Abstract Objective To identify the scientific evidence available in the literature on the association between Burnout Syndrome (BS) and C-reactive protein levels. Methods This is an integrative literature review of articles published in Portuguese, Spanish and English, with no date limit, with different study designs, available electronically in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS), Science Direct, and Springer Link databases. The selected articles were analyzed according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results Seven articles were analyzed. In most studies, there was a positive association between Burnout and high c-reactive protein levels, despite the general results being contradictory. Most articles that met the selection criteria were in English and indexed in the CINAHL database. The European continent concentrated most of studies. There was a predominance of cross-sectional study design. Conclusion Despite the positive association between Burnout and high c-reactive protein levels, the results of this review suggest that new, more robust studies be carried out in an attempt to explain the relationship between BS and CRP.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar las evidencias científicas disponibles en la literatura sobre la relación entre el síndrome de burnout (SB) y los niveles de proteína C reactiva. Métodos Revisión integradora de la literatura de artículos publicados en portugués, español e inglés, sin límite de fecha, con diferentes diseños de estudio, disponibles electrónicamente en las bases de datos del Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS), Science Direct y Springer Link. Los artículos seleccionados fueron analizados de acuerdo con la Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Resultados Se analizaron siete artículos. En la mayor parte de los estudios, hubo asociación positiva entre burnout y niveles elevados de proteína C reactiva, aunque los resultados generales eran contradictorios. La mayoría de los artículos que cumplieron los criterios de selección estaban en idioma inglés e indexados en la base de datos CINAHL. El continente europeo concentró la mayor parte de la producción. Hubo predominancia de diseño de estudio transversal. Conclusión A pesar de la asociación positiva entre burnout y niveles elevados de proteína C reactiva, los resultados de esta revisión sugieren la realización de nuevos estudios más sólidos para explicar la relación entre SB y PCR.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre a associação entre Síndrome de Burnout (SB) e níveis de proteína C-reativa. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura de artigos publicados em português, espanhol e inglês, sem limite de data, com diferentes desenhos de estudo, disponíveis eletronicamente nas bases de dados do Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS), Science Direct e Springer Link. Os artigos selecionados foram analisados de acordo com a Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Resultados Foram analisados 7 artigos. Na maior parte dos estudos, houve associação positiva entre Burnout e níveis elevados de proteína c-reativa, apesar dos resultados gerais serem contraditórios. A maioria dos artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção encontrava-se em língua inglesa e indexados na base de dados CINAHL. O continente europeu concentrou a maior parte de produção. Houve predominância de desenho de estudo transversal. Conclusão Apesar da associação positiva entre Burnout e níveis elevados de proteína c-reativa os resultados dessa revisão sugerem a realização de novos estudos mais robustos na tentativa de explicar a relação entre SB e PCR.

ABSTRACT Emulsifiers and exogenous lipases are feed additives used to increase lipid utilization in broiler diets. A meta-analysis was carried out to quantify the effects of the supplementation of emulsifiers and exogenous lipases on broiler weight gain (BWG, g/broiler/d) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, g/g) during the whole production cycle. Studies were obtained from the PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total of 2669 studies were identified, 25 of which composed the database for the meta-analysis, representing data from a total of 14,643 broilers. These results demonstrate that there is evidence in the literature supporting that supplementation with emulsifiers or lipases improves broiler weight gain and feed conversion during the whole production cycle. However, the effect of the additives is influenced by bird sex, lipid source and concentration, type of additive and concentration, energy level of the feed, and bird strains. The isolated use of emulsifiers increases weight gain by 1.62g/day and reduces feed conversion by 0.04. However, there is no evidence that exogenous lipase use alone improves weight gain or feed conversion in broilers during the whole production cycle. The latter result may be due to the small number of studies with the additive in question, rather than its possible effects on weight gain and feed conversion. Therefore, further investigation should be conducted on this topic, especially studies on females fed diets supplemented with lipases.

