Resumen Objetivo: Estimar el coste hospitalario de una muestra de casos atendidos en siete hospitales del Sistema Nacional de Salud de diferentes ciudades españolas. Método: Estudio basado en 78 casos de enfermedad profesional reconocida por la Seguridad Social, atendidos en centros hospitalarios de Badalona, Barcelona, Ferrol, Gijón, Girona, Madrid y Vigo entre 2017 y 2019. Resultados: La actividad asistencial generada en estos hospitales para atender estos procesos supuso un coste total para el Sistema Nacional de Salud de 282.927 €. Conclusiones: Urge mejorar la coordinación entre los dos sistemas públicos de salud: la asistencia sanitaria de la Seguridad Social y el Sistema Nacional de Salud.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the hospital cost of a sample of cases treated in seven hospitals of the National Health System in several Spanish cities. Method: Study based on 78 cases of occupational disease recognized by the social security, and previously treated in hospitals in Badalona, Barcelona, Ferrol, Gijón, Girona, Madrid and Vigo between 2017 and 2019. Results: The healthcare activity generated by these hospitals to attend these processes involved a total cost of 282,927€. Conclusions: It is urgent to improve the coordination between the two public health systems, the social security health care system and the National Health System.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the hospital cost of a sample of cases treated in seven hospitals of the National Health System in several Spanish cities. Method: Study based on 78 cases of occupational disease recognized by the social security, and previously treated in hospitals in Badalona, Barcelona, Ferrol, Gijón, Girona, Madrid and Vigo between 2017 and 2019. Results: The healthcare activity generated by these hospitals to attend these processes involved a total cost of 282,927€. Conclusions: It is urgent to improve the coordination between the two public health systems, the social security health care system and the National Health System.

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar el coste hospitalario de una muestra de casos atendidos en siete hospitales del Sistema Nacional de Salud de diferentes ciudades españolas. Método: Estudio basado en 78 casos de enfermedad profesional reconocida por la Seguridad Social, atendidos en centros hospitalarios de Badalona, Barcelona, Ferrol, Gijón, Girona, Madrid y Vigo entre 2017 y 2019. Resultados: La actividad asistencial generada en estos hospitales para atender estos procesos supuso un coste total para el Sistema Nacional de Salud de 282.927 €. Conclusiones: Urge mejorar la coordinación entre los dos sistemas públicos de salud: la asistencia sanitaria de la Seguridad Social y el Sistema Nacional de Salud.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo verificou o efeito da administração pré-operatória da dexametasona 8mg coadministrada com paracetamol 1 g em comparação com a dexametasona 8 mg coadministrada com nimesulida 100 mg em cirurgias de extração de terceiros molares. Métodos: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico prospetivo, randomizado e triplo-cego, alocando os pacientes em 2 grupos pelo método da boca dividida: Grupo 1 (dexametasona e paracetamol) e Grupo 2 (dexametasona e nimesulida). Cada paciente foi submetido a duas cirurgias em ocasiões diferentes, avaliando os parâmetros: dor, número de analgésicos de resgate consumidos, tempo para o primeiro consumo do analgésico de resgate, edema, trismo e satisfação do paciente. Resultados: Foram encontrados resultados semelhantes para dor, trismo, número de analgésicos de resgate ingeridos, tempo necessário para a ingestão do primeiro analgésico de resgate e avaliação global. Porém, o Grupo 1 apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao edema, com diferença estatisticamente significativa no período de 48h (p=0,028). Conclusão: Dexametasona 8 mg mais paracetamol 1 g é uma possibilidade efetiva para a analgesia pré-operatória.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to verify the effect of preemptive administration of dexamethasone 8 mg co-administered with paracetamol 1 g compared with dexamethasone 8 mg co-administered with nimesulide 100 mg in surgeries for extracting third molars. Methods: A prospective, randomized, triple-blind clinical trial was conducted, allocating patients into two groups by the split-mouth method: Group 1 received dexamethasone and paracetamol, and Group 2 received dexamethasone and nimesulide. Each patient underwent two surgeries on different occasions, evaluating the parameters: pain, number of consumed rescue analgesics, time to the first rescue analgesic consumption, edema, trismus, and patient satisfaction. Results: Similar results were found in pain, trismus, number of rescue analgesics ingested, time until ingesting the first rescue analgesic, and overall assessment variables. However, Group 1 showed better results regarding edema, with a statistically significant difference in the 48-h period (p=0.028). Conclusion: Dexamethasone 8 mg plus paracetamol 1 g is effective for preemptive analgesia.

