Abstract Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) is one of the most problematic weed species in rice fields in Colombia. Herbicides inhibitors of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) have been widely used to control junglerice and other grass species. ALS inhibitors have the highest reports of resistance worldwide, and Colombia has recent reports of ALS resistance in E. colona. The timely and accurate detection of resistance sources is imperative for mitigating and managing herbicide resistance. However, for E. colona there are no published sequences of the ALS gene. In this research, primer design, RNA extraction, cloning, miniprep, and PCR were used to obtain the first partial sequence of the ALS gene on susceptible and resistant accessions of E. colona. The sequences did not present nucleotide differences that could be associated with target-site resistance to ALS inhibitors. Echinochloa (ALS worldwide E However research design extraction cloning miniprep targetsite target site

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a next-generation technology for weed management. Weeds would be sprayed with small RNAs (sRNAs) capable of inducing gene silencing (referred to as spray-induced gene silencing, SIGS) without involving the use of transgenes, reaching traditional targets in chemical control, targets that are not today more sensitive to herbicides and even new targets. Here we present the main challenges and opportunities for using SIGS as a practical tool for weed management. The development of SIGS in weed science has been slower compared to other crop protection areas such as entomology and plant pathology due to the difficulty of obtaining stable molecules that easily enter the plant, without off-target risks to crops, and that in small amounts guarantee systemic silencing with effectiveness. To overcome the challenges, it is necessary to achieve the synthesis of sRNAs on a large scale, making the field application practical and economical, develop formulations that protect sRNAs inside and outside the plant, and substantially increase the genomic and transcriptomic information available for weeds. Once these barriers have been overcome, SIGS technology could be similarly used in the field as herbicides are used today, spraying directly on the crop and selectively controlling weeds. This will provide a new tool for weed management, herbicide resistance management, and potentially exploration of new plant enzyme targets never before achieved by chemical control.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Este artículo se centra en la donación de Manuel Ancízar Basterra (1811-1882) a la Biblioteca Nacional de la Nueva Granada en 1849. Se busca identificar cuáles fueron las condiciones que hicieron posible la transacción y lo que esta revela sobre el vínculo entre el donante y la institución. Metodología: Primero, se caracteriza la donación a partir del análisis -cuantitativo y cualitativo- de su contenido. En segundo lugar, se presentan algunos elementos referentes a la formación de la colección: tanto la existencia de un inventario previo, como algunas marcas en los libros, evidencian la procedencia de una parte de los títulos -ligados en varios casos a las redes intelectuales en las que Ancízar se vio inmerso-, y los procesos de selección que dieron forma al conjunto de libros efectivamente entregado a la Biblioteca. En tercer lugar, se hacen explícitas las características simbólicas de la donación en un contexto de cambios políticos y educativos impulsados por los gobiernos liberales del momento. Originalidad: Esta investigación invita a cuestionar la construcción de narrativas sobre el patrimonio bibliográfico y propone nuevos elementos para interpretar al intelectual y su legado. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la colección fue depurada antes de pasar del dominio privado al dominio público, que no se trató de la entrega de la biblioteca personal de Ancízar y que la transacción fue una entre varias estrategias del agente para posicionarse en el campo intelectual neogranadino. Asimismo, el análisis de inventarios, tanto históricos como contemporáneos, revela que el conjunto de libros de Ancízar se disgregó entre los haberes de la Biblioteca y que el fondo que hoy se encuentra en la institución tiene pocas similitudes con la donación original.

