Abstract Background Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, where it is considered endemic. At the end of the 20th century, the first cases of zoonotic transmission were described in Rio de Janeiro, triggering an epidemic outbreak that spread to other regions of Brazil. The lack of disease notification omits its real occurrence in the country, which happens in its most populous city, São Paulo. Objective To evaluate the epidemiological aspects of the patients seen at a hospital in São Paulo aiming at establishing the geographic distribution of this disease. Methods This is a retrospective study that analyzed data from medical records of patients with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis attended at a tertiary hospital in the city of São Paulo between 2012 and 2020. Results Twenty patients were included. As for zoonotic surveillance, 30% denied contact with an animal, and 70% reported previous contact with a sick cat, with no other animals being mentioned. One case was allochthonous and the others autochthonous, showing a dissemination behavior from a focus in the eastern area of the capital. Study limitations The present study was based on data from only one hospital. Studies that include data from other hospitals and other regions must be carried out to obtain a complete picture of this disease. Conclusions As in other regions of the country, zoonotic sporotrichosis presents itself as an endemic disease with an increase in the number of cases. The findings highlight epidemiological characteristics of great importance so that public health policies can contain disease progression.

Abstract Pseudomycetoma is an extremely rare deep mycosis, caused by dermatophytic fungi that penetrate the tissue from infected follicles of tinea capitis. Both clinically and histopathology are similar to eumycetoma, being distinguished through the isolation of the fungus, which in the case of pseudomycetoma can be Microsporum spp. or Trichophyton spp. genre. We present a 24-year-old man with an exuberant tumor in the occipital region with fistula, whose histopathological examination evidenced grains composed of hyaline hyphae and the culture for fungi isolated the agent Microsporum canis. Combined treatment of surgical excision followed by oral griseofulvin for two years was performed, with resolution of the condition.

Abstract: Tinea capitis is the most common fungal infection in children. The identification of the etiologic agent helps clinicians make their therapeutic choice. Studies conducted in different countries show a changing pattern of the main etiological agents according to their regions. We performed a retrospective study in the tertiary public service in São Paulo, analyzing the isolated etiological agents in patients with tinea capitis from March 2013 to May 2015. Microsporum canis was the main agent (56.6%), followed by Trichophyton tonsurans (36.6%). Despite recent migratory movements in the city, we observed no change in the causative agent of tinea capitis.

ABSTRACT This is a retrospective study of 160 patients treated in private practice in São Paulo from March 2003 to March 2015. We analyzed 171 results of direct mycological examinations and fungal cultures from nail scrapings. The agreement between direct mycological examination results and fungal culture was satisfactory, consistent with the literature (kappa 0.603). The main agent identified was Trichophyton rubrum (51%). We observed an isolation rate of non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi superior to the literature (34%). Determining the agent is key to defining the appropriate onychomycosis treatment, and knowing the epidemiology of patients treated in private practice helps the dermatologist who works in this context.

Abstract: Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous fungal infection caused by traumatic implantation of dematiaceous fungi in the skin. The clinical presentation is usually a verrucous plaque lesion and the diagnosis is confirmed by the visualization of muriform bodies at direct examination or at the histologic study. This report describes a rare case of tumoral chromoblastomycosis confirmed by histologic study and whose agent was identified by culture and micromorphology.

Onychomychosis, a nail fungus infection is the most frequent nail ailment, constituting about half of all nail disorders. It can be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, yeasts and Prothoteca spp. Methods include 5407 samples of patients with suspected onychomycosis, studied from January 2002 to December 2006, by direct mycological examination and fungi culture. The diagnosis of onychomycosis was confirmed in samples from 3822 direct mycological and/or culture positive. The diagnosis was established by culture for fungi. Among the 1.428 identified agents, the dermatophytes were responsible for 68.6% (N = 980) of cases, followed by yeasts with 27.6% (N = 394), non-dermatophytes fungi with 2.2% (N = 31), Prothoteca spp with 0.1% (N = 2), and associations with 1.5% (N = 22). Females were more affected, with 66% (N = 2527) of cases, and the most affected age group ranged from 31 to 60 years of age (median 47 years). Fungal microbiota is often changed in the world, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and is affected by several environmental factors. Thus, the periodic review of the composition of this microbiota is important to evaluate the epidemiology and thus proportion a better therapeutic response.

