediante los métodos de aislamiento en medio de cultivo en caja de Petri (método indirecto) y con el uso de cámaras húmedas (método directo) durante un año. Por el método de cultivo se obtuvieron 57 taxones, 56 se adscriben al Phyla Ascomycota y solo uno (Gymnopus androsaceus) a Basidiomycota; Lophodermium australe, Pestalotia stevensonii y Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii fueron las especies más abundantes; mientras que Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata y Ceuthospora sp resultaron las más frecuentes. Con la cámara húmeda se identificaron 28 taxones; Lophodermium australe, Preussia sp. y Pestalotia stevensonii fueron más abundantes; Preussia sp. y Coniochaeta ligniaria fueron los hongos más frecuentes. Para los dos métodos, P. arizonica presentó la mayor diversidad de hongos, seguida de P. pseudostrobus y P. cembroides. Se observaron patrones definidos de hongos en cada una de las especies de pinos y para los tipos de hojas estudiados, de estos últimos, las muertas en el suelo y las grises presentaron la diversidad fúngica más alta. Conforme avanza su grado de descomposición, el número de especies de hongos disminuye.

Abstract The Bacillales order has been reported to exhibit an antagonistic activity toward some phytopathogens. In addition, several studies have mentioned the presence of some species of this order in the vermicompost leachate. In the present study , the antagonistic effect of five Bacillales strains on the mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani and Rhizopus sp. was evaluated. Five bacterial strains were isolated from vermicompost leachate and identified by their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Subsequently these strains and a standard Bacillus subtilis strain were used to observe the competition against four fungi strains by determining the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth. Significant differences in percentage inhibition were founded among strains. The greatest antagonistic capacity was observed in Bacillus licheniformis and B. badius. Results showed that vermicompost leachate containing Bacillales strains could be used as a biocontrol agent of various pathogenic fungi, runing to a more effective and environmentally-friendly product to control those phytopathogens.

Resumen El orden Bacillales se ha descrito como antagónico de fitopatógenos, además se ha mencionado en varios estudios algunas especies de este orden se encuentra en lixiviados de lombricomposta. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto antagónico de cinco cepas del orden Bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre el crecimiento micelial de Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, y Rhizopus sp. Se aislaron e identificaron cinco cepas bacterianas por características morfológicas y bioquímicas de los lixiviados de lombricomposta, las cuales junto con Bacillus subtilis “tipo” se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial, siendo Bacillus licheniformis y B. badius las que mostraron los mejores resultados sobre los cinco hongos fitopatógenos evaluados. Estos resultados demuestran la presencia de cepas el orden Bacillales en los lixiviados de lombricomposta, así como su efecto antagónico de diversos hongos fitopatógenos.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the cereals with the largest area planted worldwide due to its importance in food and feed. There are many etiological agents that cause diseases in maize plants; however, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg is one of the molds to which special attention has been paid to its wide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas, their toxigenic capacity and endurance. For this reason, the incidence of F. verticillioides and the fumonisin content in white maize grains of eleven hybrids destined for human consumption from Guárico and Yaracuy, Venezuela, were evaluated. Method: The quantification of toxigenic species was done by direct sowing whole grains and disinfected with NaClO at 3.27%, on the malt salt agar medium, expressing the results as percentages of grains colonized by total molds and by potentially toxigenic species. The fumonisin content was quantified by the immunoaffinity method with fumonisin columns (B1 + B2). Results: No significant statistical differences were observed for the incidence of F. verticillioides and the concentration of fumonisins in the samples evaluated in both. The mycobiota associated with the corn kernels were Aspergillus flavus, A. Niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Eurotium chevalieri, F. verticillioides, Penicillium spp. Alternaria sp and Curvularia sp. The highest average incidence of toxigenic molds was obtained by A. flavus (24.3%), F. verticillioides (14.6%) and Penicillium sp. (4.4%) in Yaracuy; however, in Guárico were F. verticillioides (16.7%) and Penicillium spp. (13.8%). The average concentration of fumonisins in Yaracuy and Guárico was 1.8 and 8.4 μg / g, respectively, exceeding the limit allowed for human consumption (1 μg / g). Discussion: Based on the low incidence of F. verticillioides and the low levels of fumonisins detected in hybrids D1B-348 (from Guárico) and D1B-246 (from Yaracuy), it is recommended to use them in the respective states, as a measure of control of the pathogen at the field level and avoid possible contamination with fumonisins.

