Resumen Este ensayo relaciona, por una parte, el pensamiento inclusivo con la cuestión moral del reconocimiento y, por otra, con el problema existencial del resentimiento y la técnica en la globalización híper-industrial. Se contrastan e integran perspectivas como las de Anne Phillips, Axel Honneth, María Pía Lara, Bernard Stiegler y Cynthia Fleury, para argumentar que los desarrollos tecnoeconómicos y sociales de la última década obligan a recuperar el problema del reconocimiento, para replantearlo por fuera de una racionalidad normativa, esto es, a la luz de sus dimensiones psíquicas y existenciales. Dado que las condiciones tecnoeconómicas actuales parecen eliminar la posibilidad de un reconocimiento genuino -o una igualdad sin condición-, el problema del pensamiento inclusivo se revela, en el fondo, como el del resentimiento ante el descrédito de las promesas morales y políticas de la modernidad. El ensayo termina con una reflexión sobre las implicaciones de este argumento para una consideración responsable del pensamiento inclusivo, en tanto fenómeno cultural situado. El libro Desde los zulos (2023), de la escritora feminista Dahlia de la Cerda, nos permite mostrar que no hay determinismo tecnoeconómico o metafísico total, sino agujereado, y que de los agujeros brota, a veces, algo así como el reconocimiento. Al mismo tiempo, deja abierta la cuestión de si eso que emerge le pertenece a un nuevo sujeto estético-político, o si sucede, sin más, como la diferencia absoluta entre vida y política.

Abstract This essay interprets so-called “inclusive thinking” in connection with the problem of recognition and justice, on the one hand, and with the problem of resentment and technics in hyper-industrial globalization, on the other hand. It contrasts the perspectives of Anne Phillips, Axel Honneth, María Pía Lara, Bernard Stiegler and Cynthia Fleury, to argue, with the latter two, that the techno-economic and social developments of the last decade call on us to reconsider the problem of recognition, yet outside of a paradigm of justification, and instead in the light of its psychic and existential dimensions. Given that current techno-economic conditions seem to render genuine recognition -or unconditional equality -impossible, the problem is exposed as a task of overcoming resentment at the breakdown of Western individuation. The essay concludes with a reflection on the implications of this argument for a responsible critique of “inclusive thinking” as a cultural phenomenon. Desde los zulos (2023), by feminist writer Dahlia de la Cerda, allows us to show that there is no total techno-economic or metaphysical determinism, but rather a leaky one, and through the holes emerges, sometimes, something like recognition. Such a reading opens the question of whether recognition belongs to a new political subject, or whether it pertains in the absolute difference between life and politics.

Resumen: Desde los orígenes del mensaje cristiano, la astrología fue vista como una amenaza por la creencia en el fatalismo astral que ponía en crisis no solamente la libertad humana sino también la fe en la Providencia divina. No obstante, el rechazo al influjo de los astros presentó diferentes matices tanto entre los Padres de la Iglesia como en las escuelas gnósticas. Los argumentos que se usaron contra la astrología provenían, en algunos casos, de la filosofía helénica precristiana y encontraban su principal apoyo en el rechazo al determinismo cósmico. El cristianismo agregó su reticencia a las prácticas adivinatorias de los astrólogos. El episodio evangélico de la estrella del Oriente fue el más estudiado para la elaboración de las diatribas cristianas más antiguas contra la astrología, destacándose entre ellas la de los valentinianos que están detrás del texto de los Extractos de Teódoto, recensionados por Clemente de Alejandría.

From the origins of the Christian message, astrology was seen as a threat because of the belief in astral fatalism, which threatened not only human freedom but also faith in divine Providence. However, the rejection of the influence of the stars had different nuances both among the Fathers of the Church and in the Gnostic schools. The arguments used against astrology came, in some cases, from pre-Christian Hellenic philosophy and found their main support in the rejection of cosmic determinism. Christianity added its reticence to the divinatory practices of astrologers. The Gospel episode of the star of the East was the most studied for the elaboration of the oldest Christian diatribes against astrology, among which the Valentinians who are behind the text of the Extracts of Theodotus, reviewed by Clement of Alexandria.