FUNDAMENTO: A pitiríase versicolor é uma doença infecciosa causada por várias espécies de Malassezia com uma tendência a se tornar recidivante ou crônica. OBJETIVOS: Este trabalho foi conduzido na tentativa de conhecer a evolução clínica da pitiríase versicolor em relação ao número de recidivas após um tratamento adequado no período de 12 meses e correlacionar o número de recidivas com as espécies de Malassezia isoladas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Cento e dois pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de pitiríase versicolor foram acompanhados por um período de 12 meses para observarmos o número de recidivas da doença. RESULTADOS: A pitiríase versicolor, após um tratamento adequado, apresentou três tipos de evolução clínica num período de 12 meses: pitiríase versicolor sem nenhum episódio de recidiva (32,35%); pitiríase versicolor recidivante, com um a quatro episódios de recidiva (52,94%) devidos a fatores de predisposição relacionados; e pitiríase versicolor crônica, com mais de quatro episódios de recidiva (14,70%) sem nenhuma relação com fatores de predisposição. CONCLUSÕES: A pitiríase versicolor apresentou uma evolução clínica de acordo com o número de episódios de recidiva da doença analisados durante um período de 12 meses que pode ser considerada da seguinte maneira: pitiríase versicolor com cura clínica e micológica, pitiríase versicolor recidivante e pitiríase versicolor crônica.

BACKGROUND: Pytiriasis versicolor is an infectious disease caused by several Malassezia species which has a tendency to become relapsing or chronic. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in an attempt to investigate the clinical course of pityriasis versicolor with regard to the number of relapses after a 12-month therapy and correlate this number with isolates of Malassezia species. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 102 patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor were monitored for 12 months to investigate the number of relapsing episodes of the disease. RESULTS: After appropriate treatment, pityriasis versicolor presented three types of clinical course: pity - riasis versicolor without relapsing episodes (32.35%), relapsing pityriasis versicolor with one to four relapsing episodes (52.94% ) due to associated predisposing factors, and chronic pityriasis versicolor with more than four relapsig episodes (14.70%) with no relation to predisposing factors. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical course of pityriasis versicolor varied according to the number of relapsing episodes of the disease analyzed over a period of 12 months and can be classified as follows: pityriasis versiolor with clinical and mycological clearing, relapsing pityriasis versicolor and chronic pityriasis versicolor.

FUNDAMENTOS: Esporotricose é doença subaguda ou crônica causada pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii. O primeiro e mais tradicional tratamento é o iodeto de potássio em solução saturada (SSKI) usado por De Beurmann em 1907. Por ser eficaz,ainda é muito utilizada no nosso meio para o tratamento da esporotricose cutânea. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o tratamento da esporotricose cutânea com SSKI em relação à cura clínica, efeitos colaterais, tempo de tratamento e recidiva. MÉTODOS: A partir da revisão dos resultados de exames do laboratório de Micologia da Clínica de Dermatologia da Santa Casa de SP, durante 1981 a 2005, foram incluídos pacientes de qualquer idade com lesão cutânea sugestiva de esporotricose e cultura positiva para S. schenckii. Em todos pacientes o tratamento prescrito foi SSKI na dose de 3 a 6g/dia para adultos, por um período de até duas semanas após cura clínica. Em crianças foi utilizada a metade da dose. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio da forma cutânea localizada, taxa de cura de 94,7%, efeitos colaterais em 5,5%, média de tempo de tratamento de 3,5 meses e 11,1% de provável recidiva. CONCLUSÃO: A SSKI é eficaz, com diversos efeitos colaterais, porém de baixa frequência, permanecendo indicada para as formas cutâneas da esporotricose.

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. The first and most traditional treatment is potassium iodide in satured solution (SSKI) used by DE BEURMANN in 1907. For its effectiveness, it is still used for cutaneous sporotrichosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with SSKI in relation to clinical cure, side effects, length of treatment and reactivation. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records over a 24-year period (1981-2005). Patients of all ages who were treated in the hospital´s division of dermatology were included in the study providing that they had a positive culture of S. schenckii. Satured solution of potassium iodide (3 to 6g per day) was the treatment prescribed. For children, half of the dose was prescribed. RESULTS: The lymphocutaneous disease was prevalent, the cure rate was 94.7%, side effects were described in 5.5% of the cases, mean length of treatment was 3.5 months and possible reactivation was observed in 11.1%. CONCLUSION: SSKI is an effective drug, with many side effects, but with low frequency. Resolution was for maximum six months of treatment. SSKI has been found to be a very effective drug in this retrospective study of culture-proven cases of cutaneous and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. It should be used as first drug of choice especially in resource-limited settings.