Resumen El maíz (Zea mays L.) es uno de los cereales con mayor superficie sembrada a nivel mundial, debido a su importancia en la alimentación humana y animal. Son muchos los agentes etiológicos que ocasionan enfermedades en la plantas de maíz; sin embargo, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg, es uno de los mohos a los cuales se le ha prestado especial atención por su amplia distribución, especialmente en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, su capacidad toxigénica y su resistencia. Por tal motivo, se evaluó la incidencia de F. verticillioides y el contenido de fumonisinas en granos de maíz blanco de once híbridos destinados al consumo humano provenientes de los estados Guárico y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Método: La cuantificación de especies toxigénicas se realizó por siembra directa de granos enteros y desinfectados con NaClO al 3,27%, sobre el medio malta sal agar, expresando los resultados como porcentajes de granos colonizados por mohos totales y por especies potencialmente toxigénicas. El contenido de fumonisinas se cuantificó por el método inmunoquímico con columnas de inmunoafinidad para fumonisinas (B1+B2). Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para la incidencia de F. verticillioides y la concentración de fumonisinas en las muestras evaluadas en ambos estados. La micobiota asociada a los granos de maíz fueron Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Eurotium chevalieri, F. verticillioides, Penicillium spp. Alternaria sp., y Curvularia sp. La mayor incidencia promedio de mohos toxigénicos la obtuvieron A. flavus (24,3%), F. verticillioides (14,6%) y Penicillium sp. (4,4%) en Yaracuy; no obstante, en Guárico fueron F. verticillioides (16,7%) y Penicillium spp. (13,8%). La concentración promedio de fumonisinas en Yaracuy y Guárico fue de 1,8 y 8,4µg/g, respectivamente, superando el límite permitido para consumo humano (1 µg/g). Discusión: Con base en la baja incidencia de F. verticillioides y los bajos contenidos de fumonisinas detectados en los híbridos D1B-348 (proveniente de Guárico) y D1B-246 (proveniente de Yaracuy), se recomienda su uso en los respectivos estados, como medida de control del patógeno a nivel de campo y evitar la posible contaminación con fumonisinas.

Plant endophytes help in maintaining plant health by means of their biofertilizer and biocontrol attributes and, are currently being explored for their ability to produce novel biologically active compounds. Herein, we have isolated beneficial endophytic bacteria from Echinacea purpurea (EF.B3) and Lonicera japonica (LS.B11) that showed phosphate solubilization, siderophore, indole acetic acid and hydrogen cyanide production, and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Additionally, the endophytes also conferred antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp. and Alternaria sp. When tested in plantae, the LS.B11 and EF.B3 strains were able to promote plant growth and control fungal infections in peaseedlings. Both strains were found to be endophytic as tested by RAPD and viability count. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we show that the LS.B11 and EF.B3 strains are related to Pseudomonas sp. And Burkholderia sp. By using degenerate primers, we identified genes related to polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases in EF.B3 and LS.B11, respectively that are typically involved in the production of antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, we conclude that both endophytes can be used for increasing agriculture productivity and in the production of antimicrobial compounds for crop improvement.

A termoterapia é um tratamento físico, que consiste na exposição das sementes à ação do calor em combinação com o tempo. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), recém-colhidas e armazenadas por três anos, submetidas à termoterapia. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: no primeiro, a termoterapia foi realizada com sementes de erva-doce recém-colhidas obtidas de diferentes sistemas de plantio: T1 - erva-doce solteira tratada com inseticida thiamethoxam; T2 - erva-doce solteira sem aplicação do inseticida; T3 - erva-doce consorciada com algodão e tratada com inseticida; T4 - erva-doce consorciada sem aplicação do inseticida. No segundo experimento utilizaram-se sementes armazenadas por três anos obtidas de plantas tratadas e não tratadas com inseticida. As sementes foram submetidas a diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor seco (0; 3; 6; 9, 12 e 15 dias) a 70 °C. Os testes realizados foram: sanidade, germinação, primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. Os sistemas de plantio não influenciaram na incidência do fungo Alternaria sp. As sementes de erva-doce armazenadas, oriundas de plantas tratadas com inseticida, possuem maior qualidade sanitária e fisiológica. O período de 12 dias de termoterapia é eficiente no controle do fungo Alternaria sp. sem proporcionar perdas na viabilidade das sementes de erva-doce.