RESUMEN La epigenética como campo disciplinar de consolidación reciente, al estudiar lo humano trajo consigo promesas de superación del determinismo y la reducción explicativa propios de la corriente gen-centrista de la genética. Sin embargo, al analizar las características epistemológicas del abordaje epigenético de lo humano, dichas promesas parecen no haberse cumplido. El borramiento del límite naturaleza/crianza habilita un tipo particular de determinismo cuyo alcance en términos biopolíticos se inscribe en el control de los comportamientos posibles. Se profundiza así el grado de intervención de la vida humana, al mismo tiempo que se actualizan aquellos tipos de normalización biopolítica legitimados desde la genética a lo largo del siglo XX. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(2), 086, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e086

ABSTRACT By studying human nature, the epigenetic -a disciplinary field of recent consolidation- has brought about promises of overcoming determinism and explanatory reduction, which are characteristic of the gene-centric current of genetic. However, when analyzing the epistemological characteristics of the epigenetic approach to human nature, these promises do not seem to have been fulfilled. The blurring of the nature/nurture boundary enables a particular type of determinism whose scope, in biopolitical terms, is inscribed in the control of possible behaviors. Thus, the degree of intervention in human life is deepened, while the biopolitical practices enabled by genetics throughout the 20th century remain. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(2), 086, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e086

Abstract: Through a historical review of the links established between philosophy and medicine, this article examines these relations considering four aspects; a) the problem of the understanding of life elaborated by medicine and the determinism present in its scientific actions of knowledge; b) the variable of indeterminacy that human subjectivity introduces before these efforts of objectification; c) the notion of normativity elaborated by G. Canguilhem, its presence in human life and the manifestations of disease; d) the philosophical analysis of the system of norms existing in the elaborations of Canguilhem and its incidence in the statements of human life and the manifestations of disease. Canguilhem, its presence in human life and the manifestations of disease; d) the philosophical analysis of the system of norms existing in Canguilhem’s elaborations and its incidence in Michel Foucault's biopolitical statements.

Resumen: Por medio de una revisión histórica de los vínculos establecidos entre la filosofía y la medicina, el presente articulo examina estas relaciones considerando cuatro aspectos; a) el problema del entendimiento de la vida que elabora la medicina y el determinismo presente en sus acciones científicas de conocimiento; b) la variable de indeterminación que la subjetividad humana introduce ante estos esfuerzos de objetivación; c) la noción de normatividad elaborada por G.Canguilhem, su presencia en la vida humana y en las manifestaciones de la enfermedad; d) el análisis filosófico del sistema de normas existente en las elaboraciones de Canguilhem y su incidencia en los enunciados biopolíticos de Michel Foucault.

RESUMEN En reconocimiento del gran avance de la psiquiatría como especialidad médica y del movimiento de salud mental global en el manejo clínico de problemas y dolencias mentales, es sumamente importante explorar sus dilemas conceptuales, limitaciones estructurales y tensiones epistemológicas, en búsqueda de enfoques más claros, amplios, profundos y complejos de la teoría y la práctica psiquiátricas. El análisis que se plantea en este estudio examina objetivamente paradigmas académicos dominantes, como la centralización del diagnóstico basado en manuales, la circularidad del determinismo etiopatogénico, el apego dogmático a la denominada «medicina basada en la evidencia», la pretendida neutralidad de la ciencia y la polarización idealizada de los estados de salud y enfermedad mental. Al mismo tiempo, se reafirma la clara utilidad de conceptos socioculturales y aperturas epistemológicas en la comprensión de todo tipo de eventos psicopatológicos. Estos enfoques críticos buscan ampliar los horizontes ontológicos de la psiquiatría y liberarla de las amenazas impuestas por diferentes niveles y magnitudes en las relaciones de poder. El artículo intenta establecer una continuidad con las reflexiones críticas sobre la onda expansiva de la salud mental global, expuestas y compartidas por Duncan Pedersen y otros estudiosos de diferentes centros académicos de las Américas, orientados a la revalorización de pensamientos y acciones de una salud mental que se adecúe más y mejor a las necesidades comunitarias y socioculturales de América Latina en particular.

