Projekborge speel belangrike rolle by die fase stadium hekke van 'n projeklewensiklus model. Die rol van projekborge by hierdie hekke, en die kenmerke wat vereis word van die borg, is egter nog selde bestudeer. Hierdie studie het die rol van staatsdiens en munisipale borge by hekke tussen die fases van 'n lewensiklus model van 'n water-nutsorganisasie ondersoek, en kenmerke waaroor die borge moet beskik asook uitdagings wat hulle die hoof moet bied, geïdentifiseer. 'n Gevallestudiebenadering is gevolg, en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met relevante belanghebbendes gevoer. Die bevindings kan die senior bestuur van water-nutsorganisasies, staatsdepartemente, en munisipaliteite help om geskikte projekborge aan te stel.

Project sponsors play significant roles at the stage gates of project life cycle models (PLCMs). However, research on the roles that sponsors play at stage gates, and the attributes required of the sponsor, are sparse. This study investigated the roles played by government and municipal sponsors at the PLCM stage gates of a water utility, and identified the attributes that the sponsor should have as well as the challenges they face. A case study approach was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders. The findings could assist the senior management of water utilities, national government departments, and municipalities when appointing suitable project sponsors.

Die prosesse wat gebruik word om onroerende eiendom van verkoper na koper in Suid-Afrika oor te dra, is verouderd en nie outomaties nie. Dokumente in papierformaat verhoog die risiko vir bedrog en wanvoorstellings. Hierdie artikel oorweeg die implementering van 'n wolkgebaseerde, gesentraliseerde databasis met eiendomsaanvoerkettingvennote, om deursigtigheid, omkeertyd en sekuriteit te verbeter, terwyl die risiko en koste geminimaliseer word. Die digitalisering van eiendomsprosesse sou lei tot die dematerialisering van die titelbewys, en nie bloot outomatisering van die papiergebaseerde stelsel nie. Die kwalitatiewe navorsing was verkennend, en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met rolspelers betrokke by eiendomsoordragte in Suid-Afrika. Dit het die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank, die Departement van Landbou, Grondhervorming en Landelike Ontwikkeling, die Prokureursorde van Suid-Afrika, verbandopstellers, Die Bankvereniging, die Departement van Binnelandse Sake, die registrateur van die aktekantoor, die landmeter-generaal, munisipaliteite, sagtewaremaatskappye, die Nasionale Tesourie, Suid-Afrika se Sentrale Sekuriteitebewaarplek, sowel as die Tshwane Munisipaliteit se Raad, ingesluit.

The processes used to transfer immovable property from a seller to a buyer in South Africa are outdated and not digitised. Paper-based documents increase the risk of fraud and misrepresentation. This study considered the implementation of a cloud-based centralised database for property supply chain partners to enhance transparency, turnaround times, and security while minimising risks and costs. Digitalised property processes would result in title deeds' dematerialisation and not merely the automation of the paper-based system. This qualitative study was exploratory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with role-players involved with property transfers in South Africa. These included the South African Reserve Bank, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, the Law Society of South Africa, mortgage originators, The Banking Association, the Department of Home Affairs, the Registrar of each Deeds Office, the Surveyor General's office, municipalities, software companies, National Treasury, South Africa's Central Securities Depository (Strate Ltd), and the Tshwane Mettropolitan Municipal Council.

Abstract The present research examines some of the challenges faced by the African Countries of Portuguese Official Language (PALOPs) in consolidating Sociology as a relevant area of knowledge, both in the university and school settings. The justification lies in the lack of studies on African Sociology and the limited cooperation between Brazil and these countries in this field of knowledge. In these emerging nations, both the university and this knowledge area are new and lack institutionalization. The lack of investment in education by the State and linguistic obstacles make the process even more challenging. To address this, a hypothetical-deductive methodology will be employed, using some of the limited bibliographies on the subject, as well as structured and semi-structured interviews with African teachers and students. The results demonstrate a significant potential for cooperation between countries and a mutual willingness to understand what is academically produced. The initiatives already developed indicate the possibility of positive exchanges among teachers, researchers, and students. In conclusion, the article points out that Sociology has a crucial role to play in Africa. In the PALOPs, Brazil is viewed as a major partner in the academic context but is considered less relevant in its potential. Thus, the prospect of closer collaboration is deemed healthy and necessary due to Sociology being a new area of knowledge in African countries.