Aim To evaluate the impact of a dual-cured adhesive system on the in situ degree of conversion (DC), bond strength (BS) and failure mode (FM) of adhesive interfaces in dentin cavities restored with a bulk-fill resin composite. Methods 4-mm-deep dentin cavities with a 3.1 C-factor were created in 68 bovine incisors (n = 17 per group). The light-cured (Scotchbond™ Universal) or the dual-cured (Adper™ Scotchbond™ Multi-purpose Plus) adhesive system was applied to the cavities, which were then restored with a bulk-fill resin composite (Filtek™ Bulk Fill). In situ DC analysis was performed by means of micro Raman spectroscopy at the top and bottom interfaces. Push-out BS was measured in a universal testing machine after 24-h or 6-month water storage. FM was determined with a stereomicroscope. Data of in situ DC and BS were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p<0.05), while the FM was analyzed descriptively. Results The groups that received the dual-cured adhesive system showed statistically higher in situ DC and BS than those that received the light-cured adhesive system. Cohesive failure mode was the most frequent in all conditions. Conclusion In situ DC and BS were influenced by the curing strategies of the adhesive systems with better performance of the dual-cured material.

ABSTRACT This work was developed to evaluate the impact of the addition of proteases on the performance characteristics, egg quality, relative weight of digestive organs, and intestinal morphometry of laying hens. 390 Hy Line W36® hens were allocated into five treatments and six replicates with 13 animals. The treatments were: 1) Control (standard formulation), 2) Negative control A - NCA (nutritional reduction according to protease A matrix), 3) Negative control B - NCB (nutritional reduction according to protease B matrix), 4) NCA+protease A (0.250 g/kg of feed) and 5) NCB+protease B (0.125 g/kg of feed). Hens fed the NCA, NCB, and NCA+protease A diets showed reductions in feed intake and egg mass. The addition of protease B provided better results for egg production in both percentage and per dozen as compared to the group fed with the NCA+protease A diets. The hens subjected to diets NCA and NCB showed eggs with a reduced eggshell and thickness percentage. However, supplementation with proteases A and B improved these parameters to values similar to the controls. There was no significant effect of the treatments on the relative weight of the liver, proventricle, gizzard, pancreas, and small intestine. However, the addition of protease A resulted in a decreased value for the relative weight of the large intestine. The jejunum and ileum crypt depths were, respectively, smaller in hens fed the control diet in relation to the NCB diet and the NCA and NCB diets. As it can be concluded, Protease B supplementation provided the best performance results.

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of three chemical pretreatments of biomass sorghum (BS): dilute alkaline (PTA1 and PTA2), dilute acid (PTB1 and PTB2) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (PTC1 and PTC2) in the enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. Among the six investigated conditions, the pretreatment with 7.36% H2O2 (PTC2) was the most efficient in the lignin removal and preservation of the polysaccharide fraction. After the enzymatic hydrolysis, increases in the glucose and xylose concentrations were observed in the pretreated BS hydrolysates, mainly in PTB1 and PTC1. All the hydrolysates obtained low concentrations of inhibitors. In the alcoholic fermentations with Pichia stiptis, the greatest ethanol yield was obtained in PTB1 hydrolysate (3.84 g L-1), corresponding to 16.15% of yield. The highest ethanol yield in PTB1 hydrolysate can be justified by the maximum concentration of xylose obtained in this hydrolysate, demonstrating the potential of P. stiptis in the fermentation of pentose to ethanol. The results indicated that biomass sorghum is an alternative lignocellulose source with potential for the production of second generation ethanol, opening up prospects for additional studies.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à síndrome de burnout (SB) entre docentes da educação básica de escolas públicas de um município de médio porte. Métodos: estudo transversal analítico realizado em Minas Gerais, em 2016. Coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais e aplicou-se o Cuestionário para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo para avaliar a SB. A amostra (n = 745) foi probabilística por conglomerados em único estágio. Utilizou-se análise hierarquizada com regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência geral da SB foi de 13,8% (IC95%: 11,3-16,3%), com 9,0% apresentando o Perfil 1 (SB sem níveis altos de sentimento de culpa) e 4,8% o Perfil 2 (SB grave). As dimensões mais prevalentes foram “desgaste psíquico” (39,4%) e “ilusão pelo trabalho” (19,7%). A prevalência de SB foi maior entre os docentes mais jovens (RP = 1,82), sem filhos (RP = 1,45), concursados/efetivos (RP = 1,88), insatisfeitos no trabalho (RP = 3,16), com desejo de mudar de profissão (RP = 2,94) e com falta de apoio da direção escolar (RP = 2,38). Conclusão: há urgência na criação de políticas públicas de suporte aos docentes, pois os identificados com sintomas da síndrome estão em exercício funcional, o que agrava seu quadro de saúde e, por conseguinte, compromete os diversos processos da área educacional.