ABSTRACT Objective: This article focuses on Manuel Ancízar Basterra's donation (18111882) to the National Library of New Granada in 1849. The aim is to identify the conditions that made this transaction possible and what it reveals about the relationship between the donator and the institution. Methodology: First, it characterizes the donation based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of its content. Second, it introduces some elements related to its formation: a previous inventory, as well as some marks on the books, are evidence of the origins of some of the volumes -linked in several cases to the intellectual networks where Ancízar was immersed-, and of the selection processes that shaped the collection delivered to the Library. Third, it makes explicit the symbolic characteristics of the donation in a context of political and educational changes promoted by the liberal governments of the time. Originality: This investigation invites to question the construction of narratives about the bibliographic heritage and proposes new elements to analyze the scholars and its legacy. Conclusions: The collection went through a selection process before turning from the private to the public domain, which was not about the cession of Ancízar's personal library and the transaction was one among several strategies of the agent to position itself in the New Granada scholar field. Finally, the analysis of inventories, both historical and contemporary, reveals that Ancízar's books were dispersed among the Library's assets, and the current Fund has few similarities with the original donation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este artigo se concentra na doação de Manuel Ancízar Basterra (18111882) para a Biblioteca Nacional da Colômbia em 1849. Trata-se de uma pesquisa para identifica quais foram as condições que tornaram possível a transação e o que revela esta do vínculo entre o doador e a instituição. Metodologia: Primeiro, a doação é caracterizada com base na análise -quantitativa e qualitativa- de seu conteúdo. Em segundo lugar, alguns elementos referentes à construtividade da coleção são apresentados: a existência de um inventário prévio, assim como algumas marcas nos livros, comprovam a procedência de uma parte dos títulos, -ligados em vários casos às redes intelectuais nas quais Ancízar estava imerso-, e os processos de seleção que moldaram o conjunto de livros efetivamente entregues à Biblioteca. Em terceiro lugar, as características simbólicas da doação são explicitadas em um contexto de mudanças políticas e educacionais promovidas pelos governos liberais da época. Originalidade: Esta pesquisa convida a questionar a construção de narrativas sobre o patrimônio bibliográfico e propõe novos elementos para interpretar o intelectual e seu legado. Conclusões: Conclui-se que a coleção foi depurada antes de passar do domínio privado para o público, que não se tratou da entrega da biblioteca pessoal de Ancízar e que a transação foi uma entre várias estratégias do agente para se posicionar no campo intelectual da Nova Granada. Da mesma forma, a análise dos inventários, tanto históricos como contemporâneos, revela que a coleção de livros de Ancízar estava dispersa entre os itens do acervo da Biblioteca, e que a coleção que atualmente se encontra na instituição tem poucas semelhanças com a doação original.

Resumen Introducción: la endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad caracterizada por el compromiso infeccioso de la superficie endocárdica del corazón, principalmente a nivel valvular. Dado el cambio en los microorganismos causales, se hace indispensable realizar una caracterización de esta patología para obtener resultados propios. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, microbiológicas, ecocardiográficas, mortalidad y pautas de tratamiento de los pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa. Metodología: de realizó una serie de casos en un hospital de IV nivel, en Bogotá. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los años 2013- 2017, de los pacientes con diagnóstico de endocarditis por código CIE 10 y en la base de datos del laboratorio de imágenes de cardiología. Se empleó estadística descriptiva para relatar los hallazgos y un análisis de correspondencias múltiples para explorar la relación entre tipo de microorganismo y demás variables. Resultados: se revisaron datos de 34 pacientes, con edad promedio de 59 años (Desviación estándar 15.3), predominio del género masculino, siendo más frecuente en válvulas nativas (85.2%) y de éstas la válvula mitral (55.8%). El hallazgo clínico más frecuente fue la fiebre 64.7%, en ecocardiografía se observó la presencia de vegetación en 91.2%. Los aislamientos microbiológicos evidenciaron predominio de Staphylococcus aureus (32.3%), se indicó manejo exclusivamente antibiótico a 70.7% y el restante 29.3% manejo quirúrgico y se documentó una mortalidad de 8.8%. Discusión y conclusiones: las características de esta serie son similares a las de otras series, Staphylococcus aureus se posiciona como el principal germen causal. La baja mortalidad encontrada puede explicarse por la menor frecuencia de complicaciones graves que requerían manejo quirúrgico. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1223).

Abstract Introduction: infective endocarditis is a disease characterized by infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, especially the valves. Given the change in causal microorganisms, a characterization of this disease is essential in order to obtain our own results. Objective: to describe the clinical, microbiological and echocardiographic characteristics, mortality and treatment guidelines of patients with infective endocarditis. Methods: a case series was performed at a quaternary care hospital in Bogotá. The medical records from 2013-2017 of patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of endocarditis and who were in the cardiology imaging laboratory's database were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to report the findings, along with a multiple correspondence analysis to explore the relationship between the type of microorganism and the other variables. Results: data from 34 patients were reviewed. These patients had an average age of 59 years (standard deviation 15.3) and were predominantly males. Native valves were more frequently involved (85.2%), especially the mitral valve (55.8%). The most common clinical finding was fever (64.7%), and vegetations were seen on echocardiogram in 91.2%. The microbiological isolates were predominantly Staphylococcus aureus (32.3%); treatment with antibiotic alone was prescribed for 70.7%, the remaining 29.3% were managed surgically, and there was an 8.8% documented mortality. Discussion and conclusions: the characteristics of this series are similar to those of other series. Staphylococcus aureus is the main causal germ. The low mortality found may be explained by the lower frequency of serious complications requiring surgical management. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1223).

