Resumo Como importante enzima, a xilanase é amplamente utilizada na indústria alimentícia, de celulose e têxtil. Diferentes aplicações de xilanase garantem condições específicas, incluindo temperatura e pH. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar grânulos de alginato de sódio como carreador para imobilizar xilanase mutada relatada anteriormente de Neocallimastix patriciarum que expressa em E. coli, a atividade de imobilização da xilanase mutada foi elevada em cerca de 4% em pH 6 e 13% a 62 °C. Além disso, a xilanase mutada imobilizada reteve uma proporção maior de sua atividade do que o tipo amplo em termoestabilidade. Essas propriedades sugerem que a imobilização da xilanase mutada tem potencial para aplicação na indústria de biobranqueamento.

Abstract As an important enzyme, xylanase is widely used in the food, pulp, and textile industry. Different applications of xylanase warrant specific conditions including temperature and pH. This study aimed to carry out sodium alginate beads as carrier to immobilize previous reported mutated xylanase from Neocallimastix patriciarum which expressed in E. coli, the activity of immobilization of mutated xylanase was elevated about 4% at pH 6 and 13% at 62 °C. Moreover, the immobilized mutated xylanase retained a greater proportion of its activity than the wide type in thermostability. These properties suggested that the immobilization of mutated xylanase has potential to apply in biobleaching industry.

ABSTRACT Introduction Lower limb injuries are one of the main sports occurrences among athletes. Severe lower limb injuries will lead to the definitive end of the athlete’s professional career. Objective Explore the mechanisms of prevention and intervention against lower limb injuries in physical training and the rehabilitation management strategies for lower limb injuries. Methods In this study, 20 athletes were selected. Comparing the results of the lower limb FMS test and balance y test before and after rehabilitation training management, the effect of rehabilitation management on recovery from lower limb injuries in physical training was discussed. Results Lower limb injury is a common type of sports injury in physical training; however, better recovery utilization can be achieved through successful rehabilitation training. Rehabilitation training management can effectively improve the FMS test score of athletes’ lower limbs and the number of people who passed the Y balance test. However, the existing rehabilitation training program still has some limitations, which need to be corrected according to the individual conditions of athletes. Conclusion Through physical training and medical rehabilitation, athletes with lower limb injuries can recover their lower limb sports ability and prolong their sporting life. Therefore, it should be disseminated. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción Las lesiones en los miembros inferiores son uno de los principales sucesos deportivos entre los atletas. Las lesiones graves en los miembros inferiores conducirán al final definitivo de la carrera profesional del atleta. Objetivo Explorar los mecanismos de prevención e intervención contra las lesiones de los miembros inferiores en el entrenamiento físico, y las estrategias de gestión de la rehabilitación de las lesiones de los miembros inferiores. Métodos En este estudio se seleccionaron 20 atletas. Mediante la comparación de los resultados de la prueba de FMS de las extremidades inferiores y la prueba de equilibrio y antes y después de la gestión del entrenamiento de rehabilitación, se analizó el efecto de la gestión de la rehabilitación en la recuperación de las lesiones de las extremidades inferiores en el entrenamiento físico. Resultados Las lesiones en las extremidades inferiores son un tipo de lesión deportiva común en el entrenamiento físico, sin embargo, se puede lograr una mejor utilización de la recuperación mediante un entrenamiento de rehabilitación exitoso. La gestión del entrenamiento de rehabilitación puede mejorar eficazmente las puntuaciones de los atletas en las pruebas de FMS de las extremidades inferiores y el número de personas que superan la prueba de equilibrio Y. Sin embargo, el programa de entrenamiento de rehabilitación existente sigue teniendo algunas limitaciones, que deben corregirse en función de las condiciones individuales de los deportistas. Conclusión Mediante la combinación de entrenamiento físico y rehabilitación médica, los atletas con lesiones en las extremidades inferiores pueden recuperar su capacidad deportiva y prolongar su vida deportiva. Por lo tanto, debe difundirse. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução A lesão nos membros inferiores é uma das principais ocorrências esportivas entre os atletas. Lesões graves nos membros inferiores levarão ao encerramento definitivo da carreira profissional do atleta. Objetivo Explorar os mecanismos de prevenção e intervenção contra lesões dos membros inferiores no treinamento físico e as estratégias de gerenciamento de reabilitação para lesões dos membros inferiores. Métodos Neste trabalho, 20 atletas foram selecionados. Por meio da comparação dos resultados do teste FMS de membros inferiores e do teste de equilíbrio y antes e depois do gerenciamento do treinamento de reabilitação, foi discutido o efeito do gerenciamento de reabilitação na recuperação de lesões dos membros inferiores no treinamento físico. Resultados A lesão dos membros inferiores é um tipo corriqueiro de lesão esportiva no treinamento físico, porém um melhor aproveitamento da recuperação pode ser alcançado através de um treinamento de reabilitação bem-sucedido. O gerenciamento do treinamento de reabilitação pode efetivamente melhorar a pontuação do teste FMS dos membros inferiores dos atletas e o número de pessoas que passaram no teste de equilíbrio Y. Entretanto, o programa de treinamento de reabilitação existente ainda apresenta algumas limitações, que precisam ser corrigidas de acordo com as condições individuais dos atletas. Conclusão Através da combinação de treinamento físico e reabilitação médica, os atletas com lesão nos membros inferiores podem recuperar sua capacidade esportiva nos membros inferiores e prolongar uma vida esportiva. Portanto, convém difundi-lo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