Abstract Objectives: to identify the associated factors and the prevalence of burnout syndrome (BS) in primary and secondary public school teachers of a medium-sized municipality. Methods: cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2016. We collected sociodemographic and occupational data, and applied the Spanish Burnout Inventory [Cuestionário para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo]. The sample (n = 745) was probabilistic by clusters in a single stage. We used Hierarchical analysis with Poisson regression. Results: the general prevalence of BS was 13.8% (95% CI: 11.3-16.3%), with 9.0% having Profile 1 (BS without high levels of feelings of guilt) and 4.8% Profile 2 (severe BS). The most prevalent dimensions were “psychological exhaustion” (39.4%) and “enthusiasm towards job” (19.7%). The BS prevalence was higher among younger teachers (PR = 1.82), without children (PR = 1.45), job stability insured as civil servant (PR = 1.88), with job dissatisfaction (PR = 3.16), with a desire to change professions (PR = 2.94) and lack of support from the school managers (PR = 2.38). Conclusion: there is an urgent need to develop public policies to support teachers, since those identified with BS symptoms are in work activity, which worsens their health condition and, therefore, undermines the educational processes.

RESUMO Objetivo Em 2003, Mazda et al. apresentaram um novo dispositivo para correção cirúrgica da Escoliose Idiopática do Adolescente (EIA) denominado Bandas Sublaminares (BS). O princípio de redução que as BS utilizam é a translação posteromedial da coluna vertebral, semelhante àquela dos fios de Luque, através do uso de bandas de poliéster. Métodos Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tema, avaliando a técnica em relação à correção coronal, correção sagital, sangramento, tempo operatório médio, perda de correção, infecção, pseudoartrose, complicações neurológicas e outras complicações. A busca resultou em 14 artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Resultados Observamos que o uso das BS em instrumentações híbridas para correção da EIA proporciona uma redução média de 69% no plano frontal e aumento da cifose torácica de 5º (aumento médio de 55%), 4,5% de complicações em geral e nenhuma complicação neurológica foram apresentadas em todos os estudos analisados. A média de sangramento foi 682,5 mL e o tempo cirúrgico médio de 228,6 minutos. Conclusões Conclui-se que a literatura sugere que essa instrumentação é segura, permite boa correção no plano frontal e grande correção no plano sagital. Em relação às complicações, tempo cirúrgico médio e sangramento, todas essas variáveis em média são inferiores se comparadas as das demais construções utilizadas para EIA. Nível de evidência IIA; Revisão sistemática.

ABSTRACT Objective In 2003, Mazda et al. introduced a new device for surgical correction of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) called sublaminar bands (SB). The reduction principle that SBs use is posteromedial spinal translation, similar to Luque’s wiring, but using polyester bands. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature on this subject, evaluating the technique in terms of coronal correction, sagittal correction, bleeding, mean surgical time, loss of correction, infection, pseudoarthrosis, and neurological and other complications. The total search resulted in 14 articles published over the last 10 years. We found that the use of SBs in hybrid AIS correction instrumentations provides an average correction of 69% in the frontal plane, a 5° increase in thoracic kyphosis (average increase of 55%), overall complications of 4.5%, and no neurological complications were reported in any of the studies analyzed.. The mean blood loss was 682.5 mL and the mean surgical time was 228.6 minutes. Conclusions We conclude that the literature suggests that this instrumentation is safe, allows good correction in the frontal plane and great correction in the sagittal plane. As for complications, mean surgical time, and blood loss, their averages are lower than those of other constructions used for AIS. Level of evidence IIA; Systematic review.