ABSTRACT Understanding soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in production systems on tropical soils is necessary to guide strategies to increase SOM formation. This study aimed to evaluate soil carbon (C) dynamics by combining applications of different plant residues used on tropical soils. An incubation study was carried out with and without adding millet (Pennisetum americanum) residues combined with six crop residues (legumes and non-legumes); and one additional treatment with only millet residue. Higher C-CO2 fluxes recorded in jack bean, sunflower and velvet bean residues were correlated with high soluble compound contents (49.5, 49.6 and 32.1 %, respectively). Adding millet residues resulted in positive PE for all residue combinations. Soils without millet, except jack bean, had a negative PE. Residues application promoted four times increase in C-POM content (from 1.04 to 4.2 g kg-1 soil). The C-MAOM content had 2.4 times increase, being more expressive due to its high initial content (from 15.3 to 37.3 g kg-1 soil). The comparison between the final C contents in the SOM fractions showed a significant increase of 8.8 times for MAOM in relation to POM, demonstrating the larger dimension of this C reservoir in the soil. Both combinations of legumes + non-legumes and non-legume + non-legume contributed significantly to the conversion of C to MAOM. The results give insight into possible management strategies for significant C increments in the more stable SOM fractions, depending on the residue type (quality) and residue combination.

ABSTRACT Background: Under-reporting and recognition of occupational disease (OD) is a secular problem in Spain and other European countries. The burden of occupational disease in Spain project (CEPS) aims to contribute. Objective: To describe the process of identification and recognition of OD in seven Spanish between 2017 and 2020. Material and Methods: In the seven hospitals that participate in the study an occupational pathology unit (OPU) was created. The OPU encouraged the healthcare services to identify possible OD treated in the hospital. The patients confirmed by the OPU were accompanied in the recognition process. Results: 308 cases were referred in this period and 154 OD was confirmed (62%). Of these, 78 have been recognized (65%). The confirmation rate (confirmed/ referred cases) varied according to hospitals (from 25% at the Badalona Serveis Assistencials to 100% at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz) and diagnosis groups (from 13% for musculoskeletal disorders to 100% for various pathologies). The recognition rate (confirmed/ recognized cases) varied according to hospitals, diagnosis, sex and age, being higher in women, aged ≥ 55 years and diagnosed with various pathologies (ocular, infectious, mental, among others). Conclusion: OPU contribute significantly in the process of identification and recognition of OD, which the patients might not have obtained otherwise.

RESUMEN. Antecedentes : La infra-notificación y reconocimiento de enfermedad profesional (EP) es un problema secular en España y demás países europeos. El proyecto de Carga de la Enfermedad Profesional en España (CEPS) pretende contribuir a resolver este problema. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de identificación y reconocimiento de EP en siete hospitales españoles entre 2017 y 2019. Material y Métodos: En los siete hospitales que participan en el estudio se creó una unidad de patología laboral (UPL) la cual estimulaba en los servicios asistenciales la identificación de posibles EP atendidas en el hospital. Los pacientes confirmados por la UPL fueron acompañados en el proceso de reconocimiento. Resultados: En este periodo fueron derivados 308 casos, y en 154 (62%) se confirmó la sospecha EP. De éstos, 78 (65%) han sido reconocidos. La tasa de confirmación (casos confirmados/ derivados) varió según hospitales (de un 25% en el Badalona Serveis Assistencials a un 100% en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz) y grupos de diagnósticos (de un 13% para trastornos musculoesqueléticos a un 100% para patologías varias). La tasa de reconocimiento (casos confirmados/casos reconocidos) varió según centro, diagnóstico, sexo y edad, siendo más alta en mujeres, con ≥ 55 años y diagnosticados con patologías varias (oculares, infecciosas, mentales, entre otras). Conclusión: Las UPL contribuyen significativamente en el proceso de identificación y reconocimiento de EP, lo que los pacientes posiblemente no hubieran obtenido de otra forma.

