ABSTRACT: The study was conducted on a 3-year-old female Santa Inês sheep from a property located in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Tauá, west of Pará. The affected animal had a history of exophthalmos in the left eye, nasal discharge, and breathing difficulty for more than three months. On physical examination, the animal had a low body score, apathy, unilateral facial asymmetry, moderate unilateral left exophthalmos, mixed dyspnea and unilateral profuse serosanguinous nasal discharge. At necropsy, a large nasal mass was observed, predominantly yellowish-white with blackish-red areas, with an irregular, finely granular, moist, and friable surface. The mass invaded from the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril to the choanae, infiltrated the frontal sinuses, the cribiform plate, and reached the meninges and the frontal portion of the brain. Microscopy of the surface of the nasal epithelium showed severe destruction of the turbinates and epithelia, evidenced by extensive areas of necrosis with a large amount of cellular debris, ulceration, and secondary bacterial infection. In the central nervous system there was pyogranulomatous meningitis with marked vessel congestion, as well as foci of necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of numerous intralesional hyphae for antibodies against Conidiobolus lamprauges. The diagnosis of granulomatous rhinitis of mycotic origin associated with the Conidiobolus lamprauges was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and immunohistochemical data.

RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado em um ovino, fêmea, de três anos de idade, da raça santa inês, procedente de uma propriedade localizada do município de Santo Antônio de Tauá, oeste do Pará. O animal acometido tinha histórico de exoftalmia no olho esquerdo, secreção nasal e dificuldade respiratória há mais de três meses. Ao exame físico o animal apresentava baixo escore corporal, apatia, assimetria facial unilateral, moderada exoftalmia unilateral esquerda, dispneia mista e exsudação nasal serossanguinolenta profusa unilateral. À necropsia, foi observada grande massa nasal, predominantemente branco-amarelada com áreas vermelho enegrecidas, de superfície irregular, finamente granular, úmida e friável. A massa invadia desde a junção mucocutânea do nariz esquerdo até as coanas, se infiltrava pelos seios nasais frontais, placa cribiforme e alcançava as meninges e a porção frontal do cérebro. À microscopia da superfície do epitélio nasal notou-se severa destruição dos cornetos e dos epitélios, evidenciada por extensas áreas de necrose com muitos debris celulares, ulceração e infecção bacteriana secundária. No sistema nervoso central (SNC) havia meningite piogranulomatosa com acentuada congestão de vasos, focos de necrose e inflamação granulomatosa. O diagnóstico de rinite granulomatosa de origem micótica associada ao fungo Conidiobolus lamprauges foi baseado nos achados da imuno-histoquímica.

Resumo O plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo (PRPa) e a fibrina rica em plaquetas autóloga (FRPa) são biomateriais derivados do sangue com potencial promissor para uso na otimização do processo de cicatrização de feridas. A rosuvastatina (RSV), uma estatina hipolipemiante, apresenta efeitos pleiotrópicos que podem melhorar a cicatrização, justificando o estudo de seu uso isoladamente ou em combinação com outros materiais para tais fins. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a reepitelização de feridas com o uso do PRPa e FRPa autólogos associados ou não à rosuvastatina 1,2%. Foram utilizados dezesseis coelhos machos adultos da raça Nova Zelândia, clinicamente saudáveis, alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 8 animais, cada grupo representando um biomaterial associado ou não à rosuvastatina 1,2%. As feridas cirúrgicas foram induzidas e tratadas com biomateriais e rosuvastatina 1,2% por 17 dias. Avaliação macroscópica da área total das feridas e a distância do epitélio em cortes histológicos foram realizadas. A correlação entre área de ferida e espessura de epitélio foi inversamente proporcional e com maior intensidade com o uso da FRPa (r = -0,5500). Não foi observada diferença na espessura de epitélio entre os grupos (p > 0,05). A área da ferida do PRPa isolado (p = 0,001), FRPa isolada (p = 0,021) e PRPa+RSV (p = 0,016) foram menores comparadas ao FRPa+RSV aos 14 dias. Esses achados sugerem que a rosuvastatina associada ao PRPa resultou em áreas menores de ferida comparada à PRFa, otimizando a cicatrização.

Abstract Autologous platelet-rich plasma (aPRP) and autologous platelet-rich fibrin (aPRF) are blood-derived biomaterials that potentially enhance wound healing. Rosuvastatin (RSV), a lipidlowering statin, exhibits pleiotropic effects that may promote tissue repair, warranting investigation into its use alone or combined with biomaterials for wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the wound repair effects of aPRP and aPRF, with or without adding 1.2% rosuvastatin. Sixteen clinically healthy adult male New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups of eight, each receiving one of the biomaterials either with or without 1.2% rosuvastatin. The biomaterials used were of autologous origin, specifically aPRP and aPRF. Surgical wounds were induced and treated with biomaterials and 1.2% rosuvastatin over 17 days. Macroscopic assessments of wound area and epithelial gap distance were conducted, supplemented by histological analysis. A significant inverse correlation was observed between wound area and epithelial thickness with the use of aPRF (r = -0.5500). No significant difference was found in epithelial thickness between treatment groups (p > 0.05). In terms of the wound area, aPRP alone (p = 0.001 ), aPRF alone (p = 0.021 ), and aPRP+RSV (p = 0.016) treatments yielded smaller wound areas compared to aPRF+RSV at 14 days post-treatment. These findings suggest that the addition of 1.2% rosuvastatin to aPRP resulting in a smaller wound area compared to aPRF, enhances wound repair.