Os autores descrevem caso de pitiríase versicolor circinada, cujo agente etiológico isolado foi Malassezia sympodialis em uma mulher de 34 anos. O isolamento e identificação da Malassezia sympodialis foi em ágar Dixon modificado e o método molecular para confirmação da espécie foi PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis).

The authors report a case of pityriasis versicolor circinata whose isolated etiologic agent was Malassezia sympodialis in a 34-year-old woman. The isolation and identification of Malassezia sympodialis were accomplished with modified Dixon's agar, and the molecular method used to confirm the species was polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP).

As espécies do gênero Malassezia isoladas foram: Malassezia sympodialis (16,66%), Malassezia furfur (12,50%), Malassezia globosa (11,45%) e Malassezia slooffiae (2,10%). A Malassezia sympodialis foi a espécie que predominou em nosso estudo. As espécies de Malassezia identificadas não mostraram correlação com as variantes clínicas e com a distribuição das lesões de pitiríase versicolor quanto às regiões do corpo.

Species of the genus Malassezia isolated were: Malassezia sympodialis (16.66%), Malassezia furfur (12.50%), Malassezia globosa (11.45%), and Malassezia slooffiae (2.10%). Malassezia sympodialis predominated in the study. The species of Malassezia identified did not show correlation with clinical variants and with the distribution of pityriasis versicolor lesions in relation to areas of the body.

FUNDAMENTO: Leveduras do gênero Candida determinam colonização, infecções superficiais e infecções sistêmicas em imunodeprimidos. As várias apresentações da doença levam à necessidade de utilizar diferentes métodos diagnósticos e tratamentos. OBJETIVOS: Diferenciar as espécies de Candida e correlacioná-las com as regiões anatômicas. Avaliar a susceptibilidade a cetoconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol e anfotericina B. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 100 pacientes imunocompetentes com candidíase cutânea ou mucosa atendidos na Santa Casa de S. Paulo entre maio de 1999 e julho de 2001. Correlacionou-se a região acometida e a espécie de Candida, isolada através técnica CHROMagar Candida®. Avaliou-se a susceptibilidade das espécies a cetoconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol e anfotericina B, através do Etest®. RESULTADOS: C. albicans foi isolada em 76,0% dos materiais, C. krusei em 19% e C. tropicalis em 1%. Não houve correlação significante entre a região acometida e as espécies. A maioria das amostras mostrou susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos. CONCLUSÃO: C. albicans foi a espécie mais observada. A maioria das amostras de Candida mostrou-se susceptível aos antifúngicos.

BACKGROUND: Yeasts of the genus Candida create colonization, superficial infections and systemic infections in immunodeficient individuals. The presentations of the disease lead to the necessity of using various diagnostic methods and treatments. OBJECTIVES: To differentiate among the Candida species, correlate them with the anatomical region involved and evaluate in vitro susceptibility to ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. METHODS: An evaluation of 100 cases of immunocompetent patients with cutaneous or mucous candidiasis attended at the Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital from May 1999 to July 2001. This study attempted to correlate the site of the involvement and the Candida species, isolated using the CHROMagar Candida® technique. The species were evaluated using the Etest® antifungal susceptibility to ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. RESULTS: C. albicans was isolated in 76% of the material, C. krusei in 19% and C. tropicalis in 1%. It was not possible to establish a significant correlation between the involved area and the species isolated. Most of the samples proved to be susceptible to the antifungals tested. CONCLUSIONS: C. albicans was the most commonly observed species. The majority of samples presented susceptibility to the tested antifungals.

A freqüência dos HLA foi analisada em 25 Judeus Ashkenazitas, não consangüíneos, residentes em São Paulo, Brasil, com dermatofitose crônica causada por T. rubrum e em 25 indivíduos sadios, pertencentes ao mesmo grupo étnico dos pacientes. Observou-se valor estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) para HLA-B14 associado a resistência à dermatofitose crônica enquanto HLA-DQB1*06 (p=0,05) possivelmente relacionado a susceptibilidade. Estes achados indicam que o desenvolvimento da dermatofitose crônica pode ser influenciado por genes localizados no cromossomo 6, na região do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade.

The frequency of HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigens) was analyzed in 25 non-consanguineous Brazilian Ashkenazic Jews, resident in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, suffering from chronic dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum, and in 25 non-infected individuals belonging to the same ethnic group. Statistically significant values (p<0.05) were observed for HLA-B14 associated with resistance to chronic dermatophytosis and HLA-DQB1*06 (p=0.05) possibly related to susceptibility. These findings suggest that genes on the chromosome 6, in the region of the major histocompatibility complex, may influence the development of chronic dermatophytosis.