Resumo O Arranjo Produtivo Local localizado no Agreste de Pernambuco vem desenvolvendo significativamente a economia da região. Apesar da sua importância, a atividade industrial traz preocupações ambientais relevantes no que diz respeito à eliminação de efluentes têxteis, principalmente das lavanderias industriais. Esses resíduos são compostos por diversos produtos químicos e, entre eles, vários tipos de metais pesados. A avaliação do comportamento de sorção de mecanismos de transporte de contaminantes como metais pesados é essencial para avaliar o risco de contaminação de aquíferos aluviais. Este estudo avaliou a sorção de metais pesados (Cu e Cd) em um depósito de sedimento aluvial no rio Capibaribe. Experimentos cinéticos e isotérmicos permitiram as análises de sorção de Cu e Cd. A cinética de sorção mostrou uma tendência de equilíbrio após 16h para Cu e 18h para Cd e foi melhor descrita por um modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. Os dados de isoterma foram ajustados aos modelos Linear, Freundlich e Langmuir. Os modelos linear e de Freundlich descreveram satisfatoriamente as isotermas de sorção para os dois poluentes. Os metais em estudo representam risco de contaminação das águas subterrâneas de aquíferos aluviais, principalmente devido aos atributos físico-químicos do solo, como alto teor de areia (85%), baixa MO (2,1 g kg-1) e pH alcalino (8,2 ) As condições ambientais diminuem a absorção e facilitam a mobilidade do metal, aumentando muito os riscos ambientais inerentes à lixiviação de poluentes. O Cu apresentou maior afinidade com o solo estudado em todos os ensaios realizados em comparação com os resultados dos ensaios para o Cd.

Abstract The Local Production Arrangement, located in the Pernambuco’s Agreste state, has been significantly developing the region's economy. Despite its importance, industrial activity has caused relevant environmental concerns regarding the disposal of textile effluents, especially from industrial laundries. This waste is made up of many chemicals, and among them are various types of heavy metals. The evaluation of the sorption behavior of contaminant transport mechanisms such as heavy metals is essential to assess the risk of contamination of alluvial aquifers. This study evaluated the sorption of heavy metals (Cu and Cd) in an alluvial sediment deposit in the Capibaribe River. Kinetics and isotherm experiments allowed the analyses of Cu and Cd sorption. Kinetics sorption showed an equilibrium tendency after 16 h for Cu and 18 h for Cd and was better described by a pseudo-second order model. The isotherm data were adjusted to the Linear, Freundlich and Langmuir models. Both linear and Freundlich models satisfactorily described sorption isotherms for the two pollutants. The metals in the study represent a risk of contamination of the groundwater of alluvial aquifers, mainly due to physicochemical attributes of the soil, such as high sand content (85%), low MO (2.1 g kg-1) and alkaline pH (8.2). The environmental conditions decrease absorption and facilitate metal mobility, greatly increasing the environmental risks inherent in pollutant leaching. Cu showed a higher affinity with the soil studied in all assays performed compared with the results of the tests for Cd.