ABSTRACT Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OC) is common among people living with HIV (PLWH). Persistent colonization of oral epithelial surfaces serves as an ecological niche for opportunistic pathogens and is a significant predisposing factor for OC development in PLWH. Mucosal colonization can lead to biofilm formation, directly impacting oral epithelium. Aim To assess Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis colonization in subgingival biofilms of people living with HIV (PLWH) and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Materials and Method A sample of 51 PLWH who were receiving ART was studied, focusing on dental and periodontal parameters. Subgingival biofilm and mucosa samples were collected, and Candida spp. were identified using molecular techniques. Results Men (average age: 41.11 ± 8.63) predominated. The main cause of HIV was sexual transmission. Fungal-related opportunistic diseases were observed in 18 patients, and LT CD4 counts were evaluated. A total 255 samples were collected, including 204 from gingivoperiodontal sites and 51 from oral mucosa. Candida spp. was detected in 55% of patients, with particular distribution patterns. Positive Candida spp. presence correlated with clinical attachment level and HIV treatments. Microscopic identification revealed the presence of hyphae at the time of microbiological sample collection. Molecular identification confirmed 16 Candida albicans and 36 Candida dubliniensis isolates, challenging their diagnostic importance. Conclusions The presence of yeast hyphae/pseudohyphae in subgingival biofilms indicates their role in gingivo-periodontal disease dysbiosis. PLWH in this Argentine region face challenges including limited access to healthcare. The study underscores the need for early oral health intervention, emphasizing the diagnostic significance of Candida.

RESUMEN La candidiasis orofaríngea (CO) es común en pacientes que viven con HIV (PVVS). La colonización persistente de las superficies epiteliales orales sirve como reservorio para patógenos oportunistas. Esta colonización es un factor predisponente para el desarrollo de la CO en PVVS. La colonización mucosa puede llevar a la formación de biofilm, impactando directamente en el epitelio oral. Objetivo Evaluar la colonización por Candida albicans y Candida dubliniensis en biofilm subgingival de pacientes que viven con VIH (PVVS) bajo tratamiento antirretroviral. Materiales y Método Se estudió una cohorte de 51 PVVS bajo TAR, centrándose en parámetros dentales y periodontales. Se recolectaron muestras de biofilm subgingival y mucosa, identificando Candida spp. mediante técnicas moleculares. Resultados Predominaron hombres con edad promedio de 41,11 ± 8,63, siendo la transmisión sexual la principal vía. Se observaron enfermedades oportunistas relacionadas con hongos en 18 pacientes, evaluándose los recuentos de CD4 a largo plazo. En total, se recopilaron 255 muestras, incluyendo 204 de sitios gingivo-periodontales y 51 de mucosa oral. Se detectó Candida spp. en el 55% de los pacientes, con patrones de distribución particular. La presencia positiva de Candida spp. se correlacionó con nivel de inserción clínica y TAR. La identificación microscópica reveló la presencia de hifas al momento de la toma de muestras microbiológicas. La identificación molecular confirmó 16 aislamientos de Candida albicans y 36 de Candida dubliniensis, desafiando su importancia diagnóstica. Conclusiones La presencia de hifas/pseudohifas de levaduras en biofilm subgingival indica su papel en la disbiosis de enfermedades gingivo-periodontales. Los PVVS en esta región argentina enfrentan desafíos debido al acceso médico limitado. El estudio destaca la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas en la salud oral, enfatizando la importancia diagnóstica de Candida spp.

Resumo O diagnóstico do ceratoacantoma é desafiador e, portanto, esta publicação contribui para a literatura atual apresentando dados epidemiológicos e descrevendo características clínicas e histopatológicas e a decisão de tratamento. Homem caucasiano de 69 anos apresentava nódulo de crescimento exofítico em lábio inferior, de 10 mm, bem delimitado, de forma circular, consistência firme, cor rósea e superfície rugosa. A suspeita clínica foi de carcinoma de células escamosas. Foi realizada biópsia incisional e análise histopatológica, a qual revelou fragmentos de mucosa oral revestidos por epitélio pavimentoso estratificado hiperparaceratinizado com centro preenchido por ceratina, pérolas córneas, hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa e áreas de displasia epitelial, concluindo o diagnóstico de ceratoacantoma. Foi feita a ressecção cirúrgica, removendo totalmente a lesão. A análise histopatológica confirmou o diagnóstico de ceratoacantoma. Indivíduos do sexo masculino, caucasianos, acima de 45 anos de idade são os mais acometidos pelo ceratoacantoma. A histopatologia do caso corrobora a caracterização clássica, principalmente a depressão central preenchida por ceratina. O tratamento escolhido foi a ressecção cirúrgica com pequena margem de segurança, de acordo com a literatura atual. Os ceratoacantomas são mais comuns em indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade acima de 45 anos. O principal fator etiológico é a exposição solar sem medidas de proteção. Esta lesão apresenta-se como nódulo exofítico, de consistência firme, superfície rugosa e centro preenchido por ceratina. A histopatologia caracteriza-se por estrutura crateriforme, disceratose e presença de pérolas córneas. O tratamento mais indicado é a ressecção cirúrgica.