Resumo Enzimas imobilizadas em substratos com excelente seletividade e atividade apresentam alta estabilidade e podem suportar condições experimentais extremas, e seu desempenho foi mantido após repetidos usos. As aplicações de enzimas imobilizadas em vários campos se beneficiam de suas características únicas. Métodos comuns, incluindo adsorção, encapsulamento, ligação covalente e reticulação, e outras abordagens emergentes (por exemplo, MOFs) de imobilização de enzima, foram desenvolvidos principalmente nos últimos anos. De acordo com esses métodos de imobilização, a presente revisão elabora a aplicação de nanopartículas magnéticas separáveis e materiais mesoporosos funcionalizados SBA-15 e MCM-41 usados na imobilização de enzimas.

Abstract Enzymes immobilized onto substrates with excellent selectivity and activity show a high stability and can withstand extreme experimental conditions, and their performance has been shown to be retained after repeated uses. Applications of immobilized enzymes in various fields benefit from their unique characteristics. Common methods, including adsorption, encapsulation, covalent attachment and crosslinking, and other emerging approaches (e.g., MOFs) of enzyme immobilization have been developed mostly in recent years. In accordance with these immobilization methods, the present review elaborates the application of magnetic separable nanoparticles and functionalized SBA-15 and MCM-41 mesoporous materials used in the immobilization of enzymes.