RESUMEN Objetivo En 2003, Mazda et al. presentaron un nuevo dispositivo para corrección quirúrgica de la Escoliosis Idiopática del Adolescente (EIA) denominado Bandas Sublaminares (BS). El principio de reducción que las BS utilizan es la traslación posteromedial de la columna vertebral, similar a aquella de los hilos de Luque, a través del uso de bandas de poliéster. Métodos Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el tema evaluando la técnica con relación a la corrección coronal, corrección sagital, sangrado, tiempo operatorio promedio, pérdida de corrección, infección, pseudoartrosis, complicaciones neurológicas y otras complicaciones. La búsqueda resultó en 14 artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Resultados Observamos que el uso de las BS en instrumentaciones híbridas para la corrección de la EIA proporciona una reducción promedio de 69% en el plano frontal y aumento de la cifosis torácica del 5º (aumento promedio de 55%); 4,5% de complicaciones en general y ninguna complicación neurológica fueron presentadas en todos los estudios analizados. El promedio de sangrado fue 682,5 mL y el tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 228,6 minutos. Conclusiones Se concluye que la literatura sugiere que esta instrumentación es segura, permite buena corrección en el plano frontal y gran corrección en el plano sagital. Con relación a las complicaciones, tiempo quirúrgico promedio y sangrado, todas estas variables en promedio son inferiores si comparadas con las demás construcciones usadas para EIA. Nivel de evidencia IIA; Revisión sistemática.

RESUMO. Um estudo de seis semanas foi conduzido para investigar a suplementação de prebiótico (mananoligossacarídeo - MOS, oriundo da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae), probiótico (Bacillus subtilis - BS, cepa C-3102) e sua combinação em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram distribuídos 192 peixes (4,03 ± 0,28 g) em 16 tanques (40-L) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (n=4). Avaliaram-se os tratamentos: controle, 2 g MOS kg-1, 2 g BS kg-1 e 1 g MOS kg-1 mais 1 g BS kg-1 (simbiótico). As rações prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico resultaram em melhores média de ganho diário, conversão alimentar, taxa de crescimento específico, eficiência protéica, rendimento de carcaça, comprimentos total, padrão e altura comparando-se a ração controle. A ração probiótico resultou em maiores altura de vilosidades e relação entre perímetros intestinais que peixes alimentados com ração controle, enquanto rações prebiótico e simbiótico resultaram em peixes com maior relação entre perímetros intestinais que peixes alimentados com ração controle. A ração simbiótica resultou em peixes com, respectivamente, maiores e menores porcentagens de proteína e extrato etéreo na carcaça. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo e Bacillus subtilis, isolado ou combinado (simbiótico), melhorou o crescimento, os índices corporais, a morfometria intestinal e a composição da carcaça em tilápia do Nilo.

ABSTRACT. A six week study was conducted to investigate the supplementation of prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide - MOS, from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae), probiotic (Bacillus subtilis - BS, C-3102 strain) and their combination in diets for Nile tilapia. 192 fishes (4.03 ± 0.28 g) were distributed into 16 tanks (40-L), in a completely randomized design (n=4). The following treatments were evaluated: control; prebiotic - 2 g MOS kg-1; probiotic - 2 g BS kg-1 and synbiotic - 1 g MOS kg-1 plus 1 g BS kg-1. Fishes fed diets pre-, pro- and synbiotic supplemented performed better in average daily gain, feed conversion rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, carcass yield, total and standard length and body height than those maintained on control diets. The probiotic supplementation resulted in higher villus height and intestinal perimeter ratio than the control diet while the pre- and synbiotic supplementation in diets resulted in higher intestinal perimeter ratio. Carcass protein and ether extract were, respectively, higher and lower in fish fed synbiotic diets than other fish. The results of this study indicated that the mannan oligosaccharide and Bacillus subtilis supplementation, isolated or combined (synbiotic), could improve growth, body index, intestine morphometry and carcass composition in Nile tilapia.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar quatro grupos genéticos de ovinos: Santa Inês (SI), Somalis Brasileira (SB), Morada Nova (MN) e 1/2 Dorper - 1/2 Morada Nova (F1) quanto às características de crescimento e de infecção parasitária. Trinta e três cordeiros machos, de mesma idade, nascidos de parto simples e submetidos às mesmas condições de manejo pré-desmame foram utilizados no experimento. Após o desmame, os animais foram alojados em piquetes de capim Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, em um sistema rotativo de pastejo sob um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os resultados mostraram que, ao longo do experimento, o desempenho ponderal dos quatro grupos genéticos foi negativamente afetado pela infecção por endoparasitas, mas o efeito de genótipo foi significativo para ganho de peso médio diário, e os grupos SI e F1 apresentaram melhores médias. O efeito do genótipo, tempo e interação genótipo x tempo foi significativo para o peso e o escore corporal. Os cordeiros da raça SB apresentaram maiores escores corporais ao longo do experimento, apesar do menor ganho de peso quando comparados aos dos grupos SI e F1. Houve efeito significativo do tempo e da interação genótipo x tempo para o hematócrito e para o grau FAMACHA©. Somente efeito do tempo foi verificado para as características OPG e proteína plasmática total. Os cordeiros da raça Morada Nova, ao contrário dos demais grupos, mantiveram o grau FAMACHA© inferior a 3 e hematócrito inferior a 23%, mesmo com tendência de maior OPG, principalmente na fase inicial, indicando uma possível maior capacidade de adaptação à infecção por endoparasitas.