Abstract Keratoacanthoma diagnosis is challenging, and therefore, this publication contributes to the current literature by presenting epidemiological data and describing clinical and histopathological characteristics and the treatment decision. A 69-year-old Caucasian male patient presented with a well-delimited exophytic growth nodule in the lower lip measuring 10 millimeters with circular shape, firm consistency, pink color, and rough surface. The clinical suspicion was squamous cell carcinoma. An incisional biopsy and histopathological analysis were performed, which revealed fragments of oral mucosa lined by hyperparakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a center filled with keratin, corneal pearls, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, and areas of epithelial dysplasia. The diagnosis of keratoacanthoma was determined. Surgical resection was performed, completely removing the lesion, and histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of keratoacanthoma. The fact that the patient was male, over 45 years old, and Caucasian agrees with the epidemiology of the population most affected by keratoacanthoma. The histopathology of the case corroborates the classic characterization, mainly the central depression filled with keratin. The treatment chosen was surgical resection with a small margin of safety, according to the current literature. Keratoacanthomas are more common in males aged over 45 years and in Caucasian individuals. The main etiology is sun exposure without protective measures. It presents as an exophytic nodule with a firm consistency, rough surface, and center filled with keratin. Histopathology is characterized by a crateriform structure, dyskeratosis, and the presence of corneal pearls. The most indicated treatment is surgical resection.

Resumo As neoplasias mucinosas papilares intraductais (IPMNs) são lesões quísticas pancreáticas caracterizadas por dilatação do ducto pancreático principal e/ou de ductos secundários com projecções papilares compostas por epitélio mucinoso displásico. Uma notável complicação associada a estas neoplasias é a ocorrência de fístulas para órgãos adjacentes. Neste artigo, apresentamos um caso de IPMN complicado por duas fístulas gastropancreáticas. O nosso objetivo é rever a literatura mais recente sobre a frequência e prognóstico das fístulas, quais os órgãos mais afectados, os mecanismos de formação das fístulas e possíveis métodos que possam ajudar no tratamento desta complicação.

Abstract Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms are pancreatic cystic lesions characterized by a dilated main pancreatic duct and/or dilated branch ducts with papillary projections composed of dysplastic mucinous epithelium. A notable complication associated with IPMNs is the occurrence of fistulization into adjacent organs. In this article, we present one case of IPMN complicated by two gastropancreatic fistulas. We aim to review the latest literature about fistulas frequency and prognosis, which organs are affected the most, the mechanisms for fistula formation and possible methods that might help in the management of this complication.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el virus del papiloma humano es un virus ADN de doble cadena que infecta el epitelio escamoso en individuos sanos para producir verrugas y condilomas; constituye un problema de salud que afecta a nivel global. Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de afecciones anorrectales asociadas al virus del papiloma humano. Métodos: investigación descriptiva que incluyó todos los pacientes con afecciones anorrectales asociadas al virus del papiloma humano, en el período comprendido del primero de noviembre de 2020 al treinta y uno diciembre de 2021, atendidos en el Servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos. La información se obtuvo del expediente clínico y un modelo recolector de datos. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo, características clínicas, anatomopatológicas, localización topográfica de la lesión, técnica quirúrgica aplicada. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino y el grupo de edades entre 30-39 años, Cienfuegos resultó el municipio más afectado. Las relaciones con múltiples compañeros y el coito precoz fueron los factores de riesgo más significativos; el canal anal fue la localización más frecuente y la ulcerectomía fue la técnica más utilizada; como complicaciones se presentaron el retardo en la cicatrización y la retención urinaria, la mayoría evolucionó satisfactoriamente a los tres meses. Conclusiones: la infección por el virus del papiloma humano guarda relación con la aparición de afecciones anales.

ABSTRACT Foundation: the human papillomavirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects the squamous epithelium in healthy individuals to produce warts and condylomas; it constitutes a health problem that affects globally. Objective: to identify the prevalence of anorectal conditions associated with human papillomavirus. Methods: descriptive research that included all patients with anorectal conditions associated with the human papillomavirus, from November 1st, 2020 to December 31st, 2021, treated in the Coloproctology Service of the Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital, in Cienfuegos. The information was obtained from the clinical record and a data collection model. The analyzed variables were: age, sex, risk factors, clinical and pathological characteristics, topographic location of the lesion, and surgical technique applied. Results: the male sex and the age group between 30 and 39 years predominated; Cienfuegos was the most affected municipality. Relationships with multiple partners and early intercourse were the most significant risk factors; the anal canal was the most frequent location and ulcerectomy was the most used technique; Complications included delayed healing and urinary retention; most progressed satisfactorily after three months. Conclusions: human papillomavirus infection is related to the appearance of anal conditions.

