The present study aimed to determine the optimal dosage and fermentation time of Mirasolia diversifolia (leaves and stems) using Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria by observing the reduction in phytic acid, the activity of enzymes, pH of fermentation, number of bacterial colonies, and tannin concentration. An experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) and 2x3 factorial design with three replications. The treatment factors were Factor A (L. bulgaricus dosages): A1 = 2% (g/v), A2 = 3% (g/v); and Factor B (fermentation times): B1 = 1 d, B2 = 3 d, B3 = 5 d. The dosage of L. bulgaricus and fermentation time had an interaction on phytic acid and its degradation, enzyme activities, pH fermentation, and the number of bacterial colonies. Tannin concentration was not affected. Mirasolia diversifolia fermented with 3% of L. bulgaricus for 5 d resulted in the lowest phytic acid content. Future research requires evaluating in vitro and in vivo dietary formulations for cattle using M. diversifolia fermented with L. bulgaricus.

ORIENTATION: Globalisation necessitated the physical movement of talented employees, leading to expatriate assignments to foreign countries. Investigative studies and strategy development were needed to moderate the high failure rate of such assignments. RESEARCH PURPOSE: To explore the constraining and contributing factors of an expatriate assignment lifecycle. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: With only 40% of assignments being successful, there is an urgent need to find and rectify the reasons for the failure in order to mitigate the associated financial losses and threatened sustainability of businesses. RESEARCH APPROACH, DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative research methodology within an exploratory research design was used. The opinions of the expatriates were compared using subjective, interpretivist and phenomenological dimensions. MAIN FINDINGS: Based on the lived experience of the expatriates, the constraining factors were a lack of training and mentoring, inadequate cultural acclimatisation, ambiguous policies, unsupportive host organisation, low-quality logistics support and ineffective re-induction of the expatriates into the home country. The expatriates strongly consider career path planning, effective ongoing training and mentoring, a caring organisational culture, clear assignment policies and social relations to be decisive contributing factors PRACTICAL AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The international human resource management process can use the findings to reduce the global assignment failure rates. It provides clear directions for driving relevant strategies and processes for successful expatriation operations. CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the constraining and contributing factors of the expatriate assignment. It sets a course to initiate further studies to evolve a sustainable framework for an efficient global mobility programme.

Resumo A região de Malakand é uma área endêmica para leishmaniose cutânea (CL). No entanto, há um número limitado de estudos sobre esta doença no Paquistão. Portanto, foi realizado um estudo para entender o nível de atitude e prática de conscientização entre os residentes de Makaland em relação aos CL e os vetores da doença. Este estudo adotou uma abordagem transversal com um total de 400 entrevistados (n = 93 rural e n = 307 urbano). No geral, a população da região de Malakand (61,2%) estava bem informada sobre o papel da mosca na transmissão de doenças, mas a maioria não possui conhecimento sobre o comportamento do vetor e quase um quarto (24,5%) foi incapaz de fornecer conhecimento sobre medidas de controle adequadas . De maneira alarmante, a prática e as atitudes da população em geral não foram satisfatórias, pois cerca da metade (49,8%) da população adotou algum método de controle. Este estudo apela ao aumento da conscientização por meio de campanhas de educação em saúde para reduzir o risco de surtos de leishmaniose cutânea no futuro.

Abstract Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vector’s behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.

Abstract Non-sharp-pointed foreign bodies that partially obstruct the esophagus require urgent (< 24 h) endoscopic retrieval. In this briefcase report, we report an alternative method of retrieving an unusual foreign object.

Resumen Los cuerpos extraños no puntiagudos que obstruyen parcialmente el esófago requieren una recuperación endoscópica urgente (< 24 horas). En este breve informe de caso, informamos un método alternativo para recuperar un objeto extraño inusual.