Resumen La presente investigación analiza algunos de los desafíos enfrentados por los Países Africanos de Lengua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOPs) en la consolidación de la Sociología como un área de conocimiento relevante, tanto en el ámbito universitario como escolar. La justificación radica en la falta de estudios sobre la Sociología africana y la escasa cooperación existente entre Brasil y estos países en este campo del saber. En estos países en desarrollo, tanto la universidad como esta área del conocimiento son nuevas y carecen de institucionalidad. La falta de inversión en educación por parte del Estado, la estructura precaria, las dificultades de cooperación académica y los obstáculos lingüísticos hacen que el proceso sea aún más desafiante. Como metodología hipotético-deductiva, se utilizarán algunas de las escasas bibliografías sobre el tema, así como entrevistas estructuradas y semiestructuradas con profesores y estudiantes africanos. Los resultados demuestran que hay un gran potencial para la cooperación entre los países y una voluntad mutua de conocer lo que se produce académicamente. Las iniciativas ya desarrolladas señalan la posibilidad de intercambios positivos entre profesores, investigadores, estudiantes y formuladores de políticas públicas. En conclusión, el artículo señala que la Sociología tiene un papel importante que desempeñar en África. En los Países Africanos de Lengua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOPs), Brasil es visto como un gran socio en el ámbito académico, pero poco relevante en su potencialidad.

RESUMEN Este artículo revisa el papel de la “clase” en la práctica y la investigación de la educación de adultos en Sudáfrica bajo el apartheid y en la era posterior al apartheid. Históricamente, la educación de adultos estuvo orientada hacia la clase trabajadora negra y, en general, hacia las comunidades negras oprimidas. En la era posterior al apartheid, las corrientes de oposición en la educación de adultos continuaron, pero cambiaron el enfoque hacia las desigualdades y opresiones distintas de la clase, como la raza y el género. Gran parte de la literatura sobre educación de adultos muestra renuencia a comprometerse explícitamente con el concepto de clase y, en muchos casos, la clase ha sido desplazada como categoría principal de análisis. El artículo revisa los debates sociológicos recientes sobre raza y clase y argumenta que estos son relevantes para la educación de adultos como campo de práctica e investigación. El artículo argumenta que la clase sigue “importando” si se quiere que la educación de adultos se dé cuenta de su potencial para contribuir a la transformación socialista.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa o papel do conceito de classe nas práticas e na pesquisa em educação de adultos na África do Sul sob o apartheid e na era pós-apartheid. Historicamente, a educação de adultos dirigiu-se à classe trabalhadora negra e às comunidades negras oprimidas em geral. Na era pós-apartheid, as correntes de resistência na educação de adultos mantiveram-se, mas mudaram o foco para as desigualdades e opressões para além da classe social, como no caso da raça e do género. Grande parte da literatura sobre educação de adultos mostra relutância em abordar o conceito de classe e, em muitos casos, a classe já não é a principal categoria de análise. O artigo discute os recentes debates sociológicos sobre raça e classe e argumenta que eles são relevantes para a educação de adultos como um campo de práticas e de investigação. O artigo argumenta que a classe continua a “importar” se a educação de adultos concretizar o seu potencial de contribuir para a transformação socialista.