ABSTRACT Endometriosis is a chronic disease characterized by the growth of the endometrium outside the uterine cavity. In response to estradiol, this tissue begins to proliferate and grow, forming lesions and nodules, which can invade the tissues, causing pelvic pain and infertility. The most widely used pharmacological treatment is progesterone, which manages to reduce symptoms, but approximately one-third of patients develop resistance to treatment. Aim: To determine the expression levels of progesterone receptors in biopsies of recto-vaginal nodules, considering central and invasive regions of the lesions. Materials and methods: Biopsies from 16 patients diagnosed with deep endometriosis were used, and fragments from the center of the nodule and the invasive area were selected. Histological sections and immunohistochemical staining for progesterone receptors, KI67 and E-Cadherin (ECad) were prepared and quantified by image analysis. Results: The glands in the center (less invasive area) compared to the front (invasive area) have a significantly lower level of mitosis (KI67 0,486±0,014 vs. 0,719±0,026 +nuclei/total nuclei) and greater thickness (13,430±0,169 vs. 6,160 ±0,166 μm), higher level of ECad expression (0,525±0,048 vs. 0,338±0,063 times over control), and higher expression of RP (stroma 0,382±0,267 vs. 0,165±0,191 and epithelium 0,728±0,043 and 0,386±0,063 times over control). Conclusion: The glands have different molecular and morphological characteristics depending on the area of the lesion. Invasive areas are more proliferative and express fewer progesterone receptors. However, further studies are required to determine if these differences translate into the ability to respond to progesterone treatment.

RESUMEN La endometriosis es una enfermedad crónica caracterizada por el crecimiento de endometrio fuera de la cavidad uterina. Este tejido, en respuesta al estradiol, comienza a proliferar y crecer formando lesiones y nódulos, las que pueden invadir los tejidos generando dolor pélvico e infertilidad. Su tratamiento farmacológico más utilizado es la progesterona, la cual logra reducir los síntomas, pero aproximadamente un tercio de las pacientes desarrolla resistencia al tratamiento. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de expresión de los receptores de progesterona (RP) en biopsias de nódulos recto-vaginales, considerando regiones centrales e invasivas de las lesiones. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron biopsias de 16 pacientes diagnosticadas con endometriosis profunda, se seleccionaron fragmentos del centro del nódulo y de la zona invasiva. Se prepararon cortes histológicos y tinción inmunohistoquímica para RP, KI67 y E-Cadherina (ECad), los cuales fueron cuantificados por análisis de imágenes. Resultados: Las glándulas del centro (zona menos invasiva) en comparación con el frente (zona invasiva) poseen significativamente menor nivel de mitosis (KI67 0,486±0,014 vs. 0,026 núcleos+/núcleos totales), mayor grosor (13,430±0,169 vs. 6,160±0,166 μm), mayor nivel de expresión de ECad (0,525±0,048 vs. 0,338±0,063), y mayor expresión de RP (estroma 0,382±0,267 vs. 0,165±0,191 y epitelio 0,728±0,043 vs. 0,386±0,063). Conclusión: Las glándulas poseen características moleculares y morfológicas distintas según la zona de la lesión. Las zonas invasivas son más proliferativas y expresan menos RP. Sin embargo, nuevos estudios se requieren para determinar si estas diferencias se traducen en la capacidad de responder al tratamiento de P4.

SUMMARY: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that accumulates in kidney and liver. L-carnitine(LC) is a natural compound that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine against cadmium-induced changes in liver and kidney tissues in prepubertal female rats. In this study 21-day-old female Wistar Albino rats were used. Control, cadmium (2 mg/kg cadmium intraperitoneally), L-carnitine (300 mg/kg orally) and cadmium+L-carnitine groups were formed. Liver and kidney tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson Trichrome. Histological scoring was performed in liver and kidney. In the liver tissue given Cd, bile duct proliferation, inflammation cells and connective tissue in the portal area were decreased in treatment group. In kidneys, cadmium group treated with L-carnitine, it was observed that the capillary congestion in the kidneys decreased, but tubular dilatation continued in some places. In fibrosis scoring of the liver groups,statistically significant decrease was observed in the Cd+LC group compared to group of cadmium. In the histological scoring results of the kidney groups, statistically significant decrease in congestion and tubular epithelial degeneration was observed in the group treated with L-carnitine compared to group with cadmium. In conclusion medium-dose cadmium has toxic effects in liver and kidney of prepubertal female rats in subacute period,these effects are alleviated with L-carnitine.