The aim of this study was to compare the following four genetic groups of hair sheep: Santa Inês (SI), Morada Nova (MN), Brazilian Somali (BS), and the F1 1/2Dorper x 1/2Morada Nova crossbreed on traits related to growth and parasitic infection. Thirty-three male lambs of the same age and of simple birth, under the same pre-weaning management conditions were used in the experiment. After weaning the animals were housed in a completely randomized design in paddocks made of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania. Along the course of the research, the performance of the four groups of sheep was observed to be negatively affected by gastrointestinal parasites, but there was a genotype effect to the average daily weight gain (ADWG), where the SI and F1 genotypes presented higher values. The effects of genotype, time and genotype x time interaction were significant in weight and corporal score (CS) measurements. The BS lambs had the highest CS values throughout the experiment despite not presenting greater weight gain when compared to the SI and F1 breeds. There were also significant effects of time and genotype x time interaction for packed cell volume (PCV) and FAMACHA© score (FAM) and only the time effect was significant in the total number of eggs per gram (EPG) and total plasma protein (TPP). The MN lambs showed higher PCV values and unlike the other groups, presented a FAMACHA© score below 3 and PCV above 23% even having a higher EPG tendency, especially in the initial phase, indicating a possible higher resilience to infection caused by gastrointestinal parasites.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar quatro grupos genéticos de ovinos quanto às características de carcaça e de qualidade da carne. Trinta e três cordeiros, contemporâneos, nascidos de parto simples e sem relação de parentesco, foram utilizados no experimento, sendo 13 da raça Santa Inês (SI), sete da raça Somalis Brasileira (SB), seis da raça Morada Nova (MN) e sete ½ Dorper - ½ Morada Nova (F1). Os genótipos SI, SB e F1 apresentaram desempenhos similares quanto ao peso das carcaças quente e fria, cujos valores foram 10,76±0,53kg e 10,46±0,52kg para o SI, 9,20±0,73kg e 8,99±0,71kg para o SB, 9,35±0,73kg e 9,13±0,71kg para o F1, respectivamente. A raça SB apresentou melhor rendimento de carcaça quente (47,10 ±0,88%) e de carcaça fria (46,00±0,87%). Os genótipos SI e F1 apresentaram melhores conformações (2,73±0,12 e 2,50±0,17, respectivamente), enquanto o SB apresentou melhor acabamento (3,29±0,20). As médias para área de olho de lombo (AOL) foram 9,94±0,49cm², 8,66±0,67cm², 7,18±0,72cm² e 9,8±0,67cm² e para o índice de compacidade da carcaça (ICC) foram 0,17±0,01kg/cm, 0,17±0,01kg/cm, 0,11±0,01kg/cm e 0,16±0,01kg/cm, para SI, SB, MN e F1, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa entre os genótipos SI, SB e F1 quanto à AOL e ao ICC. Apesar de, no geral, a raça MN apresentar desempenho relativamente inferior aos demais genótipos quanto às características de carcaça analisadas, essa raça apresentou rendimentos de carcaça e espessura de gordura similar ao SI e F1 e conformação e AOL similar ao SB. Não houve um grupo superior ou inferior para todas as características analisadas. Por outro lado, para as condições de manejo empregadas neste estudo, evidenciou-se maior especialização para produção de carne dos genótipos SI, SB e F1 em relação ao grupo MN. Não houve diferenças importantes entre os diferentes genótipos quanto à qualidade da carne.