Resumen Analizamos la variación temporal de los grupos funcionales basados en la morfología del fitoplancton (GFBM) en el sistema inundable de Ayapel a través de la comparación de dos muestreos previos realizados entre los 2005 y 2007 y uno nuevo hecho en el 2015. Se estimó el biovolumen (mm3.l-1) y los rasgos morfológicos como volumen, relación superficie/volumen (S/V) y dimensión linear máxima (DLM). El análisis temporal fue realizado acorde con los niveles de precipitación pluvial, y mediante un análisis de agrupamiento se definieron dos períodos previos (época seca y época de transición) y uno nuevo correspondiente al año 2015 (msENSO: época seca con influencia ENSO). En las épocas seca y de transición, el grupo predominante fue el GFBM III con altas DLM (108.77 µm) y relaciones S/V (1.44 µm), mientras que en el msENSO se observaron bajos biovolumenes (0.016 mm3.l-1) y la predominancia del GFBM V. La comparación de la morfología funcional entre los años evidenció la transición de formas filamentosas a formas flageladas del fitoplancton, permitiéndole un mejor ajuste ante las presiones ambientales del área de estudio.

Abstract We analyzed temporal variation of morphology-based functional groups of phytoplankton (MBFG) in the Ayapel floodplain system, through the comparison of two previous samplings carried out between 2005 and 2007 and a new one made in 2015. The biovolume (mm3.l-1) and morphological features such as volume, surface area: volume ratio (S/V) and maximum linear dimension (MLD) were performed. Temporal analysis was carried out according to pluvial precipitation levels, and by means of a grouping analysis two previous periods (dry season and transition period) and a new one corresponding to 2015 (msENSO: dry season with ENSO influence) were defined. In the dry and transition seasons, the predominant group was GFBM III with high MLD (108.77 μm) and S/V ratios (1.44 μm), while in msENSO low biovolumes (0.016 mm3.l-1) and the predominance of GFBM V were observed. The comparison of functional morphology between years showed a transition from filamentous forms to flagellated forms of phytoplankton, allowing a better fit to the environmental pressure of the study area.

ABSTRACT Echinochloa colona (L.) Link is one of the most troublesome weed species in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops. Despite numerous cases of herbicide resistance in E. colona worldwide, in Colombia the reports are scarce and most of them dating from over two decades ago. To screen the resistance of E. colona to bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl and quinclorac, in the Saldaña and Purificación counties, a survey was carried out in 23 rice fields, through a grid of 26 squares of 2.56 km2 each. Seedlings from 23 populations were treated with commercial formulations from these respective herbicides at their recommended (1x) dose and twice the dose (2x) under controlled conditions. Relative fresh weight and percent control were evaluated. Populations with relative fresh weight greater than 20% and control below 80%, were categorized as resistant. For statistical analysis, a mixed model was used with populations as a random effect. The distribution of resistance was evaluated by a spatial autocorrelation analysis. It was established that 91% of populations were resistant to bispyribac-sodium, 48% to cyhalofop-butyl and 43% to quinclorac. Sixty-five percent had multiple resistance to two herbicides and 22% to three herbicides. Resistance was randomly distributed, according to the results obtained from the mixed model that showed a homogeneous response of populations within fields and heterogeneous among fields. This indicates that management strategies at field level generate a local selection pressure that determines the evolution of the resistance independently in each field.

Resumen La evaluación y la retroalimentación son fundamentales en todos los procesos de gestión, aún más cuando están dirigidos a orientar actuaciones a nivel de un ente territorial, especialmente tan complejo como lo es un Distrito Capital. El presente documento expone los principales hallazgos del diagnóstico que se realizó en los niveles I y II del Programa de Gestión Ambiental Empresarial (GAE) en la ciudad de Bogotá. Para su desarrollo, se consultaron los informes de gestión generados por la Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA) y se evaluaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente los planteamientos de las acciones consideradas en los niveles I y II. Por otra parte, se formularon y aplicaron encuestas tanto a empresas participantes como empresas externas, las primeras, en espacios propios del Programa GAE, facilitados por la SDA y las segundas a través de visitas, llamadas y correos electrónicos. El análisis y procesamiento de estos datos permitió establecer el impacto que han tenido los niveles I y II del Programa GAE en la percepción, el apoyo y la gestión de la Producción Más Limpia (PML) y Consumo Sostenible (CS) en las empresas con sede en Bogotá, Distrito Capital. Finalmente, basado en lo anterior, así como en consultas en entes externos, se formularon las recomendaciones pertinentes para la planeación y la ejecución con el fin de contribuir a la mejora continua en el fomento de la PML y CS en el sector productivo.