ABSTRACT This article reviews the role of class in adult education practice and research in South Africa under apartheid and in the post-apartheid era. Historically adult education was orientated towards the black working-class and to oppressed black communities more generally. In the post-apartheid era, oppositional currents in adult education have continued but have shifted focus to inequalities and oppressions other than class such as race and gender. Much of the adult education literature displays a reluctance to engage explicitly with the concept of class and in many cases, class has been dislodged as the primary category of analysis. The article reviews recent sociological debates on race and class and argues that these are relevant for adult education as a field of practice and research. The article argues that class continues to ‘matter’ if adult education is to realise its potential to contribute to socialist transformation.

Abstract: The legal capacity or, otherwise, the institutions of rule of law (RL), have become a key factor for inclusive economic development, but the main strands of the literature involve theoretically driven expectations. Therefore, the study sought to examine the impact of legal capacity on inclusive economic development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. While extant studies focused on the effect of governance on national output, the present study goes beyond growth by including welfare indicators. The study employed a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for data from all 16 SADC member states from 1996 to 2019. The interpretation of results and policy implications are based on the outcomes of the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, which was deemed by the Hausman test as the best and most efficient estimator over the MG and the DFE family of the ARDL panel estimators. The results of the restricted panel reveal that strengthening the institutions of the RL leads to an improvement in inclusive economic development among SADC states. Therefore, we argue that trade laws should be domestically integrated and embedded in SADC’s national laws, and that common courts should be set to adjudicate disagreements over compliance. We also propose that SADC introduce incentives to increase legal stakeholders' participation across the region.

Resumen: La capacidad jurídica o las instituciones del Estado de derecho (RL) se han convertido en un factor clave para el desarrollo económico inclusivo, pero las principales corrientes de la literatura involucran expectativas impulsadas teóricamente. Por lo tanto, el estudio buscó examinar el impacto de la capacidad jurídica en el desarrollo económico inclusivo en la región de la Comunidad de Desarrollo de África Austral (SADC). Si bien los estudios existentes se centraron en el efecto de la gobernanza en la producción nacional, el presente estudio va más allá del crecimiento al incluir indicadores de bienestar. El estudio empleó un enfoque de retardo distribuido autorregresivo (ARDL) de panel para datos de los 16 Estados miembros de la SADC de 1996 a 2019. La interpretación de los resultados y las implicaciones políticas se basan en los resultados del estimador PMG, que la prueba de Hausman consideró como el mejor y estimador más eficiente sobre la familia del grupo de medias (MG) y DFE de estimadores ARDL de panel. Los resultados del panel restringido revelan que el fortalecimiento de las instituciones del RL conduce a una mejora en el desarrollo económico inclusivo entre los Estados de la SADC. Por lo tanto, se sostiene que las leyes comerciales deben integrarse a nivel nacional e integrarse en las leyes nacionales de la SADC y que se deberían establecer tribunales comunes para dirimir los desacuerdos sobre el cumplimiento. También se propone que la SADC introduzca incentivos para aumentar la participación de los actores legales en toda la región.

ABSTRACT Since the emergence of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in March 2018, which promises to become the largest economic integration area in the world with 54 member countries, exaggerated optimism has been generated, especially by different international organizations formerly critics like the World Bank, who now highly praise the benefits of the regional integration process. This article contributes to the understanding of the complexity in the implementation of this area, which delves into the analysis of the background, potential, scope and challenges of the AfCFTA. It is argued that this new attempt at regional integration is not very different or distant from neoliberal ideology and seems to be part of open regionalism that tends to favor outward integration, which is why it does not contribute to the solution of the enormous problems of underdevelopment, poverty and social injustice on the continent.