Thermotherapy is a physical treatment consisting of the exposure of seeds to the action of heat over time. The aim was to assess the health and physiological quality of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), both freshly harvested and stored for three years, and submitted to thermotherapy. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, thermotherapy was carried out on freshly-harvested fennel seeds obtained under different cropping systems: T1 - Monocrop fennel treated with the insecticide, thiamethoxam; T2 - Monocrop fennel without the application of insecticide; T3 - Fennel intercropped with cotton and treated with insecticide; T4 - Intercropped fennel without the application of insecticide. In the second experiment, seeds were used which had been stored for three years and obtained from plants, both treated and untreated with insecticide. The seeds were exposed to dry heat for different periods (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days) at 70 °C. The tests performed included: health, germination, first count, speed germination index, seedling length and dry weight. The cropping systems had no influence on the incidence of the fungus Alternaria sp. Stored fennel seeds coming from plants treated with insecticide, display better health and physiological quality. A period of 12 days of thermotherapy is effective in controlling the fungus Alternaria sp. without causing losses in the viability of the fennel seeds.

En la vereda San Pedrito, Municipio de Timbío, departamento del Cauca, se observó el estado fitosanitario con respecto a enfermedades fúngicas presentes en 12 especies y 3 variedades de zingiberales. Después de observar en campo las sintomatologías, se tomaron muestras del material vegetal y se cultivaron en el laboratorio, donde se logró identificar enfermedades ocasionadas principalmente por los hongos Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Dipliodia sp., Pestalotia sp., Mycosphaerella musicola, Cordana musicola, Sclerotinia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Nigrospora sp., Cercospora sp., Monilia sp., Rhizoctonia sp.; también se desarrollaron diagramas estándares de severidad para evaluar el ataque causando por los patógenos, determinando el área de las hojas e inflorescencias en cm2 y severidades del 1%, 5%, 10%, 25% y 50%, que corresponden a los grados 1, 3, 5, 7 y 9; encontrando que los hongos fitopatógenos que presentaron mayor severidad (grado 9) fueron Alternaria sp. y Nigrospora sp., en la variedad H. griggsiana y la severidad más baja (grado 5) fue ocasionada por Fusarium oxysporum, afectando tanto las inflorescencias como el follaje en las variedades Strelitzia reginae y Etlingera.

In the village of San Pedrito, Municipality of Timbío, Department of Cauca, the fungal diseases present in twelve species and three varieties of Zingiberales was observed. After observing the symptomatology on the field, samples of plant material were analysed in the laboratory, where diseases caused mainly by fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Dipliodia sp., Pestalotia sp. Mycosphaerella musicola, Cordana musicola, Sclerotinia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Nigrospora sp., Cercospora sp., Monilia sp., Rhizoctonia sp., were identified. In adition, standard severity diagrams for assessing the attack caused by pathogens were graphicated, determining the area of leaves and inflorescences in cm2 and severities of 1%, 5%, 10%, 25% and 50%, which corresponding to grades 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. The fungal pathogen more severe (grade 9) were Alternaria sp.,and Nigrospora sp., in the variety H. griggsiana and a lower severity (grade 5) was caused by Fusarium oxysporum, affecting both, the inflorescence and the foliage on Etlingera and Strelitzia reginae varieties.

No povoado San Pedrito do município de Timbio no estado do Cauca, observou-se o estado fitossanitário com relação a doenças micóticas de 12 espécies e três variedades de zingiberales. Amostras vegetais foram coletadas e cultivadas no laboratório, identificando-se doenças causadas pelos seguintes fungos Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Dipliodia sp., Pestalotia sp., Mycosphaerella musicola, Cordana musicola, Sclerotinia sp., Helminthosporium sp., Nigrospora sp., Cercospora sp., Monilia sp., Rhizoctonia sp. Além disso,foram desenvolvidos diagramas padronizados de severidade para determinar o ataque causado pelos patógenos, na área das folhas e inflorescências em cm2 e na porcentagem de severidade de 1%, 5%, 10%, 25% e 50%, correspondentes aos graus 1,3,5,7 e 9. Determinando-se que o maior grau de severidade (9) foi provocado pelos fungos Alternaria sp. e Nigrospora sp na variedade H. griggsiana. e a menor severidade (5) foi produzida por Fusarium oxysporum atingindo às inflorescências e folhas das variedades Strelitzia reginae e Etlingera.