RESUMEN. Antecedentes : La infra-notificación y reconocimiento de enfermedad profesional (EP) es un problema secular en España y demás países europeos. El proyecto de Carga de la Enfermedad Profesional en España (CEPS) pretende contribuir a resolver este problema. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de identificación y reconocimiento de EP en siete hospitales españoles entre 2017 y 2019. Material y Métodos: En los siete hospitales que participan en el estudio se creó una unidad de patología laboral (UPL) la cual estimulaba en los servicios asistenciales la identificación de posibles EP atendidas en el hospital. Los pacientes confirmados por la UPL fueron acompañados en el proceso de reconocimiento. Resultados: En este periodo fueron derivados 308 casos, y en 154 (62%) se confirmó la sospecha EP. De éstos, 78 (65%) han sido reconocidos. La tasa de confirmación (casos confirmados/ derivados) varió según hospitales (de un 25% en el Badalona Serveis Assistencials a un 100% en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz) y grupos de diagnósticos (de un 13% para trastornos musculoesqueléticos a un 100% para patologías varias). La tasa de reconocimiento (casos confirmados/casos reconocidos) varió según centro, diagnóstico, sexo y edad, siendo más alta en mujeres, con ≥ 55 años y diagnosticados con patologías varias (oculares, infecciosas, mentales, entre otras). Conclusión: Las UPL contribuyen significativamente en el proceso de identificación y reconocimiento de EP, lo que los pacientes posiblemente no hubieran obtenido de otra forma.

