ABSTRACT Lathyrus is an economically important genus, with different parts of some species used as foodstuff or animal feed. In this study, phytochemical compositions and bioactivities of Lathyrus brachypterus var. brachypterus, L. brachypterus var. haussknechtii, L. nivalis subsp. sahinii and L. tefennicus taxa which are endemic to Türkiye were investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC, TFC) of methanolic extracts were detected. Then, phytochemical compositions, antioxidant features (radical scavenging (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline) 6 sulfonic acid), reducing power (FRAP:Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, CUPRAC:Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), metal chelating activity (MCA), and the phosphomolybdenum assays (PDA)) and enzyme inhibitory properties of the extracts were also determined. The highest values were found at L. brachypterus var. brachypterus for TPC, L. brachypterus var. haussknechtii for TFC. The highest antioxidant properties were seen in extracts of L. brachypterus var. brachypterus in DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC and PDA assays, while in extract of L. nivalis subsp. sahinii in MCA. The highest enzyme inhibitory activity was found in extract of L. brachypterus var. brachypterus in tyrosinase and glucosidase assays, while in extracts of L. nivalis subsp. sahinii in AChE (acetylcholinesterase), BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) and amylase. Finally, a taxonomic evaluation was made by considering the phytochemicals.

ABSTRACT Objective. To investigate of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in humans and calves in the province of Van, Turkey. Materials and methods. Included in this research were 150 patients, comprising 50 hemodialysis patients, 40 immunosuppressed patients with diarrhea, 30 patients with diarrhea only, and 30 immunocompetent patients. Collected were stool rectal samples from 50 calves that were housed in stables and farms in 10 central villages of Van, Turkey. Results. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in 17.3% of the 150 human stool samples. C. parvum was observed in 20% of the 50 samples from the hemodialysis patients, 32.5% of the 40 samples from the immunosuppressed patients with diarrhea, and 10% of the 30 samples from patients with diarrhea only, whereas no Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in the samples from the immunocompetent patients. C. parvum was observed in only 6% of the samples from the diarrheic 30 calves. Conclusions. It was clearly understood that cryptosporidiosis was detected at a high rate in the samples from the immunosuppressed patients and those who were immunosuppressed with diarrhea, and that the active and effective species that causes cryptosporidiosis in the Van region is C. parvum. Hence, these patient groups should be evaluated in terms of cryptosporidiosis.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de especies de Cryptosporidium en humanos y terneros en la provincia de Van, Turquía. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 150 pacientes, incluidos 50 pacientes en hemodiálisis, 40 pacientes inmunosuprimidos con diarrea, 30 pacientes con diarrea solamente y 30 pacientes inmunocompetentes. Se recolectaron muestras de heces rectales de un total de 50 terneros alojados en establos y granjas en 10 aldeas centrales de Van, Turquía. Resultados. Se detectó Cryptosporidium parvum en el 17.3% de las 150 muestras de heces tomadas de seres humanos. C. parvum se observó en el 20% de los 50 pacientes en hemodiálisis, el 32.5% de los 40 pacientes inmunosuprimidos con diarrea y el 10% de los 30 pacientes con diarrea solamente, mientras que no hubo Cryptosporidium spp. detectado en los pacientes inmunocompetentes. C. parvum se observó en sólo el 6% de los 30 terneros diarreicos. Conclusiones. Claramente se entendio que la Criptosporidiosis fue detectada en una alta tasa en las muestras de los pacientes inmunosuprimidos sin y con sintomas de diarrea, y que además la especie activa que causó la enfermedad fue el agente etiologico Criptosporidium parvum. Por lo tanto, estos dos grupos de pacientes deben ser evaluados en lo que a términos de Criptosporidiosis se refiere.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine which method gives the most consistent results between urethral monopolar cauterization and standard urethral partial ligation methods for the urethral obstruction model. METHODS: Thirty male rats were randomly divided into control, partial ligation, and monopolar cauterization groups. Six weeks after experimental procedures, the experimental groups were evaluated cystometrically, biochemically, and histologically. RESULTS: According to the cystometric results, bladder capacity, baseline bladder pressure, and compliance data of the monopolar cauterization group were higher than those of the partial ligation and monopolar cauterization groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). As a biochemical evaluation, malondialdehyde levels in bladder tissues of group control were higher than partial ligation and monopolar cauterization groups (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). The collagen type I level of the control group was higher than the partial ligation and monopolar cauterization groups (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Collagen type III levels of the monopolar cauterization group were higher than those of the control group (p<0.01), but the Collagen type I/Collagen type III and transforming growth factor-β levels of the monopolar cauterization group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.001). As a histological evaluation (hematoxylin and eosin), fibrosis in the lamina propria was more prominent in the monopolar cauterization group than in the control group (p<0.05). In addition, the muscular thickness was higher in the monopolar cauterization group compared with control and partial ligation groups (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The needle-tipped monopolar cauterization of the posterior urethra may be the method of choice for creating a chronic infravesical obstruction model of infravesical obstruction in male rats.