RESUMEN: El cadmio (Cd) es un elemento tóxico que se acumula en los riñones y el hígado. La L-carnitina (LC) es un compuesto natural que ha demostrado tener actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la L-carnitina contra los cambios inducidos por el cadmio en los tejidos del hígado y el riñón en ratas hembra prepúberes. En este estudio se utilizaron ratas Wistar Albinas hembra de 21 días de edad. Se formaron grupos control, cadmio (2 mg/kg de cadmio por vía intraperitoneal), L- carnitina (300 mg/kg por vía oral) y cadmio + L-carnitina. Se tiñeron secciones de tejido de hígado y riñón con Hematoxilina-Eosina y tricrómico de Masson. La puntuación histológica se realizó en hígado y riñón. En el tejido hepático que recibió Cd, la proliferación de los conductos biliares, las células inflamatorias y el tejido conectivo en el área portal disminuyeron en el grupo con tratamiento. En los riñones, en el grupo de cadmio tratado con L- carnitina, se observó que la congestión capilar disminuyó, pero la dilatación tubular continuó en algunos sitios. En la puntuación de fibrosis de los grupos de hígado, se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de Cd+LC en comparación con el grupo de cadmio. Los resultados de puntuación histológica de los grupos de riñón, arrojó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la congestión y el epitelio tubular Se observó degeneración en el grupo tratado con L-carnitina en comparación con el grupo con cadmio. En conclusión, las dosis medias de cadmio tienen efectos tóxicos en el hígado y los riñones de ratas hembras prepúberes en el período subagudo; estos efectos se alivian con L-carnitina.

SUMMARY: During prenatal development, the cells found inside the testicular cord, together with the primordial germ cells, have been called Cellullae sustentaculares in Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria (International Committee on Veterinary Embryological Nomenclature, 2017) and as Sustentocytus in Terminologia Embryologica (Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology, 2013, 2017). Such a name can be explained because it is stated that these cells fulfill the important functions of providing support and nutrition to the germ line starting at puberty. Our hypothesis is that the name Sustentocytus is an error in both the NEV and the TE, so the objectives of this study were to demonstrate that the term Sustentocytus is erroneous, both in the NE and the TE, and to propose a new name that contemplates the morphofunctional characteristics of this cell. For this, human fetal testicles of the eighth, ninth and tenth weeks of development were histologically analyzed, which were cut serially at 5 µm thickness, using standard H-E and Alcian Blue techniques. During the initial fetal phase, Sustentocytus cannot fulfill the support functions assigned to them, because they are in the formation and proliferation stage. It is widely known that at this stage of development its main function is to produce the Factor antiparamesonephrico, which induces or triggers the involution of the Ductus mesonephricus destined for the formation of the Tuba uterina, Uterus, Pars superior vaginae. Furthermore, in the later phases of development these cells are arranged to form an epithelium on the basement membrane of the Chorda seminifera, at the same time that they secrete growth factors (Conei & Rojas, 2018). Taking into consideration the histological appearance and functionality, the proposed new name is: Endocrinocytus epithelii prenatalis.

RESUMEN: Durante el desarrollo prenatal, las células que se encuentran en el interior del cordón testicular, junto a las células germinales primordiales, han sido denominadas como Cellullae sustentaculares en Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria (International Committee on Veterinary Embryological Nomenclature, 2017) y como Sustentocytus en Terminologia Embryologica (Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2013, 2017). Tal denominación se puede explicar debido a que se consigna que dichas células cumplen con las importantes funciones de otorgar sostén y nutrición a la línea germinal a partir de la pubertad. Nuestra hipótesis es que la denominación Sustentocytus es un error tanto en la NEV como en la TE, por lo que los objetivos de este estudio fueron demostrar que el término células sustentaculares es erróneo, tanto en la NE como en la TE, y proponer una nueva denominación que contemple las características morfofuncionales de esta célula. Para esto se analizaron histológicamente testículos fetales humanos de octava, novena y décima semana de desarrollo, los cuales fueron cortados en forma seriada de 5 µm de grosor, utilizando las técnicas estándar de H-E y Azul de Alcián. Durante la fase fetal inicial, los Sustentocytus no pueden cumplir con las funciones de sostén que se les ha asignado, debido a que están en etapa de formación y proliferación. Es de amplio conocimiento que en esta etapa del desarrollo su función principal es elaborar el Factor antiparamesonephrico, que induce o gatilla la involución del Ductus mesonephricus destinado a la formación de Tuba uterina, Uterus, Pars superior vaginae. Además, en las fases más tardías del desarrollo estas células se disponen formando un epitelio sobre la membrana basal del Chorda seminifera, al mismo tiempo que secretan factores de crecimiento (Conei & Rojas, 2018). Teniendo en consideración el aspecto histológico y la funcionalidad, la nueva denominación propuesta es: Endocrinocytus epithelii prenatalis.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the first malignant tumor in endocrine glands, and it is estimated that by 2030 it will be in the top five cancers worldwide. In Chile, TC was recently included as pathology No. 82 with Explicit Health Guarantees, which implies allocating significant public and private resources to the treatment of patients with a cancer that is on the rise. There are groups of young patients with small tumors that present a more aggressive clinical behavior, where decision-making could be advanced. Specifically, a group of patients under 55 years of age with tumors less than 2 cm in size but with regional metastases, that lack indication for radioiodine therapy and could require complementary treatment or present a worse evolution. Clinical and molecular tools to guide appropriate treatment in patients with lymph node metastases are limited and have not been updated. There are tumorigenicity and prognostic factors, such as EpithelialMesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) markers that have been incorporated into the study of other tumors and recently in thyroid cancer. Studies linking EMT and CSC with TC currently point to molecular and genetic description, with few reports clinically correlating these findings (particularly in subgroups with particular characteristics of aggressiveness) and proposing them as tumorigenicity and prognosis markers. The description of these biomarkers in the described population could facilitate decision-making regarding follow-up, surgical therapy, and radioiodine therapy.