Abstract The Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu extract (CSTCYWE) was administered to D-galactose-induced aging mice to investigate the effect and mechanism of CSTCYWE on exercise endurance in aging mice. The effect of CSTCYWE on the improvement of exercise capacity in aging mice was evaluated by detecting serum biochemical indicators, pathological changes in tissues, and expression by qPCR. The composition of CSTCYWE was analyzed by HPLC. The experiment showed that CSTCYWE increased the running time and the exhaustive swimming time of aging mice to improve their exercise endurance. CSTCYWE also reduced the levels of BUN, BLA, and MDA and increased the levels of HG, MG, SOD, and GSH-Px in the serum of aging mice. Pathological observation found that CSTCYWE alleviated the liver and kidney tissue lesions and damage caused by aging. Meanwhile, CSTCYWE could down-regulate the relative mRNA expressions of nNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, and syncytin-1 and up-regulate the relative mRNA expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT in the mouse liver tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. The results of component analysis showed that CSTCYWE contained caffeic acid, hypericin, isoquercetin, dihydroquercetin, rosmarinic acid, baicalin, luteolin, and baicalein. These active ingredients enable CSTCYWE to act on aging mice and improve their exercise capacity.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os diferentes metabolitos do plasma entre o cio e o cio pós-parto de vacas leiteiras e fornecer uma base teórica para a prevenção do cio de vacas em fazendas de leite. No experimento, foram selecionadas 127 vacas leiteiras Holstein com idade e paridade similares. De acordo com a concentração de β- ácido hidroxibutírico, ácidos graxos não esterificados e glicose no plasma entre 14 e 21 dias no leite, todas as vacas leiteiras foram determinadas em estado de equilíbrio energético. De acordo com os resultados dos sintomas clínicos, do exame de ultra-som retal e B aos 60 a 90 dias pós-parto, estas vacas foram divididas em vinte cios e vinte e quatro grupos de cio, outras vacas leiteiras foram removidas. A tecnologia de ressonância magnética nuclear 1H foi utilizada para detectar as alterações dos metabólitos plasmáticos e para triar diferentes metabólitos plasmáticos entre as vacas do cio e do cio. Dez diferentes metabólitos incluindo alanina, ácido glutâmico, asparagina, creatina, colina, fosfocholina, glicerofosfocolina, lipoproteína de baixa densidade e lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade foram significativamente diminuídos nas vacas antróficas em comparação com as vacas estro. As análises da via metabólica indicaram que os metabólitos diferenciais estavam principalmente envolvidos no metabolismo de aminoácidos e glicerofosfolipídios. Estes metabólitos e suas vias de enriquecimento indicam que a redução dos precursores da síntese de hormônios esteróides resulta em níveis mais baixos de estradiol e progesterona e causa anestros no balanço energético negativo. Estes dados fornecem uma melhor compreensão das mudanças que podem afetar o cio das vacas leiteiras pós-parto no estado de NEB e preparam o terreno para mais pesquisas.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to investigate the different plasma metabolites between anestrus and estrus postpartum dairy cows and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention of anestrus in dairy farm cows. In the experiment, one hundred and sixty-seven Holstein dairy cows were selected with similar age and parity. According to the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acids and glucose in plasma during 14 to 21 days in milk, all dairy cows were determined as having a status of energy balance. According to the results of clinical symptom, rectal and B ultrasound examination at 60 to 90 days postpartum, these cows were divided into twenty estrus and twenty-four anestrus group, other dairy cows were removed. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance technology was utilized to detect the plasma metabolites changes and screen different plasma metabolites between anestrus and estrus cows. Ten different metabolites including alanine, glutamic acid, asparagine, creatine, choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased in anestrous cows compared with estrous cows. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that differential metabolites were primarily involved in amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These metabolites and their enrichment pathways indicate that reduced steroid hormone synthesis precursors result in lower levels of estradiol and progesterone and cause anestrus in negative energy balance. These data provide a better understanding of the changes that may affect estrus of postpartum dairy cows at NEB status and lay the ground for further research.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a influência de mudanças patológicas de plasma antes de inseminação artificial (TAI) na gestação de vacas. O conteúdo de estrogênio (E2), progesterona (P4), glucose (Glu), selênio (Se), fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF), e histamina (HIS) no plasma de 48 vacas Holstein foi medido antes de TAI. De acordo com a detecção de estro, as vacas foram divididas em dois grupos: estro (E) e anestro (A). Após teste de gestação 28 d após TAI, dois grupos de E e A foram formados em gestação positiva do grupo E (EP+), gestação negativa do grupo E (EP-), gestação positiva do grupo A (AP+), e gestação negativa do grupo A (AP-). Os valores de E2, P4, Glu, Se, BDNF e hIS foram significativamente diferentes entre os quatro grupos (P<0,01). A análise ROC foi utilizada para determinar o risco de teste de gestação negativo (-) após aumento de TAI quando plasma E2 estava abaixo de 46,45 pmol/L em vacas antes de TAI. Alterações em E2, P4,hIS, Glu e BDNF no sangue de estro natural e anestro natural em vacas afetou a gestação após TAI. O nível de E2 no plasma pode ser usado para avaliar o risco de gestação negativa após TAI.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of plasma pathological changes before timed artificial insemination (TAI) on pregnancy of cows. The contents of estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), glucose (Glu), selenium (Se), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and histamine (HIS) in plasma of 48 Holstein cows were measured before TAI. According to the estrus detection, the cows were divided into estrus (E) and anestrus (A) groups. After pregnancy testing at 28 d after TAI, two groups of E and A were divided into positive pregnancy of E group (EP+), negative pregnancy of E group (EP-), positive pregnancy of A group (AP+), and negative pregnancy of A group (AP-). The contents of E2, P4, Glu, Se, BDNF and hIS significantly differed among the four groups (P<0.01). The ROC analysis was used to determine the risk of negative pregnancy test (-) after TAI was increased when plasma E2 was less than 46.45 pmol/L in cows before TAI. The changes in E2, P4,hIS, Glu, and BDNF in the blood of natural estrus and natural anestrus cows affected the pregnancy after TAI. the level of E2 in plasma may be used to assess the risk of negative pregnancy after TAI.