ABSTRACT We analyzed the efficiency of farmers in the dairy production using cross-sectional data collected from 92 sample dairy farmers in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The study used the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to measure the technical efficiency of farmers in milk production. The technical efficiency of the sample of dairy farms ranged from 0.30 to 1.00. The mean efficiency of the sample of farmers was 0.55, indicating the presence of substantial scope for improving the competitiveness of dairy sector in the region by improving the efficiency of farmers. While some of these variations could be attributable to random factors, we calculated that 97.3% of the variations was attributable to the inefficient use of inputs, leaving only 2.7% to random factors. This shows the possibility of increasing average output by about 0.45 without the use of additional inputs. The most significant factors affecting the efficiency of dairy production were household size, total number of cattle, and ratio of the total number of dairy cows to total number of cattle, technological level, barn type, and production of maize silage. This study, by measuring the levels of efficiency and by identifying factors explaining the differences in efficiency, gives useful information for designing policy interventions targeting to improve the competitiveness of the Turkish dairy sector.

Resumen La meta de este artículo fue identificar el enfoque de liderazgo y las dimensiones que influyen en las percepciones gerenciales del presidente de una organización agrícola. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con presidentes de organizaciones agrícolas usando cuestionarios. Para tal propósito, a los presidentes se les entregaron 29 ítems usando la escala de Likert para ver en qué grado estaban de acuerdo con cada ítem. En el análisis de factorial, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach se ubicó en 0,933. Para especificar las dimensiones que influyen en la percepción gerencial del presidente de una organización agrícola se usó el análisis de componentes de principales con rotación Varimax. El valor propio se calculó por encima de 1 en siete de los 29 ítems. Como resultado de este análisis, se examinaron siete dimensiones. Esas dimensiones aclararon el 75,75% de la variación total. Se determine que los principales aspectos que influyeron en la percepción gerencial del presidente de una organización agrícola fueron la motivación y el espíritu de trabajo en equipo, el poder de la iniciativa, poner los intereses de la organización por encima de sus intereses individuales, la dedicación al deber, el espíritu emprendedor, la capacidad de empatía y el sentido de pertenencia a una organización.