Resumen El cáncer de tiroides (CT) es el primer tumor maligno en glándulas endocrinas, y se estima que al 2030 estará en el top cinco de cáncer a nivel mundial. En Chile, el CT fue incluido, recientemente, como la patología N° 82 con Garantías Explícitas de Salud, lo que implica destinar importantes recursos públicos y privados al tratamiento de pacientes con un cáncer que va en aumento en el mundo. Existen grupos de pacientes jóvenes con tumores pequeños que presentan un comportamiento clínico más agresivo desde el inicio, donde se podría adelantar la toma de decisiones. Específicamente, destaca un grupo de pacientes menores de 55 años con tumores pequeños menores de 2 cm, pero con metástasis regionales, que quedan fuera de la indicación de radioyodoterapia y podrían requerir tratamiento complementario o presentar peor evolución. Las herramientas clínicas y moleculares para guiar el tratamiento adecuado en pacientes con metástasis linfonodales son limitadas y no han sido actualizadas hasta el momento. Existen factores de tumorigenicidad y pronóstico, tales como los marcadores de Transición Epitelio-Mesenquimal (TEM) y Cáncer Stem Cells (CSC) que se han incorporado al estudio de otros tumores y recientemente en cáncer de tiroides. Actualmente estudios que relacionan TEM y CSC con CT apuntan a la descripción molecular y genética, con escasos reportes que correlacionen, clínicamente, estos hallazgos, (particularmente en subgrupos con características particulares de agresividad) y que los propongan como marcadores de tumorigenicidad y pronóstico. La descripción de estos biomarcadores en la población descrita podría facilitar la toma de decisiones en cuanto a seguimiento, terapia quirúrgica y radioyodoterapia.

Resumo O nevo branco esponjoso (NBE) é uma doença rara, autossómica dominante, da mucosa não queratinizada, que se caracteriza pela presença de uma mucosa espessada e esbranquiçada cuja superfície é irregular, rugosa ou esponjosa. A mucosa oral é a mais afetada. Na avaliação histopatológica apresenta hiper-paraqueratose, acantose com edema e vacuolização intracelulares na camada espinhosa, e condensação eosinofílica perinuclear. Atualmente pensa-se que a etiologia resulta da mutação dos genes da queratina 4 e/ou 13. Apresentamos um caso de um homem, leucodérmico, de 30 anos, com lesões brancas enrugadas bilaterais na mucosa bucal, cuja extensão ultrapassa o plano oclusal. Foi realizada uma biopsia, e a aparência histológica traduziu-se em paraqueratose superficial, com proeminente acantose do epitélio pavimentoso e áreas de proeminente edema intracelular, o que confirmou o diagnóstico. Não foi necessário tratamento, para além do aconselhamento do doente e follow-up inicial de 6 meses. O seu médico dentista foi informado do diagnóstico e recomendou-se manutenção de controlos

Abstract White sponge nevus (WSN) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder of the non-keratinized mucosa, characterized by a thickened white edematous mucosa whose surface appears irregular, wrinkly, or spongy. It affects mainly the oral mucosa. The histopathological examination demonstrates hyperparakeratosis, acanthosis with intracellular edema and vacuolization over the prickle cell layer, and eosinophilic perinuclear condensation. The currently accepted etiology is a mutation of the keratin 4 and/or keratin 13 genes. We present a case of WSN diagnosed in a 30-year-old white male patient with white corrugated bilateral lesions on the buccal mucosa that extended beyond the occlusal plane. A biopsy was obtained, and the histological presentation included superficial parakeratosis, prominent acanthosis of the squamous epithelium, and areas with prominent intracellular edema, which confirmed the diagnosis. No treatment was necessary other than patient counseling and initial 6-month follow-up consultation. His attending dentist was informed of the diagnosis, and further follow-ups were recommended.