RESUMEN A partir del surgimiento del Área de Libre Comercio Continental Africana (AfCFTA) en marzo del 2018 -que promete erigirse en la mayor área de integración económica del mundo con 54 países miembros- se ha generado un optimismo exagerado, sobre todo por parte de diferentes organismos internacionales otrora críticos como el Banco Mundial, que ahora ponderan sobremanera las bondades del proceso de integración regional. A la comprensión de la complejidad en la implementación de esa área contribuye el presente artículo, el cual se adentra en el análisis de los antecedentes, potencialidades, alcance y desafíos del AfCFTA. Se argumenta que este nuevo intento de integración regional no es muy diferente ni distante del ideario neoliberal y parece inscribirse dentro del regionalismo abierto que tiende a favorecer una integración hacia afuera, por lo que no tributa a la solución de los enormes problemas de subdesarrollo, pobreza e injusticia social del continente.

BACKGROUND: The transfer of all types of knowledge in occupational therapy practice is complex, and there is little agreement globally on the most important types of knowledge that inform clinical practice. This study aimed to uncover the perspectives of occupational therapists in the Free State, South Africa on knowledge transfer in clinical practice. METHODOLOGY: Q methodology was used to collect data from 14 occupational therapists utilising Q Method Software. RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed two factors with eigenvalues of greater than 1. Factor 1 had an eigenvalue of 2.97, and factor 2 had an eigenvalue of 1.48. These two factors were constructed from six and five participants' Q Sorts respectively, with the highest factor loads for factor 1 and factor 2. Thematic content analysis of these two factors identified two themes, namely: client-centred philosophy and practice informed through clinical reasoning. CONCLUSION: The strategic use of Q methodology presented empirical evidence of the transfer and utilisation of all types of knowledge in clinical practice in the Free State, South Africa. The results indicated the transfer of propositional, procedural, personal, and client knowledge strengthens client-centred practice and manifests in clinical reasoning. Furthermore, the results indicate an interdependence between the types of knowledge, meaning that it is important that therapists utilise all types of knowledge and not rely on only one form of knowledge when they work with patients to promote well-being. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: • Q Methodology is an ideal research method to identify the subjective perspectives of participants where different opinions on a topic might exist. • Clinicians hold a wealth of practice experience and personal knowledge that should be shared and captured through research. • The client's voice needs to be heard more often to ensure client-centred practice is not only an idea on paper.

Abstract Rabies is a viral disease preventable through immunization. This disease affects more than 150 countries, causing dozens of deaths, mainly in the continents of Asia and Africa. 40% of cases occur in children under 15 years of age; the dog is the main source of 99% of deaths from rabies. For this reason, rabies disease can be prevented by vaccinating dogs and avoiding bites.

Resumen La rabia es una enfermedad vírica prevenible mediante la inmunización. Esta afecta a personas de más de 150 países ocasionando decenas de defunciones, principalmente en los continentes de Asia y África. El 40 % de casos se dan en niños menores de 15 años, siendo el perro la principal fuente de contagio a humanos y del 99% de las muertes por esa causa; así, la vacunación de estos animales resulta la principal medida preventiva que se recomienda.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare systems reflect worldviews, specifically in mental health, where norms dictate what is normal and abnormal. The era of coloniality promoted Western dogma over collectivist cultures, which were marginalised. This study explored the perspectives and experiences of Black, isiZulu-speaking, South Africans who utilised multidisciplinary services, based on a Western-based therapy model at a private psychiatric facility in KwaZulu Natal. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive design was utilised. Purposive sampling was utilised to recruit 10 participants. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Braun and Clarke's six phases of thematic analysis were used to guide the data analysis. FINDINGS: Three themes with sub-themes emerged from the data: personal perceptions, which explored how isiZulu-speaking people made sense of mental health and mental illnesses. Cultural perceptions were the collectivist method of problem-solving, which stressed the importance of spiritual beliefs. Health-seeking behaviour considered the experience of the isiZulu-speaking mental health care user. Cognitive dissonance prevailed due to the difference between westernised mental health treatment and traditional healing systems. CONCLUSION: The family and community are intertwined in participation, reputation, and healing. There is an emphasis on enduring hardship and following traditions, which are preserved by valued elders. Disregarding these norms can outcast the Zulu individual who strives toward inclusion within the community. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: • Intervention cannot only be at individual level but also community level. • Including the family in psychoeducation and therapeutic goal settingwould be beneficial to the Zulu MHCU. • Group programmes should address gender-specific issues. • Occupational therapists must recognise the importance of participating in spirituality for the healing of the Zulu MHCU and appropriately include it in intervention. • Mental health resources and awareness programmes need to be disseminated atcommunity level. • Competency in the isiZulu language is recommended.