Abstract The goal of this paper was to identify the leadership approach and dimensions influencing the managerial perceptions of the agricultural organization’s president. This research was carried out with agricultural organization presidents by using questionnaires. For this purpose, 29 items were given to presidents and a Likert scale used for the degree of agreement of each item. Factor analysis, Cronbach alpha coefficient was situated to be 0.933. To specify the dimensions influencing the managerial perception of agricultural organization’s president principle component analysis with varimax rotation was used. Eigenvalue belongs to seven of 29 items was calculated higher than one. As a result of this analysis, seven dimensions were examined. These dimensions clarified 75.75% of the total variance. The main aspects influencing the managerial perception of agricultural organization’s president were constructed to be motivation and team spirit, the power of initiative, put the organization interests over their individual interests, devotion to duty, entrepreneurial spirit, empathy ability and sense of belonging to an organization. La meta de este artículo fue identificar el enfoque de liderazgo y las dimensiones que influyen en las percepciones gerenciales del presidente de una organización agrícola. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo con presidentes de organizaciones agrícolas usando cuestionarios. Para tal propósito, a los presidentes se les entregaron 29 ítems usando la escala de Likert para ver en qué grado estaban de acuerdo con cada ítem. En el análisis de factorial, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach se ubicó en 0,933. Para especificar las dimensiones que influyen en la percepción gerencial del presidente de una organización agrícola se usó el análisis de componentes de principales con rotación Varimax. El valor propio se calculó por encima de 1 en siete de los 29 ítems. Como resultado de este análisis, se examinaron siete dimensiones. Esas dimensiones aclararon el 75,75% de la variación total. Se determine que los principales aspectos que influyeron en la percepción gerencial del presidente de una organización agrícola fueron la motivación y el espíritu de trabajo en equipo, el poder de la iniciativa, poner los intereses de la organización por encima de sus intereses individuales, la dedicación al deber, el espíritu emprendedor, la capacidad de empatía y el sentido de pertenencia a una organización.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a single-dose of gamithromycin (GM) or marbofloxacin (MR) in kids with naturally occurring pneumonia. Thirty-six kids, aged 2-2.5 months, with body weight ranging from 12 kg to 18 kg were presented with clinical signs of pneumonia. The most prominent clinical findings were an increase in the respiratory rate, crackling lung sounds on auscultation, coughing, nasal discharge and an increased rectal temperature. Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma spp. colonies were isolated from microbiological examination of six transtracheal washes and lung tissues of one necropsied kid. The severity of pneumonia was evaluated by using cumulative clinical score (CCS). The CCS of the 36 kids used in the study were four and above. Kids were randomly divided into two equal groups; the GM group received a single subcutaneous dose of GM at a dosage of 6 mg/kg and the MR group received MR intramuscularly at a dosage of 8 mg/kg as a single-dose. No side effects related to the drugs were detected in either group. All 36 kids were clinically examined 3 weeks after the initiation of the treatment. Clinical signs in both groups were almost completely absent at the end of the study. A single administration of GM or MR was successfully used in the treatment of kids with pneumonia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aim of this study is to investigate bacterial growth on non-infected devices and compare antibiotic-coated and non-coated implants. Materials and methods: The charts of 71 patients who underwent revision surgeries for penile prosthesis between 1995 and 2013 were reviewed. Of those, 31 devices were antibiotic-coated prostheses, while 40 of the implants were non-coated. Swab cultures were routinely obtained from corporal, pump or reservoir site during the operation. If a bacterial biofilm was determined on the prosthesis, it was also cultured. Results: A total of 5 different organisms were cultured from 18 patients. Of them, 4 devices were antibiotic-coated and the other 14 were non-coated devices. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common organism, while Staphylococcus hominis, beta hemolitic streptococcus, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were also cultured. All patients who had positive cultures were treated with appropriate antibiotics for four weeks postoperatively. Median follow-up time was 41 months, ranging between 8 and 82 months. One prosthesis (non-coated) became clinically infected in the follow-up period with a totally different organism. Culture positivity rates of antibiotic-coated and non-coated devices were 13% and 35% respectively and the result was significant (p=0.00254). Conclusions: Positive bacterial cultures are present on non-infected penile prostheses at revision surgeries in some of the patients. Antibiotic coated prostheses have much less positive cultures than non-coated devices.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Despite the well-known findings related to malignity in DRE such as nodule and induration, asymmetry of prostatic lobes, seen relatively, were investigated in a few studies as a predictor of prostate cancer so that there is no universally expected conclusion about asymmetry. We aimed to compare cancer detection rate of normal, asymmetric or suspicious findings in DRE by using biopsy results. Materials and Methods: Data of 1495 patients underwent prostate biopsy between 2006-2014 were searched retrospectively. Biopsy indications were abnormal DRE and or elevated PSA level(>4ng/mL). DRE findings were recorded as Group 1: Benign DRE, Group 2: Asymmetry and Group 3: Nodule/induration. Age, prostatic volume, biopsy results and PSA levels were recorded. Results: Mean age, prostate volume and PSA level were 66.72, 55.98 cc and 18.61ng/ mL respectively. Overall cancer detection rate was 38.66 % (575 of 1495). PSA levels were similar in group 1 and 2 but significantly higher in group 3. Prostatic volume was similar in group 1 and 2 and significantly lower in Group 3. Malignity detection rate of group 1,2 and 3 were 28.93%, 34.89% and 55.99% respectively. Group 1 and 2 were similar (p=0.105) but 3 had more chance for cancer detection. Conclusion: Nodule is the most important finding in DRE for cancer detection. Only an asymmetric prostate itself does not mean malignity.