Toona canker is a disease characterized by thickening in stems and branches, causing vertical cracks in the cortex and disabling the wood for industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of fungi in seeds of Toona ciliata and verify the pathogenicity of Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. as causers of canker. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Departamento de Protección Vegetal of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción. The blotter method and PDA culture medium (potato, dextrose agar) were employed to evaluate the health of the seeds, using in each case 400 seeds. In the greenhouse, a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replicates was used; the experimental unit consisted of 20 pots with one seedling each. Treatments consisted of inoculation of seedlings with application of a disk of 5 mm of fungi Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. in the stems, and the control treatment following Koch's Postulates. Plants were evaluated at 35 and 70 days post inoculation. Data were analysed for variance and the means compared by Tukey test. Identified fungi were Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. and Helminthosporium sp. It is concluded that Fusarium sp. and Phomopsis sp. are pathogenic, causing the disease known as Toona canker

El cancro de la Toona es una enfermedad caracterizada por engrosamientos en el fuste y ramas, provocando rajaduras verticales en la corteza e inutilizando la madera para la industria. Con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia de hongos en semillas de Toona ciliata y verificar la patogenicidad de Fusarium sp. y Phomopsis sp. como causantes del cancro, fueron realizados experimentos en el laboratorio e invernadero del departamento de Protección Vegetal de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Para evaluar la sanidad de semillas fueron empleados el método de papel secante y medio de cultivo PDA (papa, dextrosa y agar), utilizando 400 semillas en cada caso. En invernadero, se empleó el diseño Completamente al Azar, con 3 tratamientos y 5 repeticiones, siendo la unidad experimental, 20 macetas con un plantin cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en inoculaciones de los plantines con un disco de 5 mm de los hongos Fusarium sp. y Phomopsis sp. en los tallos, además del tratamiento testigo, siguiendo los Postulados de Koch. Las plantas fueron evaluadas a los 35 y 70 días post inoculación. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza y las medias comparadas por el Test de Tukey. Los hongos identificados en las semillas fueron Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. y Helminthosporium sp. Se concluye que Fusarium sp. y Phomopsis sp., son patogénicos, causando la enfermedad conocida como cancro de la Toona

A podridão carpelar tem-se tornado uma importante doença no Brasil, deixando de ser considerada uma doença secundária dentro do grupo das doenças de verão. O desenvolvimento e o formato dos frutos podem ser influenciados por eventos climáticos que ocorrem durante o período de polinização e frutificação da macieira. Além de outros fatores como nutrição das plantas, manejo da condução, tipo de porta-enxerto e cultivar copa. As alterações no formato dos frutos advindas destes fatores podem influenciar no aumento da intensidade da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar características morfológicas de frutos com a incidência de podridão carpelar, em clones de macieira, utilizando diferentes porta-enxertos, durante os ciclos de produção de 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, no município de Vacaria, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 9 x 2, com nove clones das cultivares Gala e Fuji e dois porta-enxertos EM-9 e Marubakaido com interenxerto de EM-9. As características morfológicas dos frutos avaliados foram: relação entre comprimento e diâmetro de frutos (C/D), distância entre lóbulos, abertura calicinar, comprimento do tubo calicinar, número de sementes e classe de sintomas da doença nos carpelos. A doença não foi identificada nos clones da cultivar Gala, em ambos os ciclos de produção. Houve interação entre os fatores clones e porta-enxertos para as características morfológicas avaliadas, em ambos os ciclos de produção. A maior incidência da doença nos clones de 'Fuji' apresentou uma relação positiva com as características morfológicas dos frutos com maior abertura calicinar, menor relação C/D e maior distância entre lóbulos dos frutos, quando comparados aos clones de 'Gala'. O clone 'Fuji Suprema', enxertado sobre porta-enxerto EM-9, apresentou 19,33 % de incidência de podridão carpelar, sendo significativamente superior quando comparado aos 6,67% de incidência do porta-enxerto Marubakaido com interenxerto de EM-9. Dentre os gêneros de fungos isolados de carpelos de maçãs, Alternaria é o gênero que apresentou maior frequência na proporção de 14 e 20% nos ciclos de 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, respectivamente.