INTRODUCTION: Holistic healthcare service delivery requires rehabilitation personnel to consider all the components of health that influence the client's quality of life. However, there is limited literature on approaches to implementing rehabilitation services within South African public healthcare. This study explored rehabilitation personnel's (such as occupational therapists, speech therapists, physiotherapists) use of occupation-based practice impairment-based practice and the barriers and facilitators associated with their practice choice. METHODS: A qualitative research design was conducted through semi-structured interviews (13 participants), a focus group (4 participants) and community mapping. Purposive sampling was utilised to select participants in the iLembe district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data were analysed using deductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Three themes emerged from the study; Attitudes towards impairment-based practice, Reflections on OBP, and The way forward. The need to focus on all the components of health rather than just the disease and the benefits of using the occupation-based practice approach were highlighted. Additionally, different factors required to implement holistic rehabilitation services and the barriers to OBP were identified. CONCLUSION: Although the study identified OBP benefits, various barriers associated with its implementation were identified. Rehabilitation personnel, community stakeholders, and clients must work together to improve OBP implementation in public healthcare by combating the barriers identified in the study. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study has implications for rehabilitation service implementation in the iLembe district public healthcare sector. OBP was perceived to have more quality of life and health outcomes, which leads to implications for practice. There is a need to transition from the medical model with approaches only focusing on body structures and functions into approaches that consider all the components of health, such as the OBP. Even though there are barriers towards OBP implementation, rehabilitation personnel can still promote its implementation through inter-professional practice, continuous professional development and health promotion. Furthermore, there are implications for undergraduate programmes to equip undergraduates with the skills to implement OBP within under-resourced facilities.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

