ABSTRACT Tifway 419 Bermudagrass is widely used on athletic fields, requiring irrigation and fertilization for its maintenance; however, little information is available for Bermudagrass management in tropical countries, as Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation frequency and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the development of Tifway 419 Bermudagrass. The experiment was carried in 2019, applying two irrigation frequencies (daily and every two days) and five N concentrations of 0, 42.19, 63.28, 105.47 and 126.56 kg N ha-1 divided into three 30-day increments. Photosynthetic pigments, grass height, accumulated dry mass, relative chlorophyll index, regeneration rate, root length, and dry mass of root, rhizome and stolon were analyzed. The best result was observed in between 63.28 and 105.47 kg N ha-1 (15% N) and irrigated every two days. The treatment maintains the green color of the grass. Maximum Bermudagrass regeneration rate was observed within this interval, and the root length and dry mass of roots, rhizomes and stolons were higher compared to the highest concentration.

Resumo O lodo de esgoto é um material de baixo custo e alternativa sustentável para substituir fertilizantes químicos em gramados e jardins ornamentais. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto nas características estéticas e na rebrota da grama bermuda DiscoveryTM. O experimento foi realizado durante o outono/inverno de 2019, onde o gramado foi retirado com uma colhedora própria e deixado o solo exposto para uma nova rebrota da grama, e assim foram aplicados 0; 357; 714; 1071 e 1.428 g m-2 de lodo de esgoto espalhados uniformemente no gramado em dose única. As avaliações foram realizadas após 120 dias, sendo: solução do solo (CE e NO3 -), Índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada, comprimento de raiz, volume de raiz+rizoma+estolão+folhas e análise por imagem digital. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento das doses de lodo influenciou positivamente o desenvolvimento do gramado, tanto no aspecto estético quanto nas avaliações de rebrota do tapete. A solução do solo pôde evidenciar que o lodo aumentou a condutividade elétrica e íons de NO3 -, contudo não prejudicou o desenvolvimento do gramado, havendo inclusive correlações positivas entre essas variáveis e as avaliações biométricas da planta. Conclui-se que a dose de 1.428 g m-2 de lodo de esgoto apresentou os melhores resultados para as características avaliadas, sendo a dose recomendada para uso na grama bermuda DiscoveryTM.

Abstract The sewage sludge is a low-cost material and sustainable alternative to substitute chemical fertilizers on ornamental lawns and gardens. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of the application of sewage sludge on the regrowth and ornamental traits of DiscoveryTM bermudagrass. The experiment was carried out during the fall/winter of 2019. The turf was removed and left the soil exposed for a new grass regrowth. The treatments applied were 0, 357, 714, 1,071 and 1,428 g m-2 sewage sludge spread evenly on the lawn in a single dose. The evaluations were carried out after 120 days and the soil solution (EC and NO3 -), Normalized difference vegetation index, root length, root + rhizome + stolon + leaves volume and digital image analysis were evaluated. The results showed that the increase of sewage sludge positively influenced the turfgrass development, both in the aesthetic aspect and on bermudagrass regrowth. The soil solution can show that the sludge increased the electrical conductivity and NO3- ions; however, it did not hinder the development of the lawn, even having positive correlations between these variables and the biometric evaluations of the plant. It is concluded that the dose of 1,428 g m-2 presented the best results for the evaluated characteristics, being the recommended one for use in the fertilization of bermudagrass DiscoveryTM.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of copper (Cu) in the pioneer tree Schinus terebinthifolius R. (aroeira) and non-pioneer tree Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga) submitted to different concentrations of copper. The plants received 40 mL of Hoagland & Arnon (1950) n. 1 nutrient solution modified with 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 and 0.32 mM Cu2+ applied to the soil. We analyzed biomass, biometry and Cu contents in plants and the concentration of Cu in soil. Cu concentration in the soil contaminated with 0.32 mM Cu2+ was higher than other treatments. Neither species showed characteristics of plant phytotoxicity. However, the two species did exhibit different physiological responses to Cu; S. terebinthifolius accumulated the metal only in roots, while E. uniflora accumulated Cu in roots and leaves. The highest Cu concentration in soil was observed in the treatment with 0.32 mM Cu2+. Outstanding to foliar accumulation, E. uniflora could be used for biomonitoring.

