RESUMO Introdução: O salto em distância é caracterizado por um alto grau de combinação de velocidade e força. Pertence ao grupo de itens de energia rápida dominados pelo condicionamento físico. Para alcançar bons resultados no salto à distância, é necessário ter bom condicionamento físico. Objetivo: A fim de explorar o efeito do treinamento composto de alongamento rápido sobre o poder explosivo dos membros inferiores dos atletas em salto à distância. Métodos: Atletas de uma determinada cidade foram selecionados como objetos de pesquisa do experimento, com um total de 100 pessoas, e foram divididos em grupos por sorteio aleatório, havia 50 pessoas no grupo controle e 50 pessoas no grupo experimental, que receberam treinamento composto de alongamento rápido. Resultados: Após a coleta das amostras independentes, efetuou-se análise estatística com Teste-T, os resultados mostraram confiança de P=0,09, superior a 0,05, indicando que não há diferença significativa no desempenho especial do salto em distância entre os dois grupos de alunos, a pontuação média dos alunos no grupo experimental foi 0,13 metros maiores que a do grupo controle. Conclusões: O rápido treinamento composto de relaxamento e contração pode melhorar efetivamente a qualidade especial nos alunos de salto em distância. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The long jump is characterized by a high degree of combination of speed and strength. It belongs to the group of fast power items dominated by physical conditioning. To achieve good results in long jump, it is necessary to have good physical conditioning. Objective: In order to explore the effect of compound fast stretch training on the explosive power of lower limbs of athletes in long jump. Methods: Athletes from a certain city were selected as the research objects of the experiment, with a total of 100 people, and were divided into groups by random drawing, there were 50 people in the control group and 50 people in the experimental group, who received rapid stretching compound training. Results: After collecting the independent samples, statistical analysis was performed with T-test, the results showed confidence of P=0.09, higher than 0.05, indicating that there is no significant difference in the special performance of long jump between the two groups of students, the mean score of students in the experimental group was 0.13 meters higher than the control group. Conclusions: Rapid training composed of relaxation and contraction can effectively improve the special quality in long jump students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: El salto de longitud se caracteriza por un alto grado de combinación de velocidad y fuerza. Pertenece al grupo de ítems de potencia rápida dominados por el acondicionamiento físico. Para conseguir buenos resultados en salto de longitud, es necesario tener una buena condición física. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto del entrenamiento de estiramiento rápido compuesto sobre la potencia explosiva de los miembros inferiores de los atletas en salto de longitud. Métodos: Se seleccionaron atletas de una determinada ciudad como objetos de investigación del experimento, con un total de 100 personas, y se dividieron en grupos por sorteo, había 50 personas en el grupo de control y 50 personas en el grupo experimental, que recibieron un entrenamiento de estiramiento rápido compuesto. Resultados: Después de recoger las muestras independientes, se realizó el análisis estadístico con la prueba T, los resultados mostraron una confianza de P=0,09, superior a 0,05, lo que indica que no hay diferencias significativas en el rendimiento especial de salto de longitud entre los dos grupos de alumnos, la puntuación media de los alumnos del grupo experimental fue 0,13 metros superior a la del grupo de control. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento rápido compuesto de relajación y contracción puede mejorar eficazmente la calidad especial en los alumnos de salto de longitud. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: O treino excessivo no futebol é causado por um desequilíbrio entre a carga corporal, o estresse e a recuperação. O treinamento físico não científico de alto volume e as partidas contínuas de futebol de alta intensidade costumam ser as principais razões do treinamento excessivo dos atletas. Objetivo: Este artigo explora as características das mudanças de função física dos jogadores de futebol durante um ciclo completo de treinamento. Métodos: Usamos métodos experimentais para analisar as mudanças nas características de carga física de jogadores de futebol durante o treinamento de alta intensidade. Resultados: Os indicadores de creatina quinase, nitrogênio da ureia sanguínea e transporte de oxigênio não significativamente durante o treinamento de futebol. A testosterona e o cortisol aumentam gradualmente com o aumento da carga dos exercícios. Conclusões: No treinamento de futebol, precisamos organizar razoavelmente o volume total do exercício, sua intensidade e o tempo de intervalo dos atletas, de acordo com a adaptabilidade física e habilidade atlética do treinador, e com medidas de recuperação nutricional e de entusiasmo. Esses métodos podem melhorar ou aprimorar a função física dos jogadores de futebol. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Overtraining in football is caused by an imbalance between body load, stress, and recovery. High-volume non-scientific physical training and continuous high-intensity football matches are often the main reasons for the overtraining of athletes. Objective: This article explores the characteristics of the changes in physical function of football players during a complete training cycle. Methods: We use experimental methods to analyze the changes in the physical load characteristics of football players during high-intensity training. Results: Creatine kinase, urea nitrogen, and oxygen transport indicators did not change significantly during football training. Testosterone and cortisol will gradually increase with an increase of exercise load. Conclusion: In football training, we need to reasonably arrange the total exercise volume, exercise intensity, and exercise interval time of the athletes according to the trainer’s physical adaptability and athletic ability, supplemented with nutrition and enthusiasm recovery measures. These methods can improve or enhance the physical function of football players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción: El sobreentrenamiento en el fútbol es causado por un desequilibrio entre la carga corporal, el estrés y la recuperación. El entrenamiento físico de alto volumen no científico y los partidos de fútbol continuos de alta intensidad suelen ser las principales razones del sobreentrenamiento de los atletas. Objetivo: Este artículo explora las características de los cambios en la función física de los jugadores de fútbol durante un ciclo completo de entrenamiento. Métodos: Utilizamos métodos experimentales para analizar los cambios en las características de la carga física de los jugadores de fútbol durante el entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Resultados: Los indicadores de creatina quinasa, nitrógeno ureico en la sangre y transporte de oxígeno no fueron significativos durante el entrenamiento. La testosterona y el cortisol aumentan gradualmente con el aumento de la carga de ejercicios. Conclusiones: En el entrenamiento de fútbol, se debe organizar razonablemente el volumen total de ejercicios, la intensidad y el tiempo de intervalo de los atletas en función del acondicionamiento físico y la capacidad atlética del entrenador, y con medidas de recuperación nutricional y de entusiasmo. Estos métodos pueden mejorar o potenciar la función física de los jugadores de fútbol. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Abstract: Due to the advantages of short treatment period, no wastewater and oil produced, the CO2 laser is applied as an environment friendly thermal treatment for wood materials to improve the wood properties, such as appearance, color and wettability, among others. However, the morphological features of treated wood surface are also changed, which have negative effects on wooden product properties. To reveal the change tendency of surface roughness during laser irradiation, the common indexes of average roughness (Ra) and mean peak-to-valley height (Rz) were chosen to evaluate the surface roughness. The response surface methodology was selected to arrange the experiments and analyze the influences of laser parameters on surface roughness. The results showed that the poplar wood got rougher with the increased laser power, but the surface roughness decreased with increased feed speed and path spacing, due to the total heat absorption varied under different combination of laser parameters. The ANOVA results showed that the selected quadratic models for Ra∥, Rz∥, Ra⊥and Rz⊥were significant due to the values of probability value (“Prob>F”) less than 0,05. In this case, all the input laser parameters were also the significant model terms for variation of surface roughness. The values of correlation coefficient were very close to 1, which meant the selected quadratic models could give accurate prediction of surface roughness for laser treated wood. Therefore, it is of great significance to predict the surface roughness of the modified wood surface scientifically and to guide the selection of reasonable modification process parameters.