The moldy core has become an important disease in Brazil, no longer considered a secondary disease within the group of summer diseases. The development and fruit shape can be influenced by weather events that occur during the period of pollination and fruit set of apple trees. In addition to other factors such as plant nutrition, management of drives, type of rootstock and scion. The changes in fruits shape these factors can influence the increased intensity of disease. The objective of this study was to relate fruit morphological characteristics with the incidence of moldy core disease in different clones of apple Gala and Fuji cultivars on different rootstocks during the crop season of 2009/10 and 2010/11 in the municipality of Vacaria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 9 x 2 with nine clones of Gala and Fuji and two EM-9 rootstocks and interstock Marubakaido with EM-9. The fruit morphological characteristics evaluated were: relation between fruit length and diameter (L/D), distance between lobes, opening calicinar, calicinar tube length, seed number and class of disease symptoms in carpels. The disease was not identified in any clones of 'Gala' cultivars in both crop season. There was interaction between clones and rootstocks for all fruit morphological characteristics in both crop season 2009/10 and 2010/11. The highest incidence of disease in clones of 'Fuji' showed a positive relationship with the morphological characteristics of fruits with bigger calicinar openness, lower relationship between L/D and greater distance between lobes of the fruit, when compared with clones of 'Gala'. The clone 'Fuji Suprema' grafted on rootstock EM-9 presented 19,33% of moldy core incidence that was significantly higher than 6,67% incidence for rootstock Marubakaido interstock with EM-9. Among the genera of fungi isolated from carpels of apples, Alternaria was the genus with the highest frequency in the proportion of 14 and 20% in 2009/10 and 2010/11 crop season, respectively.

Bacterial strains of the Bacilli class were isolated from soil of the Yucatán Peninsula. The antagonist activity was evaluated by direct confrontation against the phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Helminthosporium sp and Alternaria sp. The isolates caused a 42 to 86 % inhibition of fungal colony growth. The isolate CBCK47 generated an inhibition zone of 0.30 to 0.72 cm in three of the four phytopathogenic fungi.

Las cepas de la clase Bacilli se aislaron en suelos de la Península de Yucatán. La actividad antagonista fue evaluada por la confrontación directa contra los hongos fitopatógenos Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Helminthosporium sp. y Alternaria sp. Los aislados causaron entre 42 y 86 % de inhibición de crecimiento de la colonia de hongos. El aislado CBCK47 produjo una zona de inhibición entre 0.30 y 0.72 cm en tres de los cuatro hongos fitopatógenos.

La agricultura sustentable plantea mejorar la eficiencia de la fijación del nitrógeno mediante el uso de plantas (leguminosas) y bacterias (rizobio) competitivas, capaces de ser usadas en biofertilizaciónn, biorremediación y fitorremediación y de esta manera extender las ventajas de la simbiosis a otros cultivos. En tal sentido, las investigaciones se han orientado al estudio del rizobio como promotor del crecimiento de plantas leguminosas y no leguminosas, proceso conocido como capacidad PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria). El presente estudio se ejecutó con el objetivo de evaluar 19 cepas de Rhizobium leguminosarum y Rhizobium etli, considerando su capacidad promotora de crecimiento en cebada (Hordeum vulgare) y su potencial antagónico con Alternaria solani y Fusarium sp. La evaluación de la capacidad promotora se realizó en condiciones de invernadero y el potencial antagónico in vitro. El 89% de las cepas de Rhizobium evaluadas estimuló el crecimiento de las plantas de cebada, incrementando la materia seca total entre 8 a 37%. Se observó que el 63% de las cepas de rizobio mostraron potencial antagónico con A. solani y el 84% con Fusarium sp., con porcentajes de inhibición hasta de 49% y de 43% respectivamente. Se verificó que algunas cepas de R. leguminosarum y R. etli pueden promover el crecimiento de plantas de cebada y controlar hongos fitopatógenos como A. solani y Fusarium sp. en condiciones in vitro