ABSTRACT In recognition of the great advance of psychiatry as a medical specialty, and of the global mental health movement in the clinical management of mental health problems and disorders, it is extremely important to explore the conceptual dilemmas, structural limitations, and epistemological tensions in search of clearer, broader, deeper and more consistent approaches to both the theory and practice of psychiatry. The analysis pursued in this study examines predominant paradigms, and substantiates proposals such as the inclusion of socio-cultural concepts in the diagnosis beyond its exclusive basis on manuals, the elimination of a circular etio-pathogenic thinking, the dogmatic declarations of an “evidence-based medicine”, the pretended neutrality of science, and the idealized polarization of mental health and mental illness; at the same time, the clear utility of sociocultural concepts and epistemological perspectives in the understanding of every type of psychopathological events, is reaffirmed. These critical approaches attempt to amplify psychiatry’s ontological horizons and liberate it from entrapments imposed by different levels and measures of power-based relationships. The article attempts to establish a continuity with the critical reflections about the growth of Global Mental Health elaborated and shared by Duncan Pedersen and other scholars from the Americas, oriented to the revalorization of thoughts and actions of a mental health better adapted to the community-based and socio-cultural needs of Latin America in particular.

Resumen La economía neoclásica se ha consolidado como la disciplina de la elección racional. Desde el punto de vista del individualismo metodológico, y en el ámbito específico del consumo, se asume que la elección del agente se basa en un ordenamiento de preferencias determinadas de manera exógena, descartando posibles influencias emocionales, biológicas o factores derivados de la dinámica socioeconómica. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un esquema alternativo de elección de los individuos económicos a nivel teórico y formal-matemático, con base en principios de la economía evolutiva y los sistemas complejos. Se argumenta que el proceso de elección en el consumo de los individuos es inherente a la dinámica social. Desde una perspectiva individual-holística, el mecanismo que motiva su acción puede caracterizarse como un algoritmo evolutivo que integra influencias biológicas, históricas, culturales, de clase social y competencia de mercado como elementos endógenos en la determinación de la elección y el acto de consumo.

Abstract Neoclassical economics has established itself as the discipline of rational choice. Consequently, under methodological individualism and in the context of consumption, an agent's choice is based on the ordering of preferences determined exogenously, disregarding any emotional, biological influences, or factors from socio-economic dynamics. Therefore, this paper aims to present an alternative framework for the decision-making of economic individuals at a theoretical and formal-mathematical level, grounded in the principles of evolutionary economics and complex adaptive systems. It is argued that the process of making choices in consumption is inherent to social dynamics. From an individual-holistic perspective, the mechanism motivating action can be characterized as an evolutionary algorithm that integrates biological, historical, cultural, social class, and market competition influences as endogenous elements in determining choice and consumption behavior.

Resumo A economia neoclássica estabeleceu-se como a disciplina da escolha racional. Consequentemente, sob o individualismo metodológico e no contexto do consumo, a escolha de um agente é baseada na ordenação de preferências determinadas exogenamente, desconsiderando quaisquer influências emocionais, biológicas ou fatores da dinâmica socioeconómica. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um quadro alternativo para a tomada de decisão de indivíduos económicos em nível teórico e formal-matemático, fundamentado nos princípios da economia evolutiva e sistemas adaptativos complexos. Argumenta-se que o processo de fazer escolhas no consumo é inerente à dinâmica social. A partir de uma perspectiva holística-individual, o mecanismo de ação motivadora pode ser caracterizado como um algoritmo evolutivo que integra dados biológicos, históricos, culturais, classe social, e a competição de mercado influencia como elementos endógenos na determinação do comportamento de escolha e consumo.