Abstract As an alternative type of tea product, tartary buckwheat tea (TBT) has become popular in the current market because of its rich taste, natural healthiness and convenience of use. Because sensory evaluation is easily affected by the individual differences and external factors that affect human assessors, the present study used intelligent sensory systems (electronic nose, electronic tongue and electronic eye) to analyze different types of TBT to establish a scientific basis for its quality characteristics. Results showed that obvious differences in color, aroma and taste were found among the different types of teas. The taste differences in the TBT were mainly acquired by the CTS sensor (saltiness) and ANS sensor (sweetness), with the greatest number of volatile substance was detected in the whole plant tea. Overall, intelligent sensory technology could accurately evaluate TBT thus providing the capability to meet the needs of different types of consumers and of different occasions.

Abstract The rutin-hydrolyzing enzyme (RHEs) catalyse hydrolysis of rutin to quercetin. In this study, a RHE purified from natural tartary buckwheat flour (FtRHE) exhibited β-glucosidase activity. It was highly active on cello-oligosaccharides and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG). FtRHE exhibited optimum β-glucosidase activity at 40 °C and pH 4.0, which was elevated by the presence of Ca2+, suggesting that Ca2+ may act as a co-factor for its activation. The Km and Vmax of FtRHE were 0.22 mM and 310.48 U/mg, respectively, when pNPG was the substrate. FtRHE retained only 6.6% activity in the presence of 1.5 M glucose, indicating that glucose acted as its inhibitor. This study demonstrates β-glucosidase activity of a RHE from natural tartary buckwheat flour and provides better understanding of its role in glycoside metabolism, establishing a basis for further investigations.

ABSTRACT Phosphorus deficiency can lead to serious reductions in crop yield and quality. Rapid and accurate determination of phosphorus stress status in vegetables is essential for ensuring the appropriate application of water and fertiliser, improving the yield and quality of vegetables, avoiding the waste of resources and serious non-point pollution source caused by the abuse of chemical fertilisers, and promoting green production and sustainability of facility agriculture. Chemical analysis and spectral or visual imaging methods for detection of phosphorus nutritional status are not conducive in facility production owing to their low accuracy and damage to plants. Owing to its penetration and fingerprint characteristics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) can distinguish differences in internal components caused by excess phosphorus nutrients and changes in nucleic acids, nuclear proteins, phospholipids, and other macromolecules; thus, it could potentially be used to evaluate the nutritional status of crops. In this study, an innovative THz-TDS-based method was used to detect the nutritional status of phosphorus in lettuce. Lettuce was grown with different phosphorus levels using soilless cultivation and different nutrient solutions. Based on the standard formula of Yamasaki nutrient solution, the phosphorus content in the nutrient solutions was reduced or increased by 20%, 60%, 100%, and 150%, and lettuce samples exposed to each of these phosphorus concentrations were collected. Terahertz spectra are highly sensitive to water; thus, the lettuce samples were freeze-dried to minimise the effect of water and maintain their original quality and bioactivity. The spectra of lettuce were recorded using a TS7400 THz-TDS system; noise and interference were eliminated via normalisation based on Savitzky-Golay smoothing. The correction and validation sets were divided using sample set partitioning based on the joint x-y distance (SPXY). The stability competitive adaptive reweighted algorithm, iterative retention information variable algorithm, and interval combination optimisation algorithm were used to select the terahertz characteristic wavelength, and the successive projection algorithm was then used for secondary optimisation. Finally, a THz-TDS model of lettuce phosphorus was established using the partial least squares method with five principal component variables. The coefficient of determination of the model reached 0.7005, and the root-mean-square error of the predictions was 0.003273, indicating that this method has a high prediction accuracy.