Yeast cultures (YCs) are defined as promising feed additives that maintain the health of birds and improve growth performance by modulating gut microbiota. YCs contain effective metabolites such as glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose. This study investigated the effects of YCs and their effective metabolites on carcass traits and cecal microflora in broilers. A total of 280 one-day-old mixed-sex Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to seven groups. The basal diet (control DZ) was supplemented with various proportions of glycine, fructose, inositol, galactose, and sucrose (Groups A, B, and C), 24-hour grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures (Group D) (YC), and a commercial yeast culture product (SZ) at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% (Groups E and F). Bodyweight of broilers was correlated positively with proportions of Proteobacteria in Group C and Lactobacillus and Roseburia in Group B (P <0.05). Broilers fed diets supplemented with YC or its active metabolites had the highest proportions of bacteria involved in nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. These results suggested that the dietary addition of YC could alter the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in broilers.

Abstract Plasma nitriding is a plasma-activated thermochemical method widely used to increase the fatigue strength, hardness and wear resistance of low-alloy steels. In this work, a new structure consisting of a hollow cathode metal plate can produce a hollow cathode discharge and heat the workpiece by radiation. This principle is used to perform hollow cathode source plasma nitriding (HCSPN). Herein, 42CrMo steels were treated by conventional plasma nitriding (CPN) and HCSPN treatments. The 42CrMo steels were nitrided at 525 °C for 6 h in NH3 atmosphere. The mechanical and dry wear properties were measured by nano-indentation, Vickers micro-indentation and ball-on-disk tribometer, respectively. The H3/E⁎2 ratio was 0.0274 GPa (H=11.51 GPa and E⁎=235.84 GPa) for the CPN sample and 0.0276 GPa (H=10.87 GPa and E⁎=215.54 GPa) for the HCSPN sample. Compared with the untreated 42CrMn steel, all the nitrided samples possess increased fracture toughness. Because the workpiece was not used as a discharge cathode, this HCSPN treatment overcame the disadvantages of the conventional CPN treatment. Additionally, results showed that the surface of the HCSPN sample was smoother than that of the CPN sample, and its tribological performance was better.

RESUMO Infecção com o vírus Hepatite E (HEV) é uma importante questão de saúde pública global. Infecções HEV são reconhecidas como doença zoológica. Acredita-se que suínos são o principal reservatório de HEV. Recentemente iaques, vacas, e gado amarelo foram reportados como novos reservatórios do HEV. Porém, não se sabe se outras espécies de gado e búfalo são sensíveis a infecção HEV. Para investigar a prevalência de infecção HEV em búfalos, foram realizados prova de imunoabsorção enzimática e polimerização em cadeia inversa ancorada em transcrição. Apenas um búfalo foi positivo para o anticorpo anti-HEV IgM (1/106, 0,94%), e nenhum foi positivo para o anticorpo anti-HEV IgG. Para nossa surpresa cinco (5/106, 4,72%) e três amostras de leite (3/40, 7,50%) de búfalos foram positivos para HEV RNA. Todas as estirpes de HEV isoladas de búfalos pertencem ao genótipo 4. Resultados indicam que búfalos podem ser um reservatório de HEV.