Sustainable agriculture intends to improve nitrogen fixation efficiency through the use of competitive plants (legumes) and bacteria (rhizobia), capable of being used in biofertilization, bioremediation and phytoremediation, thereby extending the advantages of symbiosis to other crops. In that sense, research has been focused on the study of rhizobia able to promote the growth of legumes and non legumes through different mechanisms, a process known as PGP (Plant Growth Promoting) capacity. The goal of this work was to evaluate the ability of 19 Rhizobium leguminosarun and Rhizobium etli strains to promote the growth of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) and to antagonize Alternaria solani and Fusarium sp growth. The capacity to promote plant growth was evaluated in green house conditions while antagonistic activity assays were performed in vitro. Eighty nine percent of the Rhizobium strains tested stimulated the growth of barley plants, increasing the total dry matter between 8 to 37%. Sixty three percent of the rhizobial strains showed antagonistic capacity towards A. solani and 84% towards Fusarium sp. being the growth inhibition of 49% and 43% respectively. In this work we demonstrate that some R. leguminosarum and R. etli strains can promote the growth of barley plants and control the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium sp. and A. solani in vitro conditions.

A incidência de fungos em sementes interfere negativamente o seu potencial fisiológico, podendo ter início no campo, durante o armazenamento ou na pós-colheita. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce armazenadas em diferentes embalagens. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de análise de sementes da UFPB, em Areia-PB. As sementes foram colhidas em plantas tratadas e não tratadas com inseticida Actara, beneficiadas e acondicionadas nas embalagens papel alumínio, saco plástico e vidro. Em seguida, armazenadas em câmara fria durante 315 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 45 dias foram realizados as seguintes determinações e testes: teor de água, emergência de plântulas, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas e sanidade das sementes pelo método "blotter-test". Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram distribuídos em fatorial 2 x 3 x 8 (com e sem inseticida, 3 embalagens e 8 períodos de avaliação). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de erva-doce foi principalmente afetada pelo fungo Alternaria sp., ocorrendo a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes por aproximadamente 95 dias na embalagem de saco plástico; a aplicação do inseticida Actara mantém a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Foeniculum vulgare no armazenamento.

The fungi incidence in seeds affect negatively their physiological potential may begin in the field, during storage or in post-harvest. The objective was to evaluate the sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored in packagings differents. The study was conducted in laboratory analysis of seeds of UFPB, in Areia-PB. Seeds were harvested in experimental field with plants treated and untreated with insecticide Actara, processed and packed in aluminum foil, plastic bag and glass and stored in cold chamber during 315 days. Initially and every 45 days were performed the following tests and determinations: water content, seedling emergence, first count of emergency, emergency speed index, length and seedling dry mass and seed health by the "blotter-test." We used a completely randomized design with four replications, the treatments were distributed in a factorial 2 x 3 x 8. The results indicated that the physiological quality of fennel seeds was negatively affected by the fungus Alternaria sp., occurring at maintaining the viability of seeds for about 95 days in the plastic bag packaging; the application of the insecticide Actara keeps the physiological quality of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare in storage.

Este trabalho verificou o efeito dos óleos essenciais (OE) extraídos de Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia), Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa) e de Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) no crescimento micelial de alguns fitopatógenos fúngicos e no tratamento de sementes de milho, soja e feijão. No teste in vitro, alíquotas de 20, 40, 60, 100, 200, 500 e 1000 μL de cada um dos óleos essenciais foram distribuídas na superfície do meio de cultura. Posteriormente, discos de meio de cultura com micélio de Alternaria carthami, Alternaria sp. e Rhizoctonia solani foram transferidos para o centro de cada placa. O crescimento foi mensurado e calculada a taxa de inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM). Para verificar o efeito dos OE na germinação das sementes utilizou-se a aplicação deles por fumigação. Foi avaliada a percentagem de sementes germinadas e a incidência de patógenos nas sementes. Sobre o crescimento micelial, o óleo de palmarosa inibiu completamente todos os patógenos fúngicos, independentemente da concentração. Já os óleos de candeia e alecrim foram melhores quando foram adicionadas alíquotas superiores a 200 μL. Os óleos influenciaram diferentemente a germinação e a sanidade das sementes de milho, soja e feijão.