RESUMEN Este trabajo pretende relacionar dos debates emparentados sobre cómo la lógica y el lenguaje influyen sobre el pensamiento. Existe un eje de discusión en relación a si hay una pluralidad de lógicas o un único sistema lógico como criterio de evaluación para cualquier contexto de razonamiento. En lingüística, el debate surgido a partir de las interpretaciones fuertes y débiles de la hipótesis Sapir-Whorf ha centralizado la discusión en torno al grado de influencia o determinación del lenguaje sobre el pensamiento. Desde perspectivas y marcos teórico-conceptuales diferentes, lógica y lingüística delimitan y problematizan un campo de indagación y reflexión. El artículo, desde una mirada transdisciplinar, pretende dar cuenta y postular vasos comunicantes entre estos debates atendiendo a los matices de cada enfoque, así como proponer una hipótesis propia sobre la problemática planteada.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to relate two debates about how logic and language influence thought. There is an axis of discussion about whether there exists a plurality of logic or a single logical system as an evaluation criterion for any reasoning context. In linguistics, the debate arising from the strong and weak interpretations of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has centralized the discussion around the degree of influence or determination of language on thought. From different perspectives and theoretical-conceptual frameworks, logic, and linguistics delimit and problematize a field of inquiry and reflection. The article, from a transdisciplinary perspective, intends to account for and postulate communicating vessels between these debates, considering the nuances of each approach. It also seeks to propose its own hypothesis on the problem raised.

Resumen: El determinismo es la tesis que sostiene que en el mundo todo cuanto ocurre está preestablecido por las leyes que gobiernan el cosmos. Tal visión entra en conflicto con la existencia de la libertad y el albedrío, pues toda acción, decisión u obra humana estaría sujeta a las leyes que gobiernan el cosmos y determinan su proceder. De forma ineludible, ello impacta las prácticas de juzgar las acciones de otros y atribuir responsabilidades. Este conflicto es especialmente patente en el caso del mundo secundario de Tolkien, donde Eä es el producto directo de los designios de Dios preestablecidos en la Música de los Ainur. Este trabajo es un modesto repaso de estas cuestiones a propósito de la obra de J.R.R. Tolkien, y aspira a rememorar una concepción contemporánea de la cuestión del determinismo de manera que pase a ser un problema secundario.

Abstract Determinism states that everything that happens in the world is previously established in the laws that govern the cosmos. Such a view conflicts with the existence of freedom and free will since every action, decision or human work would be subjected to the laws governing the cosmos, determined by them. This would also inescapably affect our conception of the human practices of judging the actions of others and assigning responsibilities. This conflict seems especially clear in the case of the secondary world of Tolkien, where Eä is explicitly designed by God and his will is set upon the world through the Music of the Ainur. This paper is but a modest review of these issues under the light of J.R.R. Tolkien’s works and aims to recover a contemporary conception of determinism so that it becomes a secondary problem.

Abstract Critical thinking is a fundamental competence in current educational approaches; however, it has been the subject of diverse definitions, requiring a comprehension from its epistemology, theorization, and praxis. The objective of this research was to analyze notions about critical thinking and pedagogical practices in a group of Latin American teachers. The qualitative-critical paradigm was used through the hermeneutic method. The selection of participants was carried out through theoretical saturation sampling, obtaining a group of eight teachers to whom in-depth non-directive interviews were applied. In the analysis of results, 5 categories emerged: 1) Notions about critical thinking, in which the tendency towards a cognitive and rational emphasis is evident; 2) Didactic praxis, expressing greater mastery of linguistic content subjects as appropriate to promote critical thinking; 3) Self-assessment and need for greater reflection and training on teaching praxis in the area, 4) Curriculum and educational policies, in which inconsistencies between curricula and classroom practice are exposed, and 5) Critical thinking and performance academic, which exposes a non-linear relationship between both concepts. It is concluded that it is essential to avoid determinisms based on skills that express critical thinking and instead promote complex approaches that allow including cultural, social and ethical experiences also inherent to the process.