ABSTRACT Background: Under-reporting and recognition of occupational disease (OD) is a secular problem in Spain and other European countries. The burden of occupational disease in Spain project (CEPS) aims to contribute. Objective: To describe the process of identification and recognition of OD in seven Spanish between 2017 and 2020. Material and Methods: In the seven hospitals that participate in the study an occupational pathology unit (OPU) was created. The OPU encouraged the healthcare services to identify possible OD treated in the hospital. The patients confirmed by the OPU were accompanied in the recognition process. Results: 308 cases were referred in this period and 154 OD was confirmed (62%). Of these, 78 have been recognized (65%). The confirmation rate (confirmed/ referred cases) varied according to hospitals (from 25% at the Badalona Serveis Assistencials to 100% at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz) and diagnosis groups (from 13% for musculoskeletal disorders to 100% for various pathologies). The recognition rate (confirmed/ recognized cases) varied according to hospitals, diagnosis, sex and age, being higher in women, aged ≥ 55 years and diagnosed with various pathologies (ocular, infectious, mental, among others). Conclusion: OPU contribute significantly in the process of identification and recognition of OD, which the patients might not have obtained otherwise.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os indicadores de qualidade do programa de triagem auditiva e avaliação do frênulo lingual em neonatos, quanto às taxas de cobertura, tempo de vida em que são realizadas as triagens auditivas, índices de encaminhamentos e prevalência da anquiloglossia, em um hospital universitário especializado em assistência materno-infantil. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foi analisado o banco de dados do programa de triagem auditiva e da avaliação do frênulo lingual em neonatos, referente aos atendimentos realizados no período de setembro de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Resultados: no período analisado, nasceram 2.345 neonatos na instituição, 1.380 (58,8%) realizaram a triagem auditiva neonatal e 1.350 (57,6%) a avaliação do frênulo lingual. A média de idade gestacional foi de 39 semanas (±1,6), peso de nascimento igual a 3.478 g (± 469,2) e 69% eram do sexo masculino. Na triagem auditiva neonatal, dos 1.380 neonatos, 95,7% receberam alta com orientação, 2,4% foram encaminhados para monitoramento auditivo e 1,9% foram encaminhados para diagnóstico auditivo. Na avaliação do frênulo lingual, dos 1.350 avaliados, 123 (9,1%) apresentaram anquiloglossia, 85 eram do sexo masculino e 47, feminino. Conclusão: os indicadores de tempo de vida em que são realizadas as triagens auditivas, índices de encaminhamentos e prevalência da anquiloglossia estão em consonância com a literatura, porém as taxas de cobertura estão inferiores ao recomendado e não seguem a legislação brasileira.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the quality indicators of the hearing screening program and to evaluate lingual frenulum in newborns, in terms of coverage rates, duration of hearing screening, referral indexes and prevalence of ankyloglossia in a university hospital specializing in mother and child care. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, in which we analyzed the database of the newborn hearing screening and lingual frenulum assessment program for the period between September 2015 and August 2016. Results: During the study period, 2,345 babies were born at the institution, 1,380 (58.8%) underwent newborn hearing screening and 1,350 (57.6%) were diagnosed with a lingual frenulum. Mean gestational age was 39 weeks (± 1.6), birth weight 3478g (± 469.2) and 69% were boys. In newborn hearing screening, 95.7% of the 1,380 babies screened were discharged with guidance, 2.4% were referred for auditory monitoring and 1.9% of babies were referred for auditory diagnosis. In lingual frenulum assessment, 123 (9.1%) of the 1,350 evaluated, had ankyloglossia, 85 were boys and 47 girls. Conclusion: The indicators of the time of life in which the hearing screening is performed, the referral indices and ankyloglossia prevalence are in line with those reported in the literature; however, coverage rates were lower than recommended and do not comply with Brazilian law.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar taninos condensados de seis leguminosas forrageiras e determinar sua atividade biológica. Os monômeros propelargonidina, prodelfinidina e procianidina foram analisados, assim como taninos condensados extraíveis (TCE), taninos condensados ligados a proteínas (TCLP) e ligados a fibras (TCLF), massa molecular, grau de polimerização, índice de polidispersão e atividade biológica, por meio de proteínas precipitadas por fenóis (PPF), em folhas das leguminosas Cajanus cajan, Gliricidia sepium, Stylosanthes capitata x Stylosanthes macrocephala (estilosantes), Flemingia macrophylla, Cratylia argentea e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, e na casca desta última espécie. Foram observadas diferenças nas concentrações de TCE, TCLP, PPF e total de taninos condensados entre as espécies, mas não na de TCLF. O maior valor de TCLP ocorreu em F. macrophylla. O total de TC variou de não detectável em C. argentea à maior concentração em folhas de M. caesalpiniifolia, que contêm os maiores níveis de PPF. Não se observaram diferenças quanto ao grau de polimerização em estilosantes, F. macrophylla e M. caesalpiniifolia. Folhas de estilosantes, C. cajan e G. sepium, todas com total de TC entre 20 e 50 g kg-1, poderiam ser fontes benéficas de TC, se oferecidas como única fonte de alimentos em dietas de ruminantes. A proporção prodelfinidina:procianidina variou de 10:80 (stylo) a 65:35 (F. machrophylla), e a propelargonidina é determinada somente em C. argentea.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize condensed tannins (CT) from six tropical forage legumes and to determine their biological activity. The monomers propelargonidin, prodelphinidin and procyanidin were analyzed, as well as extractable condensed tannin (ECT), protein-bound CT (PBCT) and fiber-bound CT (FBCT), molecular weight, degree of polymerization, polydispersity index, and biological activity by protein precipitate by phenols (PPP) of leaves of the legumes Cajanus cajan, Gliricidia sepium, Stylosanthes capitata x Stylosanthes macrocephala (stylo), Flemingia macrophylla, Cratylia argentea, and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and of the bark of this latter species. Differences were observed in the concentrations of ECT, PBCT, PPP, and total condensed tannin among species, but not in that of FBCT. The highest value of PBCT occurred in F. macrophylla. Total CT varied from nondetected concentration in C. argentea to the highest concentration in M. caesalpiniifolia leaves that contain the greatest levels of PPP. No differences were observed for polymerization degree in stylo, F. macrophylla, and M. caesalpiniifolia. Leaves of stylo, C. cajan, and G. sepium, all containing between 20 and 50 g kg-1 total CT, should be beneficial CT sources, if offered as sole feeds in ruminant diets. The ratio of prodelphinidin:procyanidin varies from 10:80 (stylo) to 65:35 (F. machrophylla), and propelargonidin is only determined in C. argentea.

RESUMO. Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia (0, 1, 2 e 3% na matéria seca - MS) em substituição a um suplemento tradicional (controle) sobre os parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos mestiços. Cinco novilhos canulados no rúmen (½ Holandês x Zebu), com peso corporal inicial de 240 ± 22,1 kg foram utilizados em um Quadrado Latino 5 × 5. Efeito quadrático foi observado para o consumo de MS e retenção de N, com valores máximos de 6,97 kg d-1e 50,9 g d-1com a inclusão de 1,8 e 2,1% de ureia, respectivamente. Concentrações máximas de 16,2; 23,2 e 24,3 mg dL-1 de N-NH3 foram registradas nos animais alimentados com palma forrageira enriquecida com 1, 2 de 3% de ureia. Houve efeito quadrático sobre o pH ruminal, com valor de 6,45 às 4,08 horas após alimentação. Síntese de proteína microbiana de 103 g de proteína bruta kg-1de nutrientes digestíveis totais foi obtida com a inclusão de 1,6% de ureia. Recomenda-se a utilização de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com 1,6 a 1,8% de ureia em substituição ao suplemento tradicional para bovinos.