ABSTRACT This study estimates the technical efficiency of goat rearing in the province of Isparta in Turkey using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The data used were collected from 92 goat farmers using the stratified sampling method by means of a questionnaire. The technical efficiency of the goat farming varied widely between 0.13 and 1.00. The mean efficiency of 92 goat farms was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.66 for constant and variable returns to scale assumptions, respectively. The greatest slacks were in feedstuff concentrates and labour used. The most significant factors affecting efficiency of goat production were farmer experience, cooperative membership, milk yield per goat, and family and hired labour. Technical efficiency should be improved by providing farmers with well-organised education, an extension program, and research and development programs on goat rearing.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO : A localização da embolia está associada com os resultados clínicos e a gravidade da doença do embolismo pulmonar agudo (EPA). O nível de gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) aumenta em condições relacionadas com estresse oxidativo. Investigou-se se os níveis de GGT podem prever a localização do EPA. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL : Estudo observacional transversal na Universidade Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turquia. MÉTODOS : Avaliamos 120 pacientes diagnosticados com EPA após a realização de angiografia pulmonar assistida por tomografia computadorizada. Eles foram divididos em dois grupos principais (localização proximal e distal) e depois em subgrupos de acordo com a localização do trombo da seguinte forma: primeiro grupo (trombo na artéria pulmonar [AP] principal, n = 9); segundo (trombo no ramo da AP principal; n = 71); terceiro grupo (trombo na segmentar da AP; n = 34); quarto grupo (trombo na subsegmentar da AP; n = 8). RESULTADOS : Na análise univariada, os níveis de GGT tiveram significado prognóstico em relação à admissão, pulsação arterial, saturação de oxigênio, dilatação do ventrículo direito/hipocinesia, pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) e necessidade de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. O modelo de regressão logística multivariada demonstrou que o nível de GGT na admissão (razão de possibilidades, OR: 1,044; 95% intervalo de confiança, CI: 1,011-1,079; P = 0,009) e PSAP (OR: 1,063, 95% CI: 1,005-1,124; P = 0,033) permaneceram independentemente associados com trombo localizado proximalmente na AP. CONCLUSÕES : Os resultados demonstraram associação significativa entre aumento da carga existente de embolia da AP e aumento dos níveis séricos da GGT.

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The location of embolism is associated with clinical findings and disease severity in cases of acute pulmonary embolism. The level of gamma-glutamyl transferase increases under oxidative stress-related conditions. In this study, we investigated whether gamma-glutamyl transferase levels could predict the location of pulmonary embolism. DESIGN AND SETTING: Hospital-based cross-sectional study at Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. METHODS : 120 patients who were diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism through computed tomography-assisted pulmonary angiography were evaluated. They were divided into two main groups (proximally and distally located), and subsequently into subgroups according to thrombus localization as follows: first group (thrombus in main pulmonary artery; n = 9); second group (thrombus in main pulmonary artery branches; n = 71); third group (thrombus in pulmonary artery segmental branches; n = 34); and fourth group (thrombus in pulmonary artery subsegmental branches; n = 8). RESULTS : Gamma-glutamyl transferase levels on admission, heart rate, oxygen saturation, right ventricular dilatation/hypokinesia, pulmonary artery systolic pressure and cardiopulmonary resuscitation requirement showed prognostic significance in univariate analysis. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that gamma-glutamyl transferase level on admission (odds ratio, OR = 1.044; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.011-1.079; P = 0.009) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (OR = 1.063; 95% CI: 1.005-1.124; P = 0.033) remained independently associated with proximally localized thrombus in pulmonary artery. CONCLUSIONS : The findings revealed a significant association between increased existing embolism load in the pulmonary artery and increased serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels.

Introduction We aimed to assess the relationship between prostate volume (PV) and high grade prostate carcinoma (HGPCa) in patients with benign and suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) in our prostate biopsy cohort. Materials and methods Between 2009-2012, 759 consecutive initial transrectal systematic 12 cores prostate biopsies were included. PVs were calculated with transrectal ultrasound. Only prostate adenocarcinomas (PCa) were included into the study. For standardization, patients with missing data, and who have been exposed to any form of hormonal or radiation therapy were excluded. Patients were categorized with DRE (negative or positive) and Gleason sum [<7: low grade PCa(LGPCa), ≥7: HGPCa]. Results Median PV was significantly lower in patients with HGPCa. There was a significantly increased risk of HGPCa with PV according to all groups in univariate logistic regression (LR). The significant relationship continued in multivariate LR with PSA and age. We found a PV cut-off value of 47.9cc for HGPCa. HGPCa was significantly higher in <47.9 volume, both in DRE positive and negative patients and in the whole cohort, although LGPCa did not differ significantly. Conclusions There is a significant relationship between HGPCa and decreasing PV. The continued significant relationship both in DRE negative and positive patients reinforces this relation.