The aim of this study was to compare four genetic groups of sheep on the carcass and meat quality traits. Thirty-three contemporary and unrelated male lambs, all of single birth were used in the experiment, being thirteen from the Santa Inês (SI) breed, seven from the Brazilian Somali breed (BS), six from the Morada Nova (MN) breed and seven from the ½ Dorper - ½ Morada Nova (F1) crossbreed. The genotypes SI, BS and F1 presented similar performances in relation to hot and cold carcass weights, which values were 10.76±0.53kg and 10.46±0.52kg for SI, 9.20±0.73kg and 8.99±0.71kg for BS, and 9.35±0.73kg and 9.13±0.71kg for F1, respectively. The BS had a better hot carcass yield (47.10±0.88%) and cold carcass yield (46.00±0.87%). Better carcass conformation was observed in SI and F1 (2.73±0.12 and 2.50±0.17, respectively) while the BS presented a better finishing (3.29±0.20). The average for the rib eye area (REA) was 9.94±0.49cm², 8.66±0.67cm², 7.18±0.72cm² and 9.8±0.67cm², and for the carcass compactness index (CCI) it was 0.17±0.01kg/cm, 0.17±0.01kg/cm, 0.11±0.01kg/cm and 0.16±0,01kg/cm, for SI, SB, MN and F1, respectively. There were no significant differences between SI, BS and F1 regarding REA and CCI. Although, in general, the MN presented a relatively lower performance than the other genotypes, this breed had similar carcass yields and fat thickness when compared to SI and F1 and similar conformation and REA in comparison to the BS. Regarding meat quality, no differences were observed between genotypes, except for redness and cooking losses. It is concluded that no one group had a higher or lower performance in all traits analyzed. Moreover, for the management conditions employed in this study, there was evidence of greater specialization in meat production for genotypes SI, BS and F1 when compared to MN, although there are no substantial differences between the four groups regarding meat quality.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o volume inspiratório e os efeitos da espirometria de incentivo (EI) e da técnica breath stacking (BS) sobre a CVF em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo controlado e randomizado com 35 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca no Hospital de Força Aérea do Galeão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Todos os pacientes realizaram procedimentos de mobilização e tosse e foram randomicamente alocados em três grupos: grupo exercício controle (EC), que realizou somente esses procedimentos; grupo EI, que realizou inspirações profundas utilizando um espirômetro de incentivo; e grupo BS, que realizou esforços inspiratórios sucessivos utilizando uma máscara facial acoplada a uma válvula unidirecional. A espirometria forçada foi realizada no período pré-operatório e do primeiro ao quinto dia de pós-operatório. O volume inspiratório foi medido durante as manobras nos grupos EI e BS. RESULTADOS: No primeiro dia de pós-operatório, a CVF diminuiu significativamente em todos os grupos (EC: 87,1 vs. 32,0%; EI: 75,3 vs. 29,5%; e BS: 81,9 vs. 33,2%; p < 0.001 para todos) assim como o volume inspiratório nos grupos EI e BS (EI: 2,29 vs. 0,82 L; e BS: 2,56 vs. 1,34 L, p < 0.001 para ambos). Do primeiro ao quinto dia de pós-operatório, a CVF apresentou recuperação parcial independentemente do protocolo (EC: 32,0 vs. 51,3%; EI: 29,5 vs. 46,7%; e BS: 33,3 vs. 54,3%; p < 0.001 para todos). Durante o período pós-operatório avaliado, o volume inspiratório foi significativamente maior no grupo BS do que no EI. CONCLUSÕES: Os protocolos foram equivalentes no que se refere à recuperação da CVF nos primeiros cinco dias de pós-operatório. Quando comparada à EI, a técnica BS promoveu maiores volumes inspiratórios nesta amostra de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate inspiratory volume in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and to determine the effects that incentive spirometry (IS) and the breath stacking (BS) technique have on the recovery of FVC in such patients. METHODS: A prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial involving 35 patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the Hospital de Força Aérea do Galeão (HFAG, Galeão Air Force Hospital), in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The patients, all of whom performed mobilization and cough procedures, were randomly divided into three groups: exercise control (EC), performing only the abovementioned procedures; IS, performing the abovementioned procedures and instructed to take long breaths using an incentive spirometer; and BS, performing the abovementioned procedures, together with successive inspiratory efforts using a facial mask coupled to a unidirectional valve. Forced spirometry was carried out in the preoperative period and on postoperative days 1 to 5. During the maneuvers, inspiratory volume was measured in the IS and BS groups. RESULTS: On postoperative day 1, FVC significantly decreased in all groups (EC: 87.1 vs. 32.0%; IS: 75.3 vs. 29.5%; and BS: 81.9 vs. 33.2%; p < 0.001 for all), as did inspiratory volume in the IS and BS groups (2.29 vs. 0.82 L; and 2.56 vs. 1.34 L, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). Between postoperative days 1 and 5, FVC partially normalized in all groups (EC: 32.0 vs. 51.3%; IS: 29.5 vs. 46.7%; and BS: 33.3 vs. 54.3%; p < 0.001 for all). During the postoperative period, inspiratory volume was significantly higher in the BS group than in the IS group. CONCLUSIONS: The three protocols were equivalent concerning the recovery of FVC on the first five postoperative days. When compared with IS, the BS technique promoted higher inspiratory volumes in this sample of postoperative cardiac patients.