RESUMEN Introducción: La periodontitis es la enfermedad crónica inflamatoria caracterizada por la pérdida de inserción con reabsorción ósea concomitante y surcos profundizados por migración apical del epitelio de unión. En su patogenia pueden participar los virus; agentes infecciosos únicos en biología, entre ellos el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19. Los investigadores han planteado teorías que tratan de explicar la posible asociación de este virus con la periodontitis, al considerar que existe entre ambas una relación bidireccional. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre este tema de enero de 2021 a mayo de 2023, con el uso del Google Académico, las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE y LILACS. Objetivo: Describir la información disponible sobre la asociación entre la periodontitis y la COVID-19. Desarrollo: En la periodontitis la deficiente higiene bucal produce una disbiosis del microbioma oral que desencadena la aparición de periodontopatógenos; la entrada del SARS-CoV-2 puede subvertir el sistema inmune, lo que provoca asociación grave de las enfermedades periodontales con la COVID-19. El virus puede interactuar con el microbioma oral y provocar crecimiento excesivo de patobiontes que agravan la formación de bolsas periodontales. Conclusiones: Se considera que la asociación entre la enfermedad producida por el SARS-CoV-2 con la periodontitis es bidireccional, el efecto del virus en el sistema inmunológico puede agravar la periodontitis y los efectos de mediadores químicos de la periodontitis hacen más vulnerable al paciente contagiado por el SARS-CoV-2 para desarrollar una coinfección.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by loss of attachment with concomitant bone resorption and deepened grooves due to apical migration of the junctional epithelium. Viruses may participate in its pathogenesis; infectious agents unique in biology, including the SARS-CoV-2 that causes the COVID-19. Therefore, researchers have proposed theories that try to explain the possible association of this virus with periodontitis, considering that a bidirectional relationship exists between both. A bibliographic review on this topic was carried out from January 2021 to May 2023, using Google Scholar, the PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Objective: Describe the available information on the association between periodontitis and COVID-19. Development: In periodontitis, poor oral hygiene produces a dysbiosis of the oral microbiome that triggers the appearance of periodontopathogens; The entry of the SARS-CoV-2 can subvert the immune system, which causes a serious association of periodontal diseases with COVID-19. This virus can interact with the oral microbiome and cause excessive growth of pathobionts that aggravate the formation of periodontal pockets. Conclusions: It is considered that the association between the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 with periodontitis is bidirectional, the effect of the virus on the immune system can aggravate periodontitis and the effects of chemical mediators of periodontitis make it more vulnerable the patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 to develop a coinfection.

Resumen En el presente estudio se describe la histología del talón y del saco glandular anexo (SGA) del sistema reproductor de cinco especies de Megalobulimus (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Strophocheilidae). Para ello, se utilizó la técnica de coloración de Hematoxilina-Eosina. Se encontró que el talón es una estructura muscular compacta que alberga la bolsa de fertilización, una estructura tubular revestida por un epitelio cilíndrico ciliado replegado, en cuyo extremo proximal se conecta el conducto hermafrodita. Este conducto termina en la cámara de fertilización, desde donde parten los túbulos de la espermateca, los cuales se ramifican hasta su extremo ciego y almacenan espermatozoides exógenos. En los túbulos se observaron espermatozoides, en su mayoría con las cabezas fijadas en las células epiteliales ciliadas y las colas libres en el lumen. La pared del SGA presenta una capa externa de músculo liso y, recubriendo el lumen, un epitelio cilíndrico glandular no ciliado con distintos grados de plegamiento y células mucosas subepiteliales. Las secreciones de estas células desembocan en el conducto colector cerca de la base del talón. Lejos de la glándula de la albúmina se observó una sustancia similar junto con espermatozoides exógenos en los túbulos de la espermateca. Se identificaron diferencias entre las especies, destacándose como característica filogenéticamente relevante la diferenciación del talón, la cual fue más pronunciada en M. capillaceus en comparación con las otras cuatro especies estudiadas (M. popelairianus, M. carrikeri, M. leucostoma y M. maximus).

Abstract In this study, the histology of the talon and the annex glandular sac (AGS) of the reproductive system from five species of Megalobulimus (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Strophocheilidae) is described. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining technique was used. It was found that the talon is a compact muscular structure housing the fertilization pouch, a tubular structure lined by folded ciliated cylindrical epithelium, to whose proximal end the hermaphroditic duct connects. This duct terminates in the fertilization chamber, from which the spermathecal tubules originate. These tubules branch out to their blind ends and store exogenous sperm. In the tubules, spermatozoa were observed, mostly with their heads attached to the ciliated epithelial cells and their tails free in the lumen. The wall of the AGS has an outer layer of smooth muscle and, lining the lumen, a non-ciliated glandular columnar epithelium with various degrees of folding and subepithelial mucous cells. The secretions from these cells flow into the collecting duct near the base of the talon. Far from the albumen gland, a similar substance was observed along with exogenous sperm in the spermathecal tubules. Differences between species were identified, with the most significant and phylogenetically relevant feature being the differentiation of the talon, which was more pronounced in M. capillaceus compared to the other four species studied (M. popelairianus, M. carrikeri, M. leucostoma, and M. maximus).