ABSTRACT Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important global public health issue. HEV infections are recognized as a zoonotic disease. Swine are believed to be the main reservoir of HEV. Recently, yaks, cows, and yellow cattle have been reported as new reservoirs of HEV. However, whether other species of cattle and buffaloes are sensitive to HEV infection is unknown. To investigate the prevalence of HEV infection in buffaloes, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) were performed. Only one buffalo was positive to anti-HEV IgM antibody (1/106, 0.94%), and none were positive for anti-HEV IgG antibody. To our surprise, five serum (5/106, 4.72%) and three milk samples (3/40, 7.50%) from buffaloes were positive to HEV RNA. All strains of HEV isolated from buffaloes belong to genotype 4. Results indicate that buffaloes may be a new reservoir of HEV.

The mining of steeply dipping coal seams involves significant safety risks because of instability caused by the weak nature of surrounding rocks and their movement after excavation. Physical and numerical models were developed to determine an optimum backfill approach to ground control in steeply dipping coal seams. Physical modelling showed that for mining without backfill, the thickness of the largest roof collapse was approximately twice that of the mined seam, the movement of roof strata tended to be asymmetrical, and there was a relatively large empty zone in the upper gob area. For mining with backfill, roof conditions were significantly improved; only slight roof separation appeared 1.5 m above the mined seam. The largest cumulative displacements occurred 5-15 m from the first cut of mining. With backfill, the levels of mining-induced stress release and concentration were significantly reduced, and the vertical range of mining disturbance was shortened by 18%. Numerical modelling showed that floor strata mainly undergo nearly horizontal displacements, while roof strata mainly undergo vertical subsidence, both with and without backfill. The integrity of roof strata improved as the extent of backfill increased, and the range of displacement direction increased. The conclusions are confirmed by results from a field trial.

The majority of goats in Tanzania belong to the Small East African (SEA) breed, which exhibits large phenotypic variation. This study aimed to determine the genetic structure of, and relationships among four populations (Sukuma, Gogo, Sonjo, and Pare) of the SEA breed that have not been studied adequately. A total of 120 individuals (24 from each population) were analysed at eight microsatellite loci. In addition, 24 goats of the South African Boer breed were used as reference. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.583 ± 0.04 for Sukuma to 0.659 ± 0.030 for Gogo, while expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.632 ± 0.16 for Sukuma to 0.716 ± 0.16 for Boer. Five loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) across populations. The mean number of alleles ranged from 4.75 ± 1.58 for Pare to 6.88 ± 3.00 for Sukuma. The mean inbreeding coefficient (F IS) ranged from 0.003 in Sonjo to 0.148 in Sukuma. The differentiation coefficient (F ST)was highest (0.085) between Boer and Sukuma and lowest (0.008) between Gogo and Sonjo. The largest genetic distance (0.456) was found between Sukuma and Boer, while the smallest (0.031) was between Gogo and Sonjo populations. Pare, Gogo, and Sonjo populations, formed one cluster, while Sukuma and Boer populations formed two separate clusters. From the findings, it can be concluded that the SEA goats in this study showed high in population genetic variation, which implies that there is good scope for their further improvement through selection within populations. The Sukuma population, which has fairly high inbreeding, is moderately differentiated from Pare, Sonjo, and Gogo goat populations, which showed a high level of admixture. Conservation and improvement strategies of the goats should be designed with first priority being on Sukuma goats.