ABSTRACT. This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the ‘multiple supplements’ containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d-1 and 50.9 gd-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL-1of N-NH3were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.

Resumo A partir da vigência da lei dos genéricos (1999), três tipos de produtos farmaceuticamente equivalentes são comercializados no Brasil: o medicamento inovador de refência (REF), o produto “similar” (S), e o genérico (G). O similar (nome de fantasia) e o genérico (nome genérico) tomam de empréstimo do REF (nome de fantasia) os dados clínicos de segurança e eficácia e a posologia. G (mas não S) é bioequivalente ao, e intercambiável com REF. Desde 2003, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) exige dados de testes de biodisponibilidade relativa para registrar (ou renovar o registro de) medicamentos S. Em 2014, a Anvisa estendeu o conceito de intercambialidade aos medicamentos similares com biodisponibilidade “comparável”, i.e., um medicamento similar “equivalente” (EQ). Medicamentos para doenças crônicas e “fármacos de dose crítica” estão listados entre os produtos EQ aprovados. A intercambialidade de medicamentos não-bioequivalentes suscita grande preocupação quanto a falhas terapêuticas e eventos adversos. Os receios são ainda maiores se os pacientes trocam um medicamento por outro durante o tratamento de doenças como epilepsia, insuficiência cardíaca, hipertensão, diabetes e/ou os produtos farmacêuticos substituídos tem um índice terapêutico estreito.

Abstract Since the enforcement of Generics Act (1999), three types of pharmaceutically equivalent products are marketed in Brazil: innovative reference (REF), “similar” (S) and generic (G) drugs. The S (brand name) and G (generic name) borrow from REF (brand name) clinical data on safety and efficacy and dosage regimen. G (but not S) is bioequivalent to and interchangeable with REF. Starting in 2003, Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) has required data on relative bioavailability tests (with REF) to approve (or renew registration of) S drugs. In 2014, Anvisa extended interchangeability notion to similar drugs with a “comparable” bioavailability, i.e., an “equivalent” similar drug (EQ). Drugs for chronic diseases and “critical dose medicines” are listed among the EQ drugs approved. Interchangeability of nonbioequivalent medicines raises deep concerns regarding therapeutic failures and adverse events. Concerns are even more worrisome if patients switch from one drug to another during an ongoing treatment for illnesses such as epilepsy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and/or substitutable drugs have a narrow therapeutic index.

Resumo A partir da vigência da lei dos genéricos (1999), três tipos de produtos farmaceuticamente equivalentes são comercializados no Brasil: o medicamento inovador de refência (REF), o produto “similar” (S), e o genérico (G). O similar (nome de fantasia) e o genérico (nome genérico) tomam de empréstimo do REF (nome de fantasia) os dados clínicos de segurança e eficácia e a posologia. G (mas não S) é bioequivalente ao, e intercambiável com REF. Desde 2003, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) exige dados de testes de biodisponibilidade relativa para registrar (ou renovar o registro de) medicamentos S. Em 2014, a Anvisa estendeu o conceito de intercambialidade aos medicamentos similares com biodisponibilidade “comparável”, i.e., um medicamento similar “equivalente” (EQ). Medicamentos para doenças crônicas e “fármacos de dose crítica” estão listados entre os produtos EQ aprovados. A intercambialidade de medicamentos não-bioequivalentes suscita grande preocupação quanto a falhas terapêuticas e eventos adversos. Os receios são ainda maiores se os pacientes trocam um medicamento por outro durante o tratamento de doenças como epilepsia, insuficiência cardíaca, hipertensão, diabetes e/ou os produtos farmacêuticos substituídos tem um índice terapêutico estreito.