This study aimed to verify the effect of essential oils (EO) extracted from Eremanthus erythropappus ("candeia") Cymbopogon martinii ("palmarosa") and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) on the mycelial growth of some fungal phytopathogens, as well as on the treatment of corn, soybean and bean seeds. In the in vitro test, aliquots of 20, 40, 60, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 μL of each essential oil were distributed on the surface of the culture medium. Then, discs of culture medium with mycelium of Alternaria carthami, Alternaria sp and Rhizoctonia solani were transferred to the center of each plate. Growth was measured and the mycelial growth inhibition rate (MGI) was calculated. To verify the effect of EO on seed germination, application of oils was by means of fumigation. Percentage of germinated seeds and their incidence of pathogens were evaluated. For mycelial growth, "palmarosa" oil completely inhibited all fungal pathogens, regardless of the concentration. On the other hand, "candeia" and rosemary oils were better when aliquots higher than 200 μL were added. The oils differently influenced the germination and health of corn, soybean and bean seeds.

Objetivou-se avaliar a brotação das mudas e a produção de mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí', provenientes de mudas desinfectadas com óleo de eucalipto e enraizadas em bandejas de isopor. No pré-enraizamento em bandejas, utilizou-se a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III para combinar concentrações de óleo de eucalipto e tempos de imersão, respectivamente: 0,6%/36 s; 1,4%/36 s; 0,6%/84 s; 1,4%/84 s; 1,0%/60 s; 0,1%/36 s; 1,9%/84 s; 0,6%/6 s e 1,4%/114 s, mais uma testemunha (0,0%/0 s). No campo, utilizaram-se 10 mudas por parcela e seis tratamentos: 0,6% s; 36 s; 0,6%/84 s; 1,0%/60 s; 0,1%/36 s; 0,6%/6 s e 0,0%/0 s. Maiores porcentagens de mudas brotadas e altura de plantas foram obtidas nos tratamentos onde se utilizaram concentrações de óleo de eucalipto menores que 1,0% e na testemunha. As maiores massas frescas de raízes comerciais, nas colheitas aos 264 dias após o plantio, foram obtidas nos tratamentos 0,6%/36 s, 0,6%/84 s e 1,0%/60 s. Houve queima das folhas provocadas por Alternaria sp e Septoria sp., com maior intensidade aos 111 dias após o plantio, associadas e sem possibilidade de quantificação isoladamente. Concluiu-se que, para se obter maior produção de raízes comerciais, as mudas devem ser desinfectadas em solução aquosa com doses de 0,6% ou 1,0% de óleo de eucalipto e imersão em tempos de 36 s a 84 s, sendo a colheita aos 264 dias após o plantio.

This work aimed to evaluate the sprouting of cuttings and yield of 'Amarela de Carandaí' peruvian carrot plants from cuttings which were disinfected with eucalyptus oil and rooted in polyethylene trays. In pre-rooting on trays, the Plan Puebla III experimental matrix was used to combine doses of eucalyptus oil and immersion periods, respectively: 0.6%/36 s; 1.4%/36 s; 0.6%/84 s; 1.4%/84 s; 1.0%/60 s; 0.1%/36 s; 1.9%/84 s; 0.6%/6 s and 1.4%/114 s, added a control (0.0%/0 s). At field, ten cuttings per plot and six treatments were used: 0.6%/36 s; 0.6%/84 s; 1.0%/60 s; 0.1%/36 s; 0.6%/6 s and 0.0%/0 s. Highest percentages of sprouted cuttings and height of plants were obtained in treatments with doses of eucalyptus oil smaller than 1.0% and the control. The highest fresh weight of commercial roots, which were harvested at 264 days after planting, were obtained in 0.6%/36 s, 0.6%/84 s and 1.0%/60 s treatments. There was burning of leaves caused by Alternaria sp. and Septoria sp., with more intensity on 111 days after planting, which showed theirselves associated and without possibility of isolate quantification. It was concluded that, to achieve higher yield of commercial roots, it must disinfect the cuttings with aqueous solution with doses of 0.6% or 1.0% of eucalyptus oil and immersion for periods of 36 s to 84 s, with harvest at 264 days after planting.