RESUMO: Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos resultantes do sistema de pré-germinação, priming, padrões de plantio e tratamentos de controle de ervas daninhas sobre o espectro da erva daninha, rendimento de grãos e rentabilidade do trigo, durante o período de desenvolvimento da planta de 2013-14. As sementes foram preparadas de duas formas: sem a utilização do sistema de priming, e sob condicionamento osmótico, osmopriming. Os padrões de plantio foram semeadura a lance (broadcast) e em linha (row plantation) e quarto dosagens de herbicidas foram aplicadas (pyroxulam nas dosagens 14,08, 10,56, 7,04 e 7,521 g i.a. ha-1), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em sistema de parcela subdividida split-plot. Os dados relativos à densidade de plantas daninhas, ao estabelecimento, ao crescimento e ao rendimento dos traços de trigo associados foram registrados e analisados por técnica de análise de variância usando software estatístico DSAASTAT. Os resultados revelaram que a contagem final de emergência foi significativamente melhorada pela semeadura em linha. Os tratamentos de preparação de sementes resultaram em emergência prévia de colheita e propagação do dossel e também diminuiu a densidade de ervas daninhas e o peso seco em 13% e 18%, respectivamente, a 60 DAS (dias após a semeadura). Além disso, o rendimento de grãos foi melhorado em 8% também nas parcelas de tratamento de cebola. A semeadura em linha do tratamento do trigo diminuiu a densidade de ervas daninhas e o peso seco em 17% e 25%, respectivamente, com um rendimento de grão melhorado em 14% em relação ao método de semeadura a lance. O Pyroxulam com uma taxa de 14,08 g i.a. ha-1 aplicado a 60 DAS reduziu a densidade total de ervas daninhas e o peso seco em 88% e 96%, respectivamente, e o rendimento de grãos foi melhorado em 36% em relação às parcelas de verificação de plantas daninhas. Em conclusão, as sementes sob condicionamento osmótico (1% de KCl) semeadas em linhas de 22,5 cm de distância proporcionaram maior produção de trigo, as ervas daninhas foram devidamente controladas por aplicação de piroxulam aplicado na dose recomendada (14,08 g i.a. ha-1) e também 75% da dose recomendada sob condições de Faisalabad.

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of priming, planting patterns and weed control treatments on weed spectrum, grain yield and profitability of wheat, during the growing season 2013-14. Two levels of seed priming (no priming, osmopriming) and planting patterns (broadcast, row plantation), and four levels of herbicide (pyroxulam at the rate of 14.08, 10.56, 7.04 and 7.521 g a.i. ha-1) were employed in the experiment, laid out in a randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement. The data regarding weed density, stand establishment, growth, and yield associated traits of wheat were recorded and analyzed by analysis of variance technique using statistical software DSAASTAT. The results revealed that the final emergence count was improved significantly by line sowing. The seed priming treatments resulted in early crop emergence and canopy spread, and it also decreased weed density and dry weight by 13% and 18%, respectively at 60 DAS (days after sowing). Moreover, grain yield was improved by 8% in priming treatment plots. Whereas, line sowing of wheat treatment decreased the weed density and dry weight by 17% and 25% respectively, with improved grain yield by 14% over the broadcast method. Pyroxulam at the rate of 14.08 g a.i. ha-1 applied at 60 DAS reduced total weed density and dry weight by 88% and 96% respectively and grain yield was improved by 36% over weedy check plots. In conclusion, osmoprimed seeds (1% KCl) sown in lines 22.5 cm apart gave higher wheat yields where weeds were properly controlled through application of pyroxulam applied at its recommended dose (14.08 g a.i. ha-1) and also 75% of recommended dose under Faisalabad conditions.

ABSTRACT Main findings: A typical male looking adolescent with a legal female gender assignment presented with haematuria. Investigations led to the diagnosis of Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome. The condition is indeed a rare entity that needs a multidisciplinary team management. Case hypothesis: A case of Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome undiagnosed at birth because karyotyping was defaulted, thus resulting in a significant impact on the legal gender assignment and psychosocial aspects. Promising future implications: The reporting of this case is important to create awareness due to its rarity coupled with the rare presentation with hematuria as a possible masquerade to menstruation. There were not only medical implications, but also psychosocial and legal connotations requiring a holistic multidisciplinary management.