Abstract Since the enforcement of Generics Act (1999), three types of pharmaceutically equivalent products are marketed in Brazil: innovative reference (REF), “similar” (S) and generic (G) drugs. The S (brand name) and G (generic name) borrow from REF (brand name) clinical data on safety and efficacy and dosage regimen. G (but not S) is bioequivalent to and interchangeable with REF. Starting in 2003, Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) has required data on relative bioavailability tests (with REF) to approve (or renew registration of) S drugs. In 2014, Anvisa extended interchangeability notion to similar drugs with a “comparable” bioavailability, i.e., an “equivalent” similar drug (EQ). Drugs for chronic diseases and “critical dose medicines” are listed among the EQ drugs approved. Interchangeability of nonbioequivalent medicines raises deep concerns regarding therapeutic failures and adverse events. Concerns are even more worrisome if patients switch from one drug to another during an ongoing treatment for illnesses such as epilepsy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and/or substitutable drugs have a narrow therapeutic index.

The investigation you executes in the Experimental Property "The María", property of the State Technical University of Quevedo (UTEQ), located in the kilometer 7 ¹/2 of the Road Quevedo - The Connection, county of The Ríos whose geographical location of 1° 6' 13" of south latitude and 79° 29' 22" of longitude west and to a height of 73 msnm. The investigation had duration of 56 days. The objectives were: to) to Determine the increment of weight in the one puts on weight of guinea pigs in base of gramineous tropical. b) to Determine the increment of weight in the one puts on weight of guinea pigs in base of forrajeras tropical arbustivas. c) to Determine the profitability of the treatments. 48 guinea males pigs were used without of 30 days of age with a weight average of 411.11 g. The experimental unit was conformed by two animals. A design of blocks was applied totally at random (DBCA) with four repetitions. To determine differences among treatment stockings the test of ultiple ranges of Tukey it was applied (P<0.05). the forage consumption was evaluated (g), I consummate of food (g), I weigh I live (g), gain of weight (g), nutritious conversion, I weigh to the channel (g) and the yield to the channel (%). The profitability determined it to him through the relationship I benefit cost. The biggest forage consumption (P <0.01) I register it the grass saboya and the mulberry (42.49 and 36.46 g MS animal-1 day-1, respectively). The mulberry supply allowed to increase (P <0.01) the alive weight (915.70 g); the gain of weight (9.06 g animal-1 day-1); more efficient nutritious conversion (4.24); I weigh to the channel, yield to the channel and the profitability (639.83 g; 69.87% and 61.64%, respectively). The use of the cucarda in the one puts on weight of improved guinea pigs they affect the main productive indexes of this species significantly.

La investigación se ejecutó en la Finca Experimental "La María", propiedad de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), localizada en el kilómetro 7 ¹/2 de la Vía Quevedo-El Empalme, provincia de Los Ríos, cuya ubicación geográfica de 01º 06' 13" de latitud sur y 79º 29' 22" de longitud oeste y a una altura de 73 msnm. La investigación tuvo una duración de 56 días. Los objetivos fueron: a) Determinar el incremento de peso en el engorde de cuyes a base de gramíneas tropicales. b) Determinar el incremento de peso en el engorde de cuyes a base de forrajeras arbustivas tropicales. c) Determinar la rentabilidad de los tratamientos. Se utilizaron 48 cuyes machos de 30 días de edad con un peso promedio de 411,11 g. La unidad experimental estuvo conformada por dos animales. Se aplicó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) con cuatro repeticiones. Para determinar diferencias entre medias de tratamiento se aplicó la prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey (P<0,05). Se evaluó el consumo de forraje (g), consumo de alimento (g), peso vivo (g), ganancia de peso (g), conversión alimenticia, peso a la canal (g) y el rendimiento a la canal (%). La rentabilidad se determinó mediante la relación beneficio costo. El mayor consumo de forraje (P<0,01) lo registró el pasto saboya y la morera (42,49 y 36,46 g MS animal-1 día-1, respectivamente). El suministro de morera permitió incrementar (P<0,01) el peso vivo (915,70 g); la ganancia de peso (9,06 g animal-1 día-1); conversión alimenticia más eficiente (4,24); peso a la canal, rendimiento a la canal y la rentabilidad (639,83 g; 69,87% y 61,64%, respectivamente). El uso de la cucarda en el engorde de cuyes mejorados afectan significativamente los principales índices productivos de esta especie.