Justificativa e objetivo: os medicamentos administrados por via intravenosa podem ser contaminados durante as várias fases de produção ou preparação. Sugamadex é uma gama-ciclodextrina modificada. Embora muitas pesquisas sobre os efeitos antibacterianos de uma variedade de ciclodextrinas estejam disponíveis, não há estudos dos efeitos antibacterianos de sugamadex. Este estudo investigou a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de sugamadex. Materiais e métodos: a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de sugamadex foi investigada pelo método de microdiluição em meio de cultura. O pH da solução de ensaio foi determinado com o uso de um medidor de pH. Os microrganismos-teste analisados incluíram Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Na segunda fase do estudo, 100 mg/mL de sugamadex (50 μg) foram contaminados com microrganismos-teste (50 μg), incluindo S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. fecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli ATCC 25922 e P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, incubados por 24 horas e, em seguida, a produção bacteriana foi avaliada. Resultados: o pH das soluções da análise variaram entre 7,25 e 6,97. Com o uso do método de microdiluição, sugamadex não apresentou efeito antibacteriano contra S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli e P. aeruginosa em qualquer concentração. Na segunda fase do estudo, a produção bacteriana foi observada após 24 horas em 100 mg/mL de sugamadex contaminados com os microrganismos-teste S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli e P. aeruginosa.

Background: Drugs administered by intravenous routes may be contaminated during several stages of production or preparation. Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin. While research into the antibacterial effects of varieties of cyclodextrin is available, there are no studies focusing on the antibacterial effects of sugammadex. This study investigates the in vitro antimicrobial activity of sugammadex. Materials and methods: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of sugammadex was investigated using the broth microdilution method. The pH of the test solution was determined using a pH meter. The test microorganisms included Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. In the second phase of the study 100 mg/mL sugammadex (50 μg) was contaminated with test microorganisms (50 μg), including S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. fecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, left to incubate for 24 h and then the bacterial production in sugammadex was evaluated. Results: The pH of the test solutions ranged between 7.25 and 6.97. Using the microdilution method, sugammadex had no antibacterial effect on S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa at any concentration. In the second phase of the study bacterial production was observed after 24 h in 100 mg/mL sugammadex contaminated with the test microorganisms S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: Sugammadex had no antimicrobial effect on the test microorganisms, S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Care should be taken that sterile conditions are maintained in the preparation of sugammadex; that the same sugammadex preparation not be used for more than one patient; and that storage conditions are adhered to after sugammadex is put into the injector.

Justificación y objetivo: Los medicamentos administrados por vía intravenosa pueden ser contaminados durante las diversas fases de producción o preparación. El sugammadex es una gamaciclodextrina modificada. Aunque estén disponibles muchas investigaciones sobre los efectos antibacterianos de una variedad de ciclodextrinas, no existen estudios de los efectos antibacterianos del sugammadex. Este estudio investigó la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro del sugammadex. Materiales y métodos: La actividad antimicrobiana in vitro del sugammadex fue investigada por el método de microdilución en medio de cultivo. El pH de la solución de ensayo fue determinado usando un medidor de pH. Los microorganismos testados analizados incluyeron Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 25922) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (ATCC 27853). En la segunda fase del estudio, se contaminaron 100 mg/mL de sugammadex (50 µg) con microorganismos testados (50 µg), incluyendo S. aureus (ATCC 29213), E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), E. coli (ATCC 25922) y P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), incubados durante 24 h e inmediatamente se calculóla producción bacteriana. Resultados: El pH de las soluciones del análisis varió entre 7,25 y 6,97. Usando el métodode microdilución, el sugammadex no tuvo ningún efecto antibacteriano contra S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli y P. aeruginosa en ninguna concentración. En la segunda fase del estudio, la producción bacteriana fue observada después de 24 h en 100 mg/mL de sugammadex contaminados con los microorganismos testados S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli y P. aeruginosa. Conclusiones: El sugammadex no presentó ningún efecto antimicrobiano sobre los microorganismos testados S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli y P. aeruginosa. Se debe tener cuidado de que las condiciones estériles se mantengan en la preparación del sugammadex, de que la misma preparación de sugammadex no se use en más de un paciente y de que las condiciones de almacenaje se respeten después de la colocación del sugammadex en un inyector.