Abstract The silicon carbide (SiC)/metal composite armors with the composite cover on the front of the SiC plate were impacted by 12.7mm armor piercing incendiary (API) projectiles at velocities from 412.6m/s to 802.2m/s. The resulting projectile core and ceramic fragments were collected and then screened through a range of standard sieving screens. The mass distributions of fragments produced by projectile and ceramic impacting each other were obtained. The failure mechanism of the rigid-brittle core of 12.7mm API projectile after impacting SiC/metal composite armor was studied by examination of the failed core. The results show that the cumulative mass of core and ceramic fragments follow the Schuhmann distribution law. With the increase of impact velocity, the mass proportion of small core fragments increases, while for ceramic fragments, the mass proportion of fragments in different fractions does not change. The failure mechanism of the large equivalent diameter fragment ( >8mm) is tensile brittle fracture mainly. In contrast, the local plastic shear fracture exists on the fragments with an equivalent diameter of less than 2mm.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo do presente estudo é comparar a eficácia de duas técnicas diferentes para o bloqueio nervoso torácico durante cirurgia torácica vídeo-assistida (CTVA) e anestesia com ventilação espontânea. METODOLOGIA Cem pacientes foram incluídos no estudo e divididos em dois grupos. Em um (grupo P), foi utilizada a abordagem de BPVT e no outro (grupo I), a abordagem de BIC. Então, a taxa de eficácia clínica, duração do procedimento de bloqueio e suas complicações foram registradas para a comparação do efeito das duas abordagens. RESULTADOS Nenhuma diferença foi observada no efeito clínico do bloqueio nervoso torácico entre os dois grupos. Dois pacientes no grupo de BIC foram convertidos para anestesia geral devido a fibrilação mediastinal grave (grau três). O número de pacientes com fibrilação mediastinal de grau um no grupo de BPVT foi significativamente maior do que no grupo de BIC. Perfuração vascular foi detectada em quatro pacientes do grupo de BIC e em um do grupo de BPVT. Não foram observadas outras complicações. CONCLUSÃO Não houve diferença de eficácia clínica entre os dois grupos. No entanto, BPVT guiado por ultrassom foi superior ao BIC guiado por ultrassom durante CTVA para lobectomia pulmonar com anestesia em ventilação espontânea. Além disso, deve-se prestar mais atenção quanto à perfuração vascular.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of two different techniques for blocking chest nerves during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) under spontaneous-ventilating anesthesia. METHODS One hundred patients were recruited in this study and divided into two groups. The first, P group, underwent the TPVB approach; the second, I group, underwent the ICNB approach. Then, the rate of clinical efficacy, duration of the block procedure, and its complications were recorded for comparison of the effect of the two approaches. RESULTS No difference was found in the clinical effect of chest nerve blocks between the two groups. Two patients in the ICNB group were converted to general anesthesia due to severe mediastinal flutter (grade three). The number of patients who had grade one mediastinal flutter in the TPVB group was significantly higher than in the ICNB group. Vascular puncture was detected in four patients in the ICNB group and in one patient in the TPVB group. No other complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS No difference was found regarding the clinical efficacy in the two groups. However, ultrasound-guided TPVB was superior to ultrasound-guided ICBN during VATS for pulmonary lobectomy under spontaneous-ventilating anesthesia. Additionally, vascular puncture should receive more attention.

Abstract Purpose To examine effects of resveratrol on renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury (I/R) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Methods Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with STZ injection for the development of diabetes, and divided into the following groups: Sham group, I/R group and Resveratrol group (n=8). Resveratrol (RSV) was administered at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1.d-1 fourteen days prior to suffering from I/R. Renal function, histology, SOD, MDA, TUNEL assay and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB-P65, COX-2 and Caspase3, Bcl2 and Bax were analyzed. Results Administration of RSV significantly reduced the serum levels of renal dysfunction and injury markers, including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and MDA; in the other hand, it significantly increased the serum levels of SOD. The protective effect of RSV was also reflected on histologic evaluation. RSV reduced the number of apoptotic cells as determined by TUNEL assay. RSV significantly reduced the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB-P65, COX-2 and Caspase3, and Bax. Meanwhile, RSV significantly increased the protein expression of Bcl2. Conclusion RSV attenuated I/R-induced renal injury in diabetic rats through the modulation of oxidative stress and TNF-α-stimulated inflammation.