Abstract Evaluation and feedback are essential in all management processes, especially when actions are aimed at target level of a local authority, especially as complex as a capital district. This document presents the main findings of the diagnosis that was made in Levels I and II of the Environmental Business Management Program (GAE by its acronym in spanish) in Bogotá. For its development, management reports generated by the Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente (SDA) were consulted, and the approach of the actions in levels I and II quantitatively and qualitatively were evaluated. On the other hand, surveys were formulated and applied to both participating and external companies, the first ones, in spaces of the GAE Program, provided by the SDA, and the second through visits, phone calls and electronic mails. The analysis and processing of these data allowed us to establish the impact of levels I and II of the GAE Program on the perception, support and management of Cleaner Production (CP) and Sustainable Consumption (SC) in companies grounded in Bogotá, the Capital District. Finally, based on the above, as well as in consultations with external entities, the recommendations for the planning and execution in order to contribute to the continuous improvement in the promotion of CP and SC in the productive sector were made.

A single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction targeting the spliced-leader intergenic region of Trypanosoma cruzi I was standardised by amplifying a 231 bp fragment in domestic (TcIDOM) strains or clones and 450 and 550 bp fragments in sylvatic strains or clones. This reaction was validated using 44 blind coded samples and 184 non-coded T. cruzi I clones isolated from sylvatic triatomines and the correspondence between the amplified fragments and their domestic or sylvatic origin was determined. Six of the nine strains isolated from acute cases suspected of oral infection had the sylvatic T. cruzi I profile. These results confirmed that the sylvatic T. cruzi I genotype is linked to cases of oral Chagas disease in Colombia. We therefore propose the use of this novel PCR reaction in strains or clones previously characterised as T. cruziI to distinguish TcIDOMfrom sylvatic genotypes in studies of transmission dynamics, including the verification of population selection within hosts or detection of the frequency of mixed infections by both T. cruzi I genotypes in Colombia.

Introducción: el síndrome de Down (SD) es la causa congénita más frecuente de retardo mental. Estos niños tienen además mayor riesgo de presentar anomalías congénitas y enfermedades médicas. Objetivo: conocer algunos aspectos vinculados a la atención que están recibiendo los niños con SD que ingresan al Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) para contribuir a mejorar la calidad de la misma. Material y métodos: se revisaron las historias clínicas de los niños con SD ingresados a la Clínica Pediátrica "A" del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 1999. Se registraron datos sobre los niños, la atención recibida y el seguimiento clínico y paraclínico. Resultados: en el período estudiado ingresaron 26 niños con SD, con un promedio de tres hospitalizaciones por paciente. La edad media al primer ingreso fue 22 meses, 21 pacientes presentaban malformaciones cardiovasculares, con una alta frecuencia de enfermedades médicas asociadas. Se encontraron fallas en los registros médicos, calidad de atención y seguimiento de los niños. Conclusiones: con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de atención de estos niños se diseñó un carné de salud dirigido al primer nivel de atención y una ficha de registro para uso hospitalario. Se destaca la necesidad de mejorar el vínculo entre padres, profesionales de la salud y Asociación Down del Uruguay.

Introduction: Down’s syndrome (SD) is the most frequent congenital cause of mental retard. What is more, these children have more risk of having medical pathologies and to present congenital abnormalities. Objetives: to know some aspects that have relation to the attention the children with SD are having in their admission at the Pediatric Hospital Center Pereira Rossel (CHPR) in order to improve its quality. Method and materials: the clinic histories of the children with SD that were admitted to the Pediatric Clinic "A" of the CHPR between January 1998 and December 1999 were reviewed. The information about the children, the care they received and the clinic and paraclinic following were recorded. Results: in the period of the study, 26 children with SD were admitted with an average of 3 hospitalizations per patient. The middle age at the first admission was 22 months, 21 patients had cardiovascular malformations with a high frequency of medical pathologies associated. The medical recordings, the quality of the health care and the following of the clinical histories were not normal. Conclusions: in order to improve the quality of the health care of these children, a card in which the clinical recordings were kept was designed directed to the first level of care and a form for clinical records of the hospitalizations was also designed. It is of a great importance the relationship between parents, doctors and the Down Association of Uruguay.