Justificativa e objetivo: sabe-se que a vasoconstrição pulmonar hipóxica aumenta como resultado de desafios hipóxicos regionais intermitentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de sevoflurano e propofol na oxigenação e fração de shunt durante a ventilação monopulmonar em um novo modelo de hipóxia pré-condicionado antes da ventilação monopulmonar. Métodos: foram anestesiados intraperitonealmente antes das canulações venosa e arterial e traqueostomizados 16 ratos albinos Wistar. Os animais foram randomicamente distribuídos para receber perfusão de sevoflurano a 2% ou 10 mg/kg/h de propofol e ventilados com oxigênio a 100%, a uma taxa inspiratória de 80 respirações/minuto por 30 minutos. Três ciclos de ventilação monopulmonar e ventilação de ambos os pulmões foram feitos e a ventilação monopulmonar foi continuada por 15 min. Amostras de gasometria arterial foram obtidas da seguinte forma: após punção e traqueotomia, após 30 minutos de tratamento com sevoflurano ou propofol e aos cinco e 15 minutos de ventilação monopulmonar. Resultados: os níveis de PaO2 foram maiores e as frações de shunt menores nos ratos que receberam propofol em comparação com os ratos tratados com sevoflurano, mas a diferença não foi significante. Os dois grupos foram comparáveis em termos de PaCO2. Conclusões: os efeitos similares de sevoflurano e propofol na PaO2 durante a ventilacão monopulmonar após pré-condicionamento hipóxico podem ter resultado de outras causas além da inibição da vasoconstrição pulmonar hipóxica. A transição gradual para a ventilação monopulmonar é uma técnica nova de pré-condicionamento de experimentos para ventilação monopulmonar.

Background: It is known that hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction increases as a result of intermittent regional hypoxic challenges. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on oxygenation and shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation in a novel model of hypoxic preconditioning before one-lung ventilation. Methods: Sixteen Wistar-albino rats were anesthetized intra-peritoneally before venous and arterial cannulations and tracheotomized. The animals were randomly allocated to receive either sevoflurane 2% or 10 mg/kg/h propofol infusion and ventilated with 100% oxygen at an inspiratory rate of 80 breaths/min for 30 min. Three cycles of one-lung ventilation and two-lung ventilation were performed and one-lung ventilation was continued for 15 min. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained as follows: after cannulation and tracheotomy, following 30 min of treatment with sevoflurane or propofol, and at the 5th and 15th min of one-lung ventilation. Results: The PaO2 levels were higher and shunt fractions were lower in rats receiving propofol compared to rats treated with sevoflurane but the difference was not significant; the two groups were comparable in terms of PaCO2. Conclusions: The similar effects of sevoflurane and propofol on PaO2 during one-lung ventilation following hypoxic preconditioning may be due to other causes beside the inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Gradual transition to one-lung ventilation is a novel technique for preconditioning experiments for one-lung ventilation.

Justificación y objetivo: se conoce que la vasoconstricción pulmonar hipóxica aumenta como resultado de los retos hipóxicos regionales intermitentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos del sevoflurano y del propofol en la oxigenación y fracción de shunt durante la ventilación monopulmonar, en un nuevo modelo de hipoxia preacondicionado antes de la ventilación monopulmonar. Métodos: dieciséis ratones albinos Wistar fueron anestesiados intraperitonealmente antes de las canalizaciones venosa y arterial, y fueron traqueostomizados. Los animales fueron aleatoriamente distribuidos para recibir una perfusión de sevoflurano al 2% o 10 mg/kg/h de propofol y ventilados con oxigeno al 100%, a una tasa inspiratoria de 80 rpm durante 30min. Se realiza-ron 3 ciclos de ventilación monopulmonar y ventilación de ambos pulmones y la ventilación monopulmonar se continuó durante 15 min. Se obtuvieron muestras de gasometría arterial de la siguiente forma: posteriormente a la punción y a la traqueotomia, y después de 30 min de tratamiento con sevoflurano o propofol, y a los 5 y 15 min de ventilación monopulmonar. Resultados: los niveles de PaO2 fueron más elevados y las fracciones de shunt menores en los ratones que recibieron propofol en comparación con los ratones tratados con sevoflurano, pero la diferencia no fue significativa, ya que los 2 grupos fueron comparables en términos de PaCO2. Conclusiones: los efectos similares de sevoflurano y propofol en la PaO2 durante la ventilación monopulmonar después del preacondicionamiento hipóxico pueden deberse a otras causas ade-más de por la inhibición de la vasoconstricción pulmonar hipóxica. La transición gradual hacia la ventilación monopulmonar es una técnica nueva de preacondicionamiento de experimentos para la ventilación monopulmonar.