Abstract In order to study the critical ricochet velocity and critical penetration velocity of tungsten alloy rod obliquely penetrating a finite-thickness metal plate, experiment and numerical calculation of tungsten alloy rod impacting on homogeneous armor steel plate with a thickness of 30mm at an angle of 60° were carried out. Compared the experimental and numerical results with the results using models, it is found that, the results of the ricochet models proposed by Tate, Rosenberg and Steven B for semi-infinite thick plate are quite different from those of experiment and numerical calculation, so they can not be applied to the ricochet situation of finite-thickness plate. The critical penetration velocity model proposed by De Marre and Zhao are in good agreement with the numerical and experimental results, which can predict critical penetration velocity of tungsten alloy rod obliquely penetrating a finite-thickness metal plate with large impact angle. The penetration depth of the projectile under the critical ricochet velocity is about 1/3 of the thickness of the target plate, and the angle between the ejection trajectory of the fragments produced by projectile and target plate and projectile penetration trajectory is exactly 90° in the first penetration stage.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of exenatide on renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, exenatide-1, exenatide-2 and exenatide-3 groups, 10 rats in each group. The diabetic nephropathy model was constructed in later 4 groups. Then, the later 3 groups were treated with 2, 4 and 8 μg/kg exenatide for 8 weeks, respectively. The serum and urine biochemical indexes and oxidative stress and inflammatory indexes in renal tissue were determined. Results: Compared to the model group, in exenatide-3 group the serum fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were significantly decreased, the fasting insulin level was significantly increased, the renal index and blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24 h urine protein levels were significantly decreased, the renal tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly increased, the malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased, and the renal tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, hypersensitive C-reactive protein and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 levels were significantly decreased P<0.05). Conclusions: Exenatide can mitigate the renal injury in diabetic rats. The mechanisms may be related to its resistance of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in renal tissue.

Abstract Background The five-paced pit viper (Deinagkistrodon acutus), endemic to China and northern Vietnam, is responsible for most snakebites in the Chinese territory. Antivenom produced from horses is the main treatment for snakebites, but it may cause numerous clinical side effects and have other disadvantages involved in their production such as the welfare of animals. The present study was conducted aiming to develop an alternative antibody (IgY) from the egg yolk of leghorn chickens immunized with snake venom. Methods IgY from the egg yolk of white leghorn chickens previously immunized intramuscularly with D. acutus venom was extracted by water, precipitated by ammonium sulfate and purified by affinity chromatographic system. IgY was identified by SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot. Finally, IgY neutralization assays to test its efficacy against hemorrhagic, edema-forming and myotoxic activities of D. acutus venom were conducted on mice. Results For the first time, IgY antibodies against D. acutus venom were raised successfully in egg yolk of chickens injected with D. acutus venom multiple times. By three steps, including caprylic acid extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography, IgY antibodies were isolated and purified from egg yolk, which exhibited a single protein band on SDS-PAGE and two bands (about 65 kDa and 35 kDa, respectively) under reducing conditions, and presented a high titer (1:40,000) tested by ELISA. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that these IgY were polyclonal antibodies since they bound to components of D. acutus venom. Furthermore, immunodiffusion assay showed that anti-D. acutus venom IgY cross-reacted with the venoms of Trimeresurus albolabris and D. saxatilis Emelianov, but did not react to the venoms of Bungarus multicinctus and Naja atra. In the neutralizing lethal assay, the median effective dose of anti-D. acutus venom IgY was 14.14 mg/kg of mouse body weight under the challenge dose (3 LD50 of D. acutus venom). In neutralizing the hemorrhagic, edema-forming and myotoxic activities of D. acutus venom, IgY showed the characteristic dose-dependent neutralization effects against all these toxic activities of D. acutus venom. Conclusion Anti-D. acutus venom IgY antibodies with high purity and titer were for the first time raised successfully in egg yolk of chickens immunized with D. acutus venom. They were effective in neutralizing the lethal effects, and the hemorrhagic, edema-forming and myotoxic acitivities of D. acutus venom. IgY could be an effective source to develop a treatment against snake bites in humans or animals in the future.