A quantidade e a distribuição de tamanho dos sedimentos transportados pela enxurrada são influenciadas pelo manejo, cobertura e cultivo do solo e pela chuva, entre outros fatores, constituindo-se em aspecto importante no planejamento conservacionista do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os sedimentos transportados pela enxurrada e relacioná-los com a velocidade de enxurrada, durante o cultivo da soja, em um experimento de chuva simulada sobre um Nitossolo Háplico alumínico típico, nos sistemas de manejo do solo conduzido desde 1998: semeadura direta em solo nunca preparado e com resíduos queimados (SQ); e uma aração e duas gradagens (AG). Nesses tratamentos, cultivaram-se aveia, soja, ervilhaca, milho, aveia, feijão, nabo forrageiro, soja, ervilhaca, milho e soja, nesta sequência, durante cinco anos e meio. Estudou-se um tratamento adicional, em que o solo foi mantido sem cultivo, porém preparado com uma aração e duas gradagens na mesma época de semeadura das culturas nos demais tratamentos (SC). No último cultivo da soja, cinco testes de chuva simulada foram aplicados sobre os tratamentos, com intensidade variando de 63 a 67 mm h-1 e duração de uma hora, 24 h após ter sido aplicada uma chuva (molhamento) com intensidade de 65 mm h-1 e duração suficiente para iniciar a enxurrada. Os sedimentos foram quantificados em amostras de enxurrada coletadas 10 min antes do término de cada chuva simulada. O tamanho de sedimentos foi influenciado pelo sistema de manejo do solo e pela quantidade de chuva: na condição sem cultivo do solo, houve maior quantidade de sedimentos de maior diâmetro do que na condição em que o solo foi cultivado; na condição de solo cultivado, a quantidade de sedimentos de menor diâmetro foi maior do que no solo sem cultivo; e houve tendência de aumentar a quantidade de sedimentos na enxurrada com o aumento do número de chuva simulada, nas diversas condições de manejo do solo e de tamanhos de sedimento. O modelo exponencial ajustou-se aos dados de quantidade e tamanho dos sedimentos e aos de velocidade da enxurrada e cobertura do solo; a quantidade de sedimentos diminuiu com a redução de tamanho destes, e a velocidade da enxurrada diminuiu com o aumento da cobertura do solo. O modelo potencial ajustou-se aos dados de D50 e velocidade da enxurrada, tendo o D50 aumentado com o aumento da velocidade.