FUNDAMENTO: O levosimendan, um sensibilizador de cálcio, aumenta a sensibilidade do coração para o cálcio, aumentando assim a contratilidade miocárdica, sem aumento do cálcio intracelular. Recentemente foi demonstrado que o levosimendan era benéfico na melhoria da função renal. No entanto, fica por determinar que o efeito benéfico esteja relacionado em forma diferencial ao status renal durante o evento-índice. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se o levosimendan pode melhorar o resultado renal em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada com e sem agravamento da função renal. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco pacientes consecutivos que tiveram uma taxa de filtração glomerular reduzida e pelo menos dois dados consecutivos quanto à função renal, antes da administração de levosimendan, foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, com e sem agravamento da função renal com base no aumento da creatinina sérica > 0,3 mg/dL. RESULTADOS: Uma melhoria significativa foi observada na função renal em pacientes com agravamento da função renal (creatinina sérica de 1,4 ± 0,16 a 1,21 ± 0,23 mg/dL, p = 0,001 e taxa de filtração glomerular de 48,9 ± 15 a 59,3 ± 21,8 mL/min/m², p = 0,011), apesar de que não houve melhoria significativa em aqueles sem agravamento da função renal (creatinina sérica de 1,29 ± 0,33 a 1,37 ± 0,66 mg/dL, p = 0,240 e taxa de filtração glomerular de 53,7 ± 17,6 a 52,9 ± 21,4 mL/min/m², p = 0,850). CONCLUSÃO: O levosimendan parece proporcionar um efeito de realce renal em pacientes com severa insuficiência cardíaca sistólica descompensada aguda e agravamento da função renal. Considerar esse efeito diferencial poderia contribuir a obter resultados renais benéficos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

BACKGROUND: Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, increases the sensitivity of the heart to calcium, thus increasing myocardial contractility without a rise in intracellular calcium. It was recently shown that levosimendan is beneficial in improving renal function. However, it remains to be established that the beneficial effect is differentially related to renal status during index event. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether levosimendan could improve renal outcome in acute decompensated heart failure patients with and without worsening renal function. METHODS: Forty-five consecutive patients who had a reduced glomerular filtration rate and had at least two consecutive data regarding renal function prior to administration of levosimendan were enrolled in the study. Patients were classified into two groups as those with and without worsening renal function based on an increase in serum creatinine >0.3 mg/dL. RESULTS: A significant improvement was noted in renal function in patients with worsening renal function (serum creatinine from 1.4±0.16 to 1.21±0.23 mg/dL, p=0.001 and glomerular filtration rate level from 48.9±15 to 59.3±21.8 mL/min/m², p=0.011), while there was no significant improvement in those without worsening renal function (serum creatinine from 1.29±0.33 to 1.37±0.66 mg/dL, p=0.240 and glomerular filtration rate level from 53.7±17.6 to 52.9±21.4 mL/min/m², p=0.850). CONCLUSION: Levosimendan appears to provide a renal-enhancing effect in patients with severe, acute decompensated systolic heart failure and worsening renal function. Consideration of this differential effect might help obtain beneficial renal outcomes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Background and Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the association of the gender and subtype diagnosis with the onset age of the disease, marriage, reproductive rates in the schizophrenic inpatients. Methods: Total of 463 patients (329 males and 134 females) hospitalized with the diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria and who were between 15-65 years of age were included in the study. We evaluated the age, gender, marital status, number of children, onset of the disease and subtype of schizophrenia. Results: Mean of onset of the disease score was higher statistically in the females (27.6 ± 4.3) than the males (23.7 ± 3.9) (p < 0.05) in our study. The paranoid subtype was the commonest, while women were more likely to be married than men, men had more children than women; and the paranoid subtype were more likely to be married than the other groups. Conclusions: Onset age of schizophrenia was four years higher in the women than in men and that the rates of the schizophrenia subtypes were consistent with those detected in the other studies demonstrates that these rates were determined by neurobiological mechanisms rather than socio-cultural factors.