Resumo Extratos de algas marinhas são empregados como bioestimulantes devido aos seus efeitos positivos durante o crescimento e rendimento da cultura. O extrato de algas marinhas de Ascophyllum nodosum podem melhorar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas e diminuir os custos de produção; entretanto, a concentração correta deve ser usada para maximizar os efeitos bioestimulantes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de um bioestimulante à base de algas marinhas (Ascophyllum nodosum) na germinação e crescimento inicial de plântulas de girassol ornamental. Sementes de girassol ornamental cv. “Sol Pleno” foram semeadas em bandejas de polietileno contendo substrato comercial. Os tratamentos aplicados consistiram em 60 mL com 0 (controle), 5, 10 ou 15 mL L-1 de bioestimulante, pulverizados diariamente. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (concentrações de extrato de alga marinha) e 4 repetições (10 sementes replicadas-1). As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem, índice e tempo médio de germinação, altura de plântulas, massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e raízes e morfologia do sistema radicular (WinRhizo). O aumento da concentração de bioestimulante aumentou a germinação das sementes e o desenvolvimento das plântulas, e 15 mL L-1 de bioestimulante promoveram os melhores resultados para porcentagem e índice de germinação e menor índice de tempo de germinação, além de aumentar a altura das plantas e a massa fresca e seca da parte aérea em relação ao tratamento controle. Assim, a concentração de 15 mL L-1 de biosimulante (Ascophyllum nodosum) é recomendada para a germinação de sementes de girassol ornamental “Sol Pleno” e crescimento de plântulas.

Abstract Seaweed extracts are employed as biostimulants due to their beneficial effects on crop growth and yield. Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract aid to improve seedling growth and development, and decrease seedlings production costs; however, the correct concentration must be used in order to maximize the biostimulant effects. Consequently, this study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of a seaweed-based (Ascophyllum nodosum) biostimulant on ornamental sunflower seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds of ornamental sunflower cv. “Sol Pleno” were sown in polyethylene trays containing commercial substrate. The treatments consisted of dairy spraying 60 mL of the solutions 0 (control), 5, 10 or 15 mL L-1 biostimulant on substrate. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 treatments (concentrations of biostimulant) and 4 replicates (10 seeds replicate-1). The evaluated variables were percentage, index and time averages of germination, seedling height, fresh and dry mass of shoot and roots, and root system morphology (WinRhizo). The increase of the biostimulant concentration enhances seed germination and seedlings development. The concentration 15 mL L-1 biostimulant showed the best results for percentage and index of germination and the lowest mean germination time and increase plant height and fresh and dry mass of shoots in relation to the control treatment. Accordingly, 15 mL L-1 biostimulant (Ascophyllum nodosum) is recommended for ornamental sunflower “Sol Pleno” seed germination and seedlings growth.

ABSTRACT The residual sludge is a contaminating waste, coming from the urban waste treatment process. Its final disposal can become a problem when it is discarded incorrectly, generating serious environmental and health problems. However, it has a high content of organic matter, macro and micronutrients, and can be used in forest plantations as a fertilizer supplement or soil conditioner, being an interesting alternative to its final destination and recycling. Forestry is characterized by providing raw materials for the development of various products based on planted forests. In this context, the eucalyptus crop stands out due to the great importance for Brazilian economy, with an expressive increase in its plantation area in the last decades. Therefore, due to the environmental problems that can be caused by the deposit of residual sludge in the environment, this work aims to diagnose the state of the art of the use of residual sludge in the eucalyptus crop.

RESUMEN El lodo residual es un residuo contaminante, proveniente del proceso de tratamiento de residuos urbanos. Su disposición final puede tornarse un problema al ser descartado de manera incorrecta, generando graves problemas ambientales y salubres. Sin embargo, por poseer alto contenido de materia orgánica, macro e micronutrientes, puede ser aprovechado en plantaciones forestales como suplemento fertilizante o mejorador del suelo, siendo una alternativa interesante para su destino final y reciclaje. La silvicultura, se caracteriza por aportar materia prima para el desarrollo de diversos productos, teniendo como base los bosques plantados. En este contexto, el cultivo de eucalipto se destaca debido a la gran importancia para la economía brasileña, teniendo inclusive aumento expresivo en su plantación en las últimas décadas. Por lo tanto, debido a los problemas ambientales que pueden ser causados por la colocación del lodo residual en el medio ambiente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo diagnosticar el estado del arte de la utilización del lodo residual en el cultivo de eucalipto.