SUMMARY: Barrett's esophagus is a condition where the distal third of the esophagus changes its epithelial lining from non- keratinized stratified squamous to simple columnar. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to characterize the esophageal mucosa in the third trimester of pregnancy and determine possible variants in its development and was carried out in the Morphology Laboratory of the Health Faculty of the Industrial University of Santander, Colombia, with 45 human fetuses in the third trimester of gestation (weeks 25-40). A section of the distal esophagus and the first portion of the cardial region of the stomach were obtained, and the histological sections were subjected to a fixation process with 5 % formaldehyde solution. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were evaluated for the presence of epithelial change or glands in the esophageal lamina propria. The change from non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium was observed in the esophageal mucosa in five fetuses (11.1 %). In 15 cases (33.3 %), the presence of mucous glands underlying the epithelium was determined. In two fetuses, simple columnar epithelium was observed in the esophageal mucosa and underlying submucosal glands (4.4 %). The lack of replacement of the columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium in the distal third of the esophagus and the presence of mucous glands in the last third of gestation may suggest the presentation of Barret's esophagus in adulthood and thus, a predisposition to develop esophageal adenocarcinoma.

RESUMEN: El esófago de Barrett es una afección en la que el tercio distal del esófago cambia su revestimiento epitelial de escamoso estratificado no queratinizado a columnar simple. Este estudio descriptivo de corte transversal tiene como objetivo caracterizar la mucosa esofágica en el tercer trimestre del embarazo y determinar posibles variantes en su desarrollo y se realizó en el laboratorio de Morfología de la Facultad de Salud de la Universidad Industrial de Santander-Colombia, con 45 fetos humanos en el tercer trimestre de gestación (semanas 25-40). Se obtuvo una sección del esófago distal y la primera porción de la región cardial del estómago y las secciones histológicas se sometieron a un proceso de fijación con solución de formaldehído al 5 %. Los cortes se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina y se evaluaron determinando la presencia de cambio epitelial y glándulas en la lámina propia del esófago. El cambio de epitelio escamoso estratificado no queratinizado a epitelio cilíndrico simple se observó en la mucosa esofágica en cinco fetos (11,1 %). En 15 casos (33,3 %) se determinó la presencia de glándulas mucosas subyacentes al epitelio. En dos fetos se observó epitelio cilíndrico simple en la mucosa esofágica y glándulas submucosas subyacentes (4,4 %). La falta de reemplazo del epitelio cilíndrico por epitelio escamoso en el tercio distal del esófago y la presencia de glándulas mucosas en el último tercio de la gestación pueden sugerir la presentación de esófago de Barrett en la edad adulta y una predisposición a desarrollar adenocarcinoma de esófago.

RESUMEN Introducción: El empleo del ozono como agente terapéutico es uno de los descubrimientos más notables en la medicina alternativa. A pesar de su extendido uso, es tóxico por vía inhalatoria, la exposición a este gas puede producir, daños de la vía respiratoria superior y del epitelio bronquial. Objetivo: Evaluar la exposición ocupacional a ozono en áreas de tratamiento de ozonoterapia de La Habana. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo, se estudiaron 21 trabajadores de 16 áreas de tratamiento de ozonoterapia, se les realizaron análisis clínicos, incluyendo ceruloplasmina, además de pruebas funcionales ventilatorias. Se determinaron las concentraciones de ozono en el aire del ambiente laboral en 29 áreas de tratamiento. Resultados: La insuflación rectal fue la forma de aplicación más utilizada. El 42,8 % refirieron padecer de rinitis alérgica, seguido de gripes frecuentes y de asma bronquial. El 33,3 % de los valores de la ceruloplasmina resultaron alterados. Los resultados de las pruebas funcionales ventilatorias mostraron que el 28,6 % de los trabajadores presentaron patrón obstructivo. En la evaluación ambiental se reportaron 2 centros de salud con concentraciones promedio por encima de los límites admisibles. Conclusiones: La hipertensión arterial y la rinitis alérgica fueron las patologías más frecuentes. Las cifras de ceruloplasmina alteradas se presentaron en trabajadores con mayor tiempo de exposición. Los trastornos ventilatorios obstructivos observados, coinciden con las patologías respiratorias referidas por los trabajadores. El 93,1 % de los valores de concentración promedio, en el aire de la zona de trabajo, se comportó por debajo de los límites admisibles.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of ozone as a therapeutic agent is one of the most notable discoveries in alternative medicine. Despite its widespread use, it is toxic by inhalation; exposure to this gas can cause damage to the upper respiratory tract and bronchial epithelium. Objective: To evaluate occupational exposure to ozone in ozone therapy treatment areas of Havana. Methods: Descriptive exploratory study, 21 workers from 16 ozone therapy treatment areas were studied, clinical analyzes were performed, including ceruloplasmin, in addition to ventilatory functional tests. Ozone concentrations in the air of the work environment were determined in 29 treatment areas. Results: Rectal insufflation was the most used form of application. 42.8% reported suffering from allergic rhinitis, followed by frequent flu and bronchial asthma. 33.3% of ceruloplasmin values were altered. The results of the ventilatory functional tests showed that 28.6% of the workers presented an obstructive pattern. In the environmental evaluation, 2 health centers were reported with average concentrations above the admissible limits. Conclusions: High blood pressure and allergic rhinitis were the most frequent pathologies. The altered ceruloplasmin levels occurred in workers with longer exposure times. The obstructive ventilatory disorders observed coincide with the respiratory pathologies reported by the workers. 93.1% of the average concentration values, in the air of the work area, were below the permissible limits.