Genótipos de plantas de soja, cultivados em regiões de clima subtropical, podem apresentar acamamento acentuado. O acamamento de plantas é influenciado pelo tipo de solo e pela fertilidade, época de semeadura, latitude e altitude do local, população de plantas e condições gerais de desenvolvimento do cultivo. Reguladores vegetais e alguns herbicidas são capazes de evitar ou reduzir o acamamento. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação dos reguladores de crescimento TIBA e daminozide sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo e o rendimento de grãos do cultivar de soja CD 214 RR. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema bifatorial, sendo o fator A os reguladores TIBA e daminozide e suas concentrações e, o fator B, sete épocas de avaliação da injúria e altura de planta, ou oito épocas de avaliação do acamamento. Na faixa de doses utilizada, a aplicação de daminozide resultou em maior injúria às plantas de soja do que a aplicação de TIBA. As menores alturas de plantas foram alcançadas com a aplicação de 6 g ha-¹ de TIBA e 1200 g ha-¹ de daminozide. Os tratamentos com daminozide (100 g ha-¹) e TIBA (10 g ha-¹) destacaram-se pela redução do acamamento de plantas de soja. O peso de grãos aumentou linearmente com a elevação das doses de TIBA. Houve correlação negativa entre acamamento e rendimento de grãos de soja, e positiva, entre altura de planta e acamamento. Também foi constatada correlação negativa entre injúria à soja, causada pela aplicação dos reguladores vegetais, e peso de grão.

Soybean genotypes grown in sub-tropical climate may exhibit lodging. The plant lodging is influenced by soil type and fertility level, sowing date, latitude and altitude of the location, plant population and conditions of crop development. Plant regulators and herbicides are able to avoid or reduce plant lodging. This study aimed to verify the effects of the growth regulators TIBA and daminozide on vegetative growth and yield of soybean cultivar CD 214 RR. The experiment was carried out at a field in randomized block design with four replications in a factorial scheme. The A factor was represented by the combination of regulators TIBA and daminozide and its concentrations, and the Factor B was seven times of evaluation of injury and plant height or eight times of evaluation of lodging. In the range of doses used, the application of daminozide resulted in greater injury to soybean plants than TIBA. The smaller plant height was achieved by the application of 6 g ha-1 of TIBA and 1200 g ha-¹ of daminozide. Treatments with daminozide (100 g ha-¹) and TIBA (10 g ha-1) stood out due to the reduced lodging of soybean plants. Grain weight increased linearly when the levels of TIBA increased. There was a negative correlation between lodging and grain yield and a positive correlation between plant height and lodging. There was also a negative correlation between injury caused by the application of plant regulators and lodging.

This study was conducted to determine the digestible lysine requirements of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Fish (n = 300; average initial weight = 1.44 g) were distributed 15 300-L aquariums, in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replicates, and fed extruded diets containing 11.3, 13.7, 16.1, 18.4 or 20.8 g/kg of digestible lysine. The arginine:lysine ratio was maintained at 1.3:1. All fish were fed diets containing 281 g/kg of digestible protein and 3,372 kcal digestible energy/kg, hand-fed until apparent satiation. There was no effect of the dietary lysine levels on survival rate, or protein and ash body rates. With increasing levels of lysine in the diet, a quadratic effect on weight gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, protein deposition rate, deposition rate of fat, body moisture and body lipids was observed, where the best values of the variables were estimated at 15.96, 16.4, 14.35, 15.21, 15.87, 15.21 and 16.29 g/kg of lysine, respectively. The digestible lysine requirement of Nile tilapia fingerlings is 15.21 g/kg (5.41 g/100 g of digestible protein), in diets balanced for the arginine:lysine ratio.