Quantity and size distribution of sediments transported by runoff are influenced by soil management, cover and crop systems, and by rainfall, among other factors, representing an important aspect in soil conservation planning. The objective of this study was to quantify runoff sediments and relate them with runoff velocity, during soybean growth, in a simulated rainfall experiment initiated in 1998 on a typical Hapludox, under the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with one plowing plus two diskings (CT) and no-tillage on a never tilled soil with burned residues (NT). In these treatments, the rotation crop systems consisted of oat, soybean, vetch, corn, oats, bean, fodder radish, soybean, vetch, corn, and soybean. An additional treatment with bare soil with one plowing plus two diskings (BS) was also studied. Five simulated rainfall tests were applied to the treatments in the last soybean crop cycle, with an intensity of 63-67 mm h-1 for one hour, 24 h after a pre-wetting rainfall, with an intensity of 65 mm h-1 and long enough to initiate runoff. The sediments were quantified in runoff samples collected 10 minutes before the end of each simulated rainfall test, and were related with the runoff velocity. The sediment size in the runoff was influenced by soil management systems and the rainfall quantity. In the treatment without soil cover (BS), the quantity of coarse sediments was higher than in the treatments with cultivated soil, whereas in CT and NT treatments the quantity of fine-sized sediments was higher than in the BS treatment. More sediments tended to be transported in the runoff with the application of more rainfall events. The sediment quantity transported by runoff was related with the sediment size, fitting to a positive exponential model, while runoff velocity decreased exponentially with increased soil cover. The D50 index was related with other variables, fitting to the potential model and increasing with runoff velocity.

In order to evaluate the effects of broiler genotype and of heat exposure on performance, carcass characteristics, and protein and fat accretion, six hundred one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, according to the following factors: genetic group (selected and non-selected broilers) and pair-feeding scheme (Ad32 - reared under heat stress and fed ad libitum; Ad23 - reared at thermoneutrality and fed ad libitum; Pf23 - reared at thermoneutrality and pair fed with Ad32), with a total of six treatments with four replicates of 25 birds each. Independent of pair-feeding scheme, selected broilers showed better feed conversion, higher carcass yield, and lower abdominal fat deposition rate. However, as compared to non-selected broilers, they reduced more intensively feed intake when heat exposed, which promoted significant breast-yield decrease, and more pronounced changes on carcass chemical composition. These findings allows concluding that, in both genetic groups, both environmental temperature and feed-intake restriction influence abdominal fat deposition rate and other carcass characteristics; however, the impact of heat exposure on broiler performance is more noticeable on the selected line.

In order to evaluate the effect of energy intake and broiler genotype on performance, carcass yield, and fat deposition, 600 one-day-old male chicks from two different genetic groups (AgRoss 308 - commercial line and PCLC - Embrapa non-improved line) were fed diets with different metabolizable energy level (2950, 3200 and 3450 kcal/kg). A completely randomized experimental design in a 2X3 factorial arrangement with four replications of 25 birds per treatment was applied. In order to ensure different energy intake among treatments within each strain, feed intake was daily adjusted by pair-feeding schemes. AgRoss 308 broilers had better performance and carcass yield, and presented lower abdominal fat deposition rate. In both genetic groups, the highest dietary energy level increased weight gain, heart relative weight, and fat deposition. However, it reduced the difference between AgRoss 308 and PCLC for feed conversion ratio and carcass protein deposition. These findings allow concluding that genetic improvement had a significant effect on broiler energy metabolism, and that the highest performance differences between genetic groups are found when low-energy intake is imposed.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the utilization of low-protein diets formulated based on the ideal protein concept for broiler chickens from 7 to 21 days of age reared at different environmental temperatures. Nine hundred male Cobb-500® chickens were used. At day seven chicks were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 3 x 3 factorial with four replications of 25 birds each. It was used three crude protein levels in the diet (21.5; 20.0 and 18.5%) and three environmental temperatures (low, thermoneutral and high). The performance, carcass characteristics (yield and chemical composition), and nitrogen ingestion and excretion were assessed. There was no significant interaction among the factors for the evaluated variables. Environmental temperatures affected differently chicken performance. High environmental temperature resulted in lower weight gain and higher wing fat percentage, whereas cold temperature resulted in higher feed conversion. On the other hand, low-protein diets decreased weight gain, breast yield, nitrogen excretion and influenced breast and wings chemical composition. Birds reared at high environmental temperature showed lower nitrogen intake and excretion. The results showed that the decrease in protein levels from 7 to 21 days of age contributed to lower nitrogen excretion in broiler chickens, but impaired performance and carcass characteristics independent of rearing temperature.