Resumen El pensamiento crítico es una competencia fundamental en los actuales enfoques educativos, sin embargo, ha sido objeto de definiciones diversas, exigiendo un abordaje desde su epistemología, teorización y praxis. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las nociones sobre el pensamiento crítico y las prácticas pedagógicas aplicadas en el aula por docentes latinoamericanos. Se acudió al paradigma cualitativo-crítico a través del método hermenéutico. La selección de participantes se realizó mediante el muestreo por saturación teórica, obteniéndose un grupo de ocho docentes a quienes se aplicaron entrevistas no directivas a profundidad. En el análisis de resultados emergieron cinco categorías: 1) nociones sobre pensamiento crítico, en las cuales se evidencia la tendencia a un énfasis cognitivo y racional; 2) praxis didáctica, expresando mayor dominio de las asignaturas de contenido lingüístico como adecuadas para promover el pensamiento crítico; 3) autoevaluación y necesidad de mayor reflexión y capacitación sobre la praxis docente en el área; 4) currículo y políticas educativas, en la cual se exponen incongruencias entre los currículos y la práctica de aula; 5) pensamiento crítico y rendimiento académico, que expone una relación no lineal entre ambos conceptos. Se concluye que es fundamental evitar los determinismos basados en habilidades que expresan el pensamiento crítico y en su lugar promover aproximaciones complejas que permitan incluir experiencias culturales, sociales y éticas que son también inherentes al proceso.

Resumo Durante a transição para a menopausa, é frequente as mulheres experienciarem um aumento de peso, que pode ser influenciado por fatores pessoais (e.g., decréscimo dos níveis de estrogénio), ambientais (e.g., socioculturais) e/ou comportamentais (e.g., comportamentos não saudáveis). Esse aumento de peso pode conduzir ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e, consequentemente, problemas de saúde associados. Estudos qualitativos providenciam informações cruciais sobre a experiência de aumento de peso. Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar os fatores subjacentes ao aumento de peso durante a transição para a menopausa. Foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas a 31 mulheres portuguesas na pós-menopausa, que na pré-menopausa tinham peso normal e na pós-menopausa tinham excesso de peso/obesidade. As entrevistas foram analisadas com o software MAXQDA, através de uma análise de conteúdo dirigida, seguida de análise de correspondência múltipla, através do software IBM SPSS Statistics. Emergiu um modelo final de quatro fatores: (1) Ingestão emocional/Cravings, Inatividade física e Efeitos da pandemia (σ2=14,21; α=0,70); (2) Saúde, Ausência de autocuidado e Eventos de vida stressantes (σ2=12,29; α=0,64), (3) Fatores biológicos/fisiológicos, Binge eating e Influências interpessoais (σ2=10,82; α=0,59), e (4) Mudança de hábitos e rotinas e Ambiente profissional (σ2=9,65; α=0,53). O modelo de quatro fatores vai de encontro ao modelo triádico de determinismo recíproco, revelando uma interação entre fatores comportamentais, pessoais e ambientais que explicam o aumento de peso durante a transição para a menopausa. É essencial promover estilos de vida saudáveis nesta população específica. Futuras intervenções para mulheres de meia-idade devem incluir estratégias cognitivo-comportamentais.