FUNDAMENTOS: Erisipela e celulite são infecções cutâneas freqüentes. OBJETIVOS: Com o objetivo de avaliar incidência, fatores de risco, principais complicações, esquemas terapêuticos utilizados e evolução. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 35 pacientes com diagnóstico de erisipela internados nas enfermarias do Hospital Central da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo no período de abril a agosto de 2002. RESULTADOS: A incidência de pacientes com diagnóstico de erisipela no período estudado foi de 0,87%. O fator de risco local mais encontrado foi o linfedema, seguido por episódios prévios de erisipela. Dos fatores de risco gerais, aqueles que comprometem a imunidade, como diabetes mellitus, etilismo e neoplasias, foram os mais observados em associação ao quadro de infecção dermatológica. Sinais inflamatórios locais foram encontrados em 97,8% dos casos. Verificaram-se quatro casos com complicações: necrose, abscesso, trombose venosa profunda e septicemia. A evolução dos pacientes foi satisfatória em mais de 97% dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento com penicilina cristalina foi associado ao menor número de complicações (p<0,05) e ao menor custo (p<0,05), e a associação de anticoagulantes à terapia evidenciou menor incidência de complicações (p<0,05).

BACKGROUND: Erysipelas and cellulitis are common skin infections. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency, risk factors, clinical features, complications, principal drugs used for treatment and the disease course. METHODS: The authors studied 35 ward patients who had been diagnosed with erysipelas, and were admitted to the Central Hospital of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo between April and August 2002. RESULTS: Among the patients in the ward during the study 0.87% had been diagnosed with erysipelas. The most common local risk factor was lymphedema, followed by previous episodes of erysipelas. Among the general risk factors, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse and cancer were most frequently observed. Local inflammatory signs were found in 97.8% of the patients. Four cases were observed to have complications, which were: necrosis, abscess, deep thrombophlebitis and septicemia. The course was satisfactory in more than 97% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with penicillin was associated with a decrease of complications (p<0.05) and at a lower cost compared to other antibiotic therapies (p<0.05). When anticoagulants were combined to the therapy, there was a lower incidence of complications (p<0.05).

Visando melhorar o diagnóstico laboratorial da Tuberculose Cutânea, foi realizado o estudo da aplicação da técnica de PCR em amostras de tecidos cutâneos macerados, descontaminados (com H2SO4 4% para eliminação da microbiota normal), neutralizados (com NaOH 4%) e armazenadas a -20ºC. Das 37 amostras submetidas ao estudo, 16,22% apresentavam baciloscopias positivas para bacilos álcool-ácidos resistentes (método concentrado) e em 43,24% houve o isolamento do Mycobacterium tuberculosis em meio de cultivo Löwenstein-Jensen. Utilizando-se de primers para a região 16S rDNA do M. tuberculosis, o DNA micobacteriano foi detectado em 24,32% das biópsias. A sensibilidade e especificidade da PCR foram 43,7% e 90,4%, respectivamente. Devido à baixa sensibilidade e resultados divergentes entre as técnicas bacteriológicas e PCR (para a seqüência 16S rDNA), as amostras foram repetidas em um novo PCR com primers para a região IS6110. Tanto a sensibilidade como a especificidade da PCR com primers para IS6110 alcançaram 100% em relação ao cultivo. Os resultados confirmam a eficácia da PCR utilizando primers para a seqüência IS6110 e oferecem a possibilidade da técnica ser aplicada em amostras congeladas enviadas por serviços que não identificam o M. tuberculosis por técnicas de biologia molecular.

Seeking to improve the laboratory diagnosis of Cutaneous Tuberculosis, a study was carried out on the application of PCR technique in macerated, decontaminated(with 4% H2SO4 for elimination of normal microbiot), neutralized (with 4% NaOH)biopsies tissues samples stored at -20ºC. Of the 37 samples submitted for study, 16.22% were positive by microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (concentrated method) and in 43.24% the Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in Löwenstein-Jensen medium. Using a M. tuberculosis complex specific primer set (gene sequence for 16S rDNA), the mycobacterial DNA was detected in 24.32% of the biopsies. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR were 43.7% and 90.4%, respectively. Due to low sensitivity and discrepant results between bacteriological techniques and PCR methodology, the samples were repeated in a new PCR with primers for the IS6110 target. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR for the IS6110 target obtained 100% in comparison with the culture method. The results confirm the effectiveness of PCR methodology using primers for the IS6110 gene sequence and permit the PCR method to be applied to frozen cutaneous biopsies sent by services that do not identify the M. tuberculosis by the biology molecular method.