INTRODUCTION: This rapid review aimed to synthesise evidence for occupational therapy intervention in the management of autism spectrum disorders. The review forms part of a series of rapid reviews commissioned by the Occupational Therapy Association of South Africa to help inform decision making as South Africa prepares for a new health system. METHOD: Level I and II research studies published from 2017 - 2022 were considered for inclusion. Electronic database searches were conducted on the Cochrane database. The identified records were screened in Rayyan according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality assessment of the selected articles was done with the CASP appraisal tool. Data were extracted to a custom Microsoft Excel® worksheet and analysed quantitatively by percentage/frequency and qualitatively by thematic analysis of statements. RESULTS: Thirty-eight records were selected. These included 30 systematic reviews and eight randomised controlled trials. Twelve intervention domains across four age groups were identified with sensory integration and social skills interventions most frequently examined. Interventions were delivered across various venues, including mediation and technology (e.g., telehealth interventions). A number of different outcome measures were used. CONCLUSION: There is evidence to support the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan for twelve different domains. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: • Occupational Therapists are involved in the provision of therapy intervention across all age groups for people with ASD. • Intervention can successfully take place in a clinic setting, but also at home or through means of technology. • There is growing evidence for sensory integration therapy or techniques when considering functional outcomes when treating people with ASD. • There is a lack of Level I and II research in the form of randomised control trials and systematic reviews regarding ASD intervention in sub-Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION: The Occupational Therapy Association of South African commissioned a task team to gather evidence that would inform upcoming National Health policies on the role and practice of occupational therapists. This rapid review aimed to identify level 1 and 2 peer reviewed published evidence that describes occupational therapists' practice and intervention in all types of burn injuries, at all levels of care, and for all age groups. METHOD: Using the South African Department of Health template and the Cochran Rapid Reviews method guide, a search for level 1 and 2 evidence sourced articles from CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (EBSCO), the Cochrane Library (Wiley) and OTSeeker data bases through the Stellenbosch University library with hand searching of references in the selected articles. Rayyan was used for the screening and selection of articles. The CASP appraisal tool was used for risk bias and quality assessment of the selected articles. Data was captured in Excel and Word, and analysed and synthesised in Microsoft Excel and Taguette. Results were presented in the form of an online workshop to stakeholders and discussions and questions incorporated into the discussion and conclusion of this review. RESULTS: Eleven articles were selected and their quality assessed. Seven categories of evidence of occupational therapy interventions were extracted from selected articles: pain, oedema, scaring and abnormal skin sensations, joints and range of motion, psycho-social and functional impact of burn injuries, the education of burn injury victims and their families, and vocational rehabilitation. All interventions took place in healthcare facilities. Nine articles referred to occupational therapists working in multi-disciplinary teams. Occupational therapist worked with children and adult burn injury victims and with a variety of type of burn injury from acute to post discharge phases CONCLUSION: There is level 1 and 2 evidence confirming occupational therapy intervention with burn injury victims with all ages and at all stages of injury within healthcare facilities. None of the evidence found is from the South African context. Such levels of evidence are needed to promote occupational therapy intervention in primary, preventative and community contexts. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Internationally there is level 1 and 2 evidence that confirms occupational therapists are members of multi-disciplinary teams addressing the functional ability and participation in activities of burn injury victims. None of this evidence is from South Africa. As a matter of priority, South African clinical occupational therapy practice and intervention within the field of burn injury, need to be researched and disseminated as level 1 and 2 evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical utility is an important attribute in selecting an assessment tool. The study aimed to determine the perceptions of South African occupational therapists of the clinical utility of Modular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards (MODAPTS) work samples when assessing a client's work ability. The research objectives were to determine whether MODAPTS is perceived to be credible, practical, useful, and easy to use. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive research design was used. Non-probability sampling with elements of voluntary response- and snowball sampling was used to recruit respondents. An electronic questionnaire was developed using Qualtrics, which was distributed electronically via the Occupational Therapy Association of South Africa, WhatsApp and Telegram. RESULTS: Data were based on 52 completed questionnaires, analysed through descriptive statistics MODAPTS was perceived as practical, useful, credible, and asy to use in practice. Main barriers to the use of MODAPTS included the timeliness of developing work samples, lack of MODAPTS training, and having other more useful and reliable assessment tools. Experienced occupational therapists used MODAPTS more often than inexperienced occupational therapists. CONCLUSION: Clinical utility of work samples developed using MODAPTS has been confirmed. This supports the use of work samples developed using MODAPTS as part of work assessments as a cost-effective, practical tool. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: • Development of contextually relevant work samples. •Use of MODAPTS work samples as an outcome measure during intervention. • Application during rehabilitation goal setting. • Cost effective application of MODAPTS work samples in a variety of settings.

Peace education is the basis for global peace and a prerequisite for attaining sustainable development and global goals. Considering the widespread physical and structural violence and destructive protests across South African higher education, it is crucial to embrace peace education to deal with violence in all its forms. This article explores the need for peace education in the South African higher education curriculum. A qualitative critical review of the literature reveals widespread gender-based violence, sexual exploitation, destructive student protests at and the militarisation of universities through military force to quell violent student protests nationwide in South Africa. Lack of peace skills indicates that both lecturers, university management and students are in need peace education. Peace education must be incorporated in South African higher education. As part of a model for it, this article recommends the establishment of peace as a stand-alone subject, extra-curricular activities for peace and storytelling to deliver peace education and inculcate a culture of peace in both educators and students. More so, there is a need to embrace the pedagogy of peace education and establish institutes for peace and conflict resolution at every higher education institution in South Africa.