Abstract Women often experience weight gain during the menopausal transition, which can be influenced by personal (e.g., estrogen decrease), environmental (e.g., socio-cultural), and/or behavioural factors (e.g., unhealthy behaviours). This weight gain can lead to obesity and is associated with health problems. Qualitative studies provide valuable insights into the weight gain experience. This study aims to explore the underlying factors contributing to weight gain during the menopausal transition. Semi-structured interviews of 31 Portuguese post-menopausal women who transitioned from normal weight in pre-menopause to overweight/obesity in (current) post-menopause. The interviews were analysed using MAXQDA software through Directed Content Analysis, followed by multiple correspondence analysis, through IBM SPSS Statistics software. A four-factor model emerged: (1) Emotional eating/Cravings, Physical inactivity, and Pandemic effects (σ2=14.21; α=0.70); (2) Health, Lack of self-care, and Stressful life events (σ2=12.29; α= 0.64), (3) Biological/Physiological factors, Binge eating, and Interpersonal influences (σ2=10.82; α=0.59), and (4) Changing habits and routines, and Work Environment (σ2=9.65; α=0.53). The four-factor model aligns with the Triadic Reciprocal Determinism Model, revealing an interaction among behavioural, personal, and environmental factors explaining weight gain during the menopausal transition. Promoting healthy lifestyles within this population is essential. Future interventions for middle-aged women should include cognitive-behavioural strategies.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza la inteligencia artificial generativa aplicando el modelo de construcción social de la tecnología, con el cual se observan los actores sociales afectados por esta tecnología con influencia para decidir su futuro. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que el éxito de la inteligencia artificial generativa no tiene un origen neutral, sino que está condicionado por los intereses de diferentes actores sociales. Este resultado, sin embargo, también indica que esta tecnología se encuentra en una fase de flexibilidad interpretativa. Es decir, que los grupos afectados por esta tecnología todavía están decidiendo su postura sobre la inteligencia artificial generativa y cómo podría ser en un futuro.

Abstract This article discusses generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) using the social construction of technology (SCOT) model, observing the social actors affected by this technology with influence to decide their future. The results indicate that the success of GenAI does not have a neutral origin but is conditioned by the interests of various social actors. However, it also suggests that this technology is in a phase of interpretive flexibility; that is, the affected groups are still deciding their position on GenAI and what it could be like.

Resumo Neste artigo, é analisada a inteligência artificial generativa aplicando o modelo de construção social da tecnologia, que analisa os atores sociais afetados por essa tecnologia com influência na decisão de seu futuro. Os resultados indicam que o sucesso da inteligência artificial generativa não tem uma origem neutra, mas é condicionado pelos interesses de diferentes atores sociais. Esse resultado, entretanto, também indica que essa tecnologia está em uma fase de flexibilidade interpretativa. Ou seja, os grupos afetados por essa tecnologia ainda estão decidindo sua posição sobre a inteligência artificial generativa e como ela poderá ser no futuro.

Resumen: El concepto de peligrosidad se refiere a la predisposición a delinquir por parte de sujetos que no han delinquido o que no han reincidido, predisposición que no se valora por sus infracciones o actos previos (ni siquiera en el caso de los posibles reincidentes), sino con base en formas de vida y características físico-psíquicas. Por ende, la teoría de la peligrosidad se nutre de corrientes doctrinales (escuela positivista de derecho, determinismo orgánico y social, degeneracionismo, higiene mental), estudios sobre la mala vida en las grandes ciudades, así como prejuicios y temores vinculados con clase social u origen étnico. Asimismo, abre la posibilidad de identificar a un delincuente antes de que delinca y, bajo la lógica de la defensa social, de aplicar sanciones o medidas para impedirlo (se propuso o adoptó, desde esterilización o relegación, hasta reclusión o internamiento curativo). Los catálogos de peligrosos, los alcances del concepto y las medidas aceptadas o contempladas para peligrosos sin delito o posdelictuales, cambian según la época y el lugar. En este artículo estudio el caso mexicano, entre 1890 y 1960, etapa en la cual la teoría tuvo mayor presencia teórica e institucional. Tomo en cuenta estudios de juristas y criminólogos, su influencia en la legislación y proyectos legislativos y, en menor medida, sentencias judiciales y prácticas policiales. Por ende, abordo desde diferentes enfoques un tema que no ha sido prácticamente estudiado y que se vincula con la historia social y cultural, así como con la historia del derecho penal y su aplicación.