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the species and breeding density of acaroid mites in stored products in China. Methods: We tentatively harvested the samples from the products stored in warehouses, commercial stores and civilian houses, and the products. Results: The results suggested the mites varied a lot in species regarding their ecological habitus and habitat. Still, the breeding density in different samples was associated with the sampling conditions. Conclusions: These discrepancies may be associated with the samples collected in diverse environment for the mites, and the findings easily suggest that acaroid mites are in universal distribution.

Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue investigar las especies y la densidad de reproducción de ácaros en productos almacenados en China. Métodos: Provisionalmente, se recogieron muestras de productos almacenados en naves, locales comerciales y viviendas. Resultados: Los resultados sugirieron que los ácaros variaban mucho en cuanto a especies respecto a sus hábitos y habitats ecológicos. Aún así, la densidad de reproducción en distintas muestras estuvo asociada a las condiciones de muestreo. Conclusiones: Estas discrepancias pueden estar asociadas con las muestras recogidas en diversos ambientes para los ácaros, y los resultados sugieren visiblemente que los ácaros tienen una distribución universal.

PURPOSE:To investigate the protective effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning (OzoneOP) were associated with the modulation of TLR4-NF-κB pathway.METHODS: Thirty six rats were subjected to 45 min of renal ischemia, with or without treatment with OzoneOP (1 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected for the detection of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Histologic examinations were evaluated and immunohistochemistry was also performed for localization of TLR4 and NF-κB. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 were studied by Real-time PCR. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB.RESULTS:The results indicated that blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased significantly in I/R group. Rats treated with OzoneOP showed obviously less renal damage. Immunohistochemistry showed that TLR4 were ameliorated by OzoneOP. Realtime PCR showed that OzoneOP could significantly inhibit the increased mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 induced by I/R. Western blot indicated that the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were upregulated in I/R group, but OzoneOP could inhibit this increase.CONCLUSION:These findings indicated that OzoneOP had potent anti-inflammatory properties by the modulation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The present study was carried out on a number of 16 skulls of adult male domestic donkeys. Craniometric measurements for 40 different parts of the skulls were made. All investigated features were expressed as Mean±SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated by using the investigated features. The craniometric measurements and cephalic indices had been compared with those of local horses and ponies. A skull length of 443.07±53.57 mm and a maximum zygomatic width of 169.09±17.64 mm were obtained. The size of donkey skull was between those of local horses and ponies. A skull index of 38.23±0.85, a cranial index of 45.01±2.83 and a facial index of 67.80±3.79 were obtained. Cranial index and skull index were found to be close in value to that of local horses and ponies. The results of this study revealed that donkey had a longer nose than local horse and pony, and the difference of skull length in the three species accounted for the facial length difference.

Se realizó un estudio sobre una serie de 16 cráneos pertenecientes a burros domésticos adultos, de sexo masculino. Se hicieron mediciones craneométricas en 40 partes diferentes de las muestras. Todas las características investigadas se expresaron como media ± desviación estándar, calculándose índices y proporciones cefálicas. Se compararon las mediciones craneométricas e índices cefálicos con los de caballos y ponis de la zona. La longitud del cráneo obtenida fue de 443,07±53,57 mm, con una anchura máxima del hueso cigomático de 169,09±17,64 mm. El tamaño del cráneo del burro se ubicó entre el de los caballos y los ponis locales. Se obtuvo un índice de cráneo de 38,23±0,85, un índice craneal de 45,01±2,83 y un índice facial de 67,80±3,79. Los índices craneal y de cráneo encontrados fueron cercanos a los valores correspondientes a los caballos y ponis locales. Los resultados de este estudio revelaron que el burro tenía una nariz más larga que el caballo y el poni. Además, la diferencia en longitud del cráneo en las tres especies representa la diferencia de longitud facial.