The effect of particle size on the flotation kinetics of a low-rank coal was compared using air bubbles and oily bubbles. Five kinetic models were applied to the data from the tests to derive the relationships between the flotation rate constant, the ultimate recovery, and the particle size fraction. The results show that oily bubble flotation (OBF) resulted in a lower ash content and higher combustible recovery than air bubble flotation (ABF), especially for the -125 μm size fraction. It was found that the flotation of a low-rank coal in individual size fractions using air bubbles and oily bubbles can be best described by a first-order model with rectangular distribution of tendency to float and the classical first-order model respectively. OBF yielded higher ultimate combustible and ultimate ash recoveries. The flotation rate constants for OBF were higher in all the models except for the fully mixed reactor model. The ultimate recovery values and modified rate constants first increased and then decreased as the size fraction decreased. The trend of the flotation rate constants as a function of the size fraction was similar in all the models except for the fully mixed reactor model.

The effect of two refining slags (A: 1.0-1.8 CaO/Al2O3 ratio, 11-20 wt% SiO2; and B: 1.0-1.2 CaO/SiO2 ratio, 25-35 wt% Al2O3) on the inclusion morphology of a carbon structural steel (Q235B) was studied by controlling the balance between the steel and the refining slag at 1600°C in a Si-Mo resistance laboratory furnace. The results showed that most of the inclusions in the molten steel balanced with slag A were formed by a low-melting CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system with a total oxygen content (T[O]) being fixed at 6-13 ppm. The inclusions in liquid steel balanced with the slag B were mostly formed by the CaO-MnO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, with T[O] controlled to 19-26 ppm. The overall size of the inclusions under balance conditions was higher in the steel reacted with the slag B than that reacted with slag A, with the latter showing more inclusions smaller than 3 μΐη. In order to generate a large number of spherical CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions smaller than 3 μηι while decreasing the T[O] in the resulting steel, the composition of slag A should be used. This composition allowed improving the cleanliness of the slab, and is also advantageous for the castability of the molten steel.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of minimally invasive tonsil surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children. Tonsil ablation or turbinate reduction was performed on 49 pediatric patients with OSAHS by minimally invasive tonsil surgery. In order to evaluate the efficacy of surgery, a comparison was conducted between pre-operation and post-operation data in terms of the symptoms, signs and polysomnography test. Total effectiveness rate of the surgery was 83.7%. Subgroup analysis was also performed based on the severity of their conditions: mild, moderate, and severe groups had an effectiveness rate of 90.0, 88.9, and 66.7%, respectively (Hc=6.665, P<0.05). Postoperatively, the apnea-hypopnea index, the minimum oxygen saturation (SaO2), and corresponding symptoms improved compared to pre-operation conditions (P<0.05). Minimally invasive tonsil surgery was a safe and effective method for treating OSAHS in children.

This study aimed to determine the role of mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene polymorphisms in the risk and prognosis of acute liver failure (ALF). A total of 298 blood samples were collected from 138 ALF patients (case group) and 160 healthy participants (control group). Coagulation function, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), total bilirubin (TB), blood ammonia and lactic acid (LA) were measured. The predictive evaluation of MFN2 gene polymorphisms in the risk and prognosis of ALF patients was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, haplotype analysis, binary logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis. Higher levels of GPT, GOT, TB, blood ammonia and LA were observed in ALF patients with the GG genotype of rs873457 or the TT genotype of rs4846085 than in those with the CC genotype of these two SNPs. The GTACAGC and GTGTGGC haplotypes were a protective factor and a risk factor for ALF, respectively. Blood ammonia and LA levels were independent risk factors and the CC genotype of rs873457 and the CC genotype of rs4846085 were protective factors for ALF. ALF patients with the GG genotype of rs873457 or the TT genotype of rs4846085 had a lower survival rate than those with other genotypes of these two SNPs. The rs4846085 and rs873457 polymorphisms were both independent factors affecting the prognosis of ALF patients. MFN2 gene polymorphisms (rs873457, rs2336384, rs1474868, rs4846085 and rs2236055) may be associated with ALF and the rs873457 and rs4846085 polymorphisms are correlated with the risk and prognosis of ALF.