Abstract: The concept of dangerousness refers to the predisposition to commit crime on the part of subjects who have not committed crimes or have not reoffended, a predisposition that is not evaluated through their infractions or previous actions (not even in possible cases of recidivism), but through their lifestyle and physical-psychic characteristics. The theory of dangerousness was therefore supported by doctrinal currents (the positivist school of law, organic and social determinism, degenerationism, mental hygiene), studies of the bad life in large cities and prejudices and fears involving social class or ethnic groups. It also offered the possibility of identifying a criminal before they commit a crime and, under the logic of social defense, applying sanctions or measures to prevent it (measures proposed or accepted included sterilization or banishment, even imprisonment or therapeutic internment). Catalogs of the dangerous, the scope of the concept and the measures accepted or contemplated for the dangerous (whether they had never committed crimes or already completed their sentences) varied according to the time and place. This article studies the Mexican case from 1890 to 1960, the period in which this theory had its greatest theor etical and institutional presence. It incorporates judicial and criminological studies, their influence on legislation and legislative projects and, to a lesser extent, judicial sentences and police practices. It therefore makes use of a variety of approaches to a practically unstudied issue that has connections to social and cultural history, as well as to the history of criminal law and its application.

Abstract This paper aims to vindicate the expertise defense in light of the experimental philosophy of free will. My central argument is that the analogy strategy between philosophy and other domains is defensible, at least in the free will debate, because philosophical training contributes to the formation of philosophical intuition by enabling expert philosophers to understand philosophical issues correctly and to have philosophical intuitions about them. This paper will begin by deriving two requirements on the expertise defense from major criticisms of it. First, precisely how philosophical training contributes to the formation of philosophical intuitions requires explanation (Contribution); second, it must be explained how philosophical training immunizes philosophical intuitions from distorting factors (Immunity). I shall argue that the Contribution requirement is crucial for the expertise defense and that this requirement can be satisfied at least in the domain of free will: recent research shows that most novices are unable to understand determinism correctly, suggesting that having intuitions about determinism requires philosophical expertise. I then discuss how this proposal can be applied to other philosophical disciplines.

Resumen Este artículo pretende reivindicar la defensa de la pericia a la luz de la filosofía experimental del libre albedrío. Mi argumento central es que la estrategia de analogía entre la filosofía y otros dominios es defendible, al menos en el debate sobre el libre albedrío, porque la formación filosófica contribuye a la formación de la intuición filosófica al permitir a los filósofos expertos comprender correctamente las cuestiones filosóficas y tener intuiciones filosóficas sobre ellas. Este artículo comenzará derivando dos requisitos para la defensa de la pericia a partir de las principales críticas a la misma. En primer lugar, es preciso explicar con precisión cómo contribuye la formación filosófica a la creación de intuiciones filosóficas (Contribución); en segundo lugar, debe explicarse cómo la formación filosófica inmuniza a las intuiciones filosóficas frente a factores distorsionadores (Inmunidad). Argumentaré que el requisito de Contribución es crucial para la defensa de la pericia y que este requisito puede satisfacerse al menos en el dominio del libre albedrío: investigaciones recientes muestran que la mayoría de las personas inexpertas son incapaces de entender correctamente el determinismo, lo que sugiere que tener intuiciones sobre el determinismo requiere pericia filosófica. A continuación, discuto cómo esta propuesta puede aplicarse a otras disciplinas filosóficas.

ABSTRACT The Portuguese intellectual António Sérgio (1883-1969) stood out for his cosmopolitan interpretation of Portuguese history, opposing attempts to instrumentalize history in a nationalist way, particularly those who saw Expansion as a virtuous collective action. This article analyzes the beginning of his interpretative work by revisiting the polemic with Jaime Cortesão (circa 1910), to show how Sérgio’s cosmopolitan path favored the incorporation of critical inspirations from authors of other nationalities, especially his contemporary Brazilian intellectuals, who opposed racial determinism, mixing, like him, pedagogical concerns with those of historical understanding, as well as believing that national ills, largely common because history is common, could be solved through education. These concerns were part of an organicist mindset, tinged with liberal and socialist ideals, the sociological dimension of which we have highlighted. 18831969 1883 1969 (1883-1969 way action circa 1910, 1910 , 1910) Sérgios s nationalities intellectuals determinism mixing him understanding ills education mindset ideals highlighted 1883196 188 196 (1883-196 191 188319 18 19 (1883-19 18831 1 (1883-1 (1883- (1883 (188 (18 (1 (