Objective. To describe the outbreak of cholera that occurred in Ecuador in 1998 during the El Niño weather phenomenon, to present data on the resistance of the circulating strains of Vibrio cholerae to antimicrobial drugs, and to describe the preventive measures taken by health authorities in order to reduce the impact of the disease. Methods. The epidemiological data came from three sources: 1) the registry of the National Bureau of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, 2) the registry of the National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and 3) the final report of the Training Program for the Fight against Cholera and Diarrheal Diseases. Isolation, identification, and serotyping was done of V. cholerae in the feces samples from 10% of the suspected cholera cases that were identified between 1 January and 31 December 1998. The suspected cases were defined by the sudden appearance of watery diarrhea, with or without dehydration, in epidemic areas. The strains that were isolated were submitted to a standard antibiogram by the diffusion method, in which the following antibiotics were tested: amoxicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vibriostatic compound O/129, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and colistin. Results. In 1998 there were 3 755 cases reported in 17 of the 21 provinces of the country. This corresponds to an incidence rate of 53.96 per 100 000 population. Thirty-seven patients died, for a case fatality rate of 0.97%. A total of 301 strains of V. cholerae were isolated in the 637 suspected-cholera samples that were processed; all corresponded to V. cholerae O1, El Tor, subtype Ogawa. All of the strains were sensitive to tetracycline and to quinolones; 5.6% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin. The only strain resistant to amoxicillin was multiresistant. Officials in Ecuador implemented a series of preventive measures, and the surveillance system was strengthened in order to reduce the impact of the disease. Conclusions. The preventive measures helped to reduce the impact of the 1998 cholera epidemic in Ecuador, in terms of both incidence and the case fatality rate. Given the overall sensitivity of the strains to the antimicrobial drugs, there is no reason to change the current treatment regimens in the country. Taking into account the frequency of natural disasters in Ecuador and the relation that they have to the reappearance of cholera, interventions should be designed that make it possible to prevent and control the reappearance of the disease and its spread to the most vulnerable provinces of the central Sierra mountainous region and the eastern part of the country.

Objetivos. Caracterizar el brote de cólera ocurrido en Ecuador en 1998 durante el fenómeno de "El Niño", presentar los datos sobre la resistencia de las cepas circulantes de Vibrio cholerae a los antimicrobianos y describir las medidas preventivas tomadas por las autoridades sanitarias para reducir el impacto de la enfermedad. Métodos. Los datos epidemiológicos provienen de los registros de la Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador y del Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical, y el informe final del Programa de Formación para la Lucha contra el Cólera y las Enfermedades Diarreicas (PROCED ALA 93/25). Se procedió a aislar, identificar y serotipificar V. cholerae en las muestras de heces de 10% de los pacientes con posible cólera identificados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1998. Los casos sospechados se definieron por la aparición súbita de diarrea acuosa, con o sin deshidratación, en zonas epidémicas. Las cepas aisladas se sometieron a un antibiograma estándar por el método de difusión, en el que se probaron los siguientes antibióticos: amoxicilina, tetraciclina, sulfametoxazol con trimetoprim, compuesto vibriostático O/129, ácido nalidíxico, eritromicina, norfloxacino, ciprofloxacino, gentamicina, cloranfenicol y colistina. Resultados. En 1998 se notificaron 3 755 casos en 17 de las 21 provincias del país, lo que corresponde a una tasa de incidencia de 53,96 por 100 000 habitantes. Treinta y siete pacientes fallecieron, lo cual supone una tasa de letalidad del 0,97%. Se aislaron 301 cepas de V. cholerae en las 637 muestras con sospechosa de cólera que se procesaron; todas correspondieron a V. cholerae O:1, El Tor, subtipo Ogawa. La totalidad de las cepas fueron sensibles a la tetraciclina y a las quinolonas, y 5,6% resistentes a la eritromicina. La única cepa resistente a la amoxicilina fue multirresistente. Las autoridades nacionales pusieron en práctica una serie de medidas preventivas en la comunidad y se fortaleció el sistema de vigilancia para reducir el impacto de la enfermedad. Conclusiones. Las medidas preventivas contribuyeron a reducir el impacto de la nueva epidemia de cólera en el Ecuador, tanto en términos de letalidad como de incidencia. En vista de la sensibilidad global de las cepas a los antimicrobianos, no se justifica cambiar los esquemas de tratamiento vigentes en la Región. Teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia de los desastres naturales en este país y su relación con la reaparición del cólera, es recomendable diseñar intervenciones que permitan prevenir y controlar la reaparición de la enfermedad y su extensión hacia las provincias más vulnerables de la Sierra y el Oriente.