RESUMO O intelectual português António Sérgio (1883-1969) destacou-se pela sua interpretação cosmopolita da história de Portugal, se contrapondo às tentativas de instrumentalização nacionalista da história, em particular daquelas que viam na Expansão uma ação coletiva virtuosa. O presente artigo analisa o início desse seu trabalho interpretativo revisitando a polêmica com Jaime Cortesão (circa 1910), para mostrar como o próprio percurso cosmopolita de Sérgio favoreceu a incorporação de inspirações críticas de autores de outras nacionalidades, sobretudo intelectuais brasileiros seus contemporâneos, os quais se opunham ao determinismo rácico, misturando, como ele, as preocupações pedagógicas com as da compreensão histórica, assim como acreditando que os males nacionais, em boa parte comuns por comum ser a história, se resolveriam pela educação. Essas preocupações inscreviam-se num pensamento de matriz organicista, tingida de ideais liberais e socialistas, cuja dimensão sociológica relevamos. 18831969 1883 1969 (1883-1969 destacouse destacou Portugal virtuosa circa 1910, 1910 , 1910) nacionalidades contemporâneos rácico misturando ele histórica nacionais educação inscreviamse inscreviam organicista socialistas relevamos 1883196 188 196 (1883-196 191 188319 18 19 (1883-19 18831 1 (1883-1 (1883- (1883 (188 (18 (1 (

Resumo: No contexto da tecnologia contemporânea, a inteligência artificial tornou-se o foco do pensamento e da dialética, ultrapassando as fronteiras das dimensões da tecnologia e chegando diretamente ao âmago da existência e da consciência humanas. A filosofia da mente, como forma antiga e profunda de pensar, tem encontrado muitos obstáculos na construção de conceitos de inteligência artificial. A filosofia marxista enfatiza o determinismo da matéria e do modo de produção. A partir da perspectiva da filosofia marxista, este estudo compara e analisa as diferenças e complementaridades teóricas entre esta e a filosofia tradicional da mente, com o objetivo de fornecer uma nova perspetiva para a construção de conceitos de inteligência artificial e enriquecer as suas conotações. O estudo começa por fazer uma análise conceptual da filosofia marxista e, em seguida, propõe um complemento e uma transcendência da filosofia marxista para a filosofia da mente, com base na construção de conceitos de inteligência artificial. A investigação tem como objetivo revelar os conhecimentos únicos e profundos da filosofia marxista, na compreensão da inteligência artificial e da relação entre a inteligência artificial e o ser humano. Resumo contemporânea tornouse tornou se dialética humanas mente pensar produção conotações seguida humano

Abstract: In the context of contemporary technology, artificial intelligence has become the focus of thinking and dialectics, reaching boundaries beyond the dimensions of technology and directly to the core of human existence and consciousness. Philosophy of mind, as an ancient and profound way of thinking, has encountered many obstacles in the construction of artificial intelligence concepts. Marxist philosophy emphasizes the determinism of matter and mode of production. From the perspective of Marxist philosophy, this study compares and analyzes the theoretical differences and complementarities between it and traditional philosophy of the mind, with the aim of providing a new perspective for the construction of artificial intelligence concepts and enriching their connotations. The study first conducts a conceptual analysis of Marxist philosophy and, then, proposes a supplement and transcendence of Marxist philosophy to the philosophy of mind based on the construction of artificial intelligence concepts. The research finds that a philosophical dialogue has been formed between artificial intelligence and historical materialism, which not only reveals how to understand artificial intelligence from the historical dimension, but also provides valuable philosophical guidance for people in this era full of opportunities and challenges. In the process of technological evolution, people must adhere to the bottom line of humanistic spirit and ensure that technology always serves the human beings’ comprehensive, free and balanced growth. In addition, in order to ensure that artificial intelligence technology truly serves the common well-being of mankind, people also need to constantly reflect on, adjust and improve the development and application of technology, and jointly promote social progress. Abstract dialectics consciousness production connotations then materialism dimension challenges evolution beings comprehensive growth addition wellbeing well being mankind progress