ABSTRACT Brazilian palm swamps (veredas) are fundamentals in the hydrological balance of watercourses in the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). The “sponge effect” of their soils is the main factor controlling local hydrology, storing rainwater, and functioning as headwaters. The restricted knowledge of these tropical ecosystems has led to increased losses, poor preservation, and reduction in their ecosystem services. Veredas have become refuges surrounded by croplands, often drained and inappropriately managed. This study shows the impacts of anthropization on soil processes and properties of a vereda in an agricultural area. Two soil profiles were selected and characterized as preserved and anthropized, respectively upstream and downstream of the studied vereda. Morphological, physical, chemical and microbiological properties were analyzed. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was applied to synthesize the data and provide evidence of the main properties and underlying processes that most responded to the degradation action. The arrangement of this analysis shows three main distinguish drivers: one joining the properties related to the humification of organic matter and relative accumulation of mineral matter versus accumulation of organic matter; the second with properties related to soil chemical reactivity; and the third reflecting the mineralization of organic matter. Our results suggest that the anthropic action has strongly caused the organic carbon reduction (~22 %). After 20 years, the anthropized soil presents not only a great decline in carbon stock (~14 kg m-2), but also strong impacts on several other ecologic functions, such as water holding capacity. Veredas are complex and fragile environments, and they should be fully protected to maintain their ecosystem services.

RESUMO Este estudo apresenta a análise polínica de uma turfeira localizada no Parque Nacional das Sempre-Vivas (PNSV), na Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, município de Diamantina, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, para fornecer material de referência para a identificação de grãos de pólen preservados em solo de Cerrado durante o Pleistoceno e Holoceno. A análise abrangeu 16 níveis estratigráficos de um testemunho de sondagem de 162 cm de comprimento, correspondentes aos últimos 32.800 anos cal AP. A preparação química consistiu de lavagem ácida com HCl, HF, acetólise e tamisação por banho de ultrassom, com montagem do resíduo polínico em lâminas de microscopia com gelatina glicerinada. A análise foi realizada com base em observações morfológicas sob microscopia óptica e ilustrações dos grãos de pólen com base em literatura especializada. Foram identificados 116 tipos polínicos relacionados às fitofisionomias florestais ocorrentes no PNSV representadas pelas florestas semidecídua e montana, e pelas fitofisionomias do Cerrado (latu senso), áreas florestadas e formações campestres. As características morfológicas dos grãos de pólen foram bastante variáveis e podem ser utilizadas como indicadores nas reconstruções paleoambientais da sucessão da vegetação e condições paleoclimáticas do bioma Savana Tropical (Cerrado).

ABSTRACT This study presents the pollen analysis of a peatland from the Parque Nacional das Sempre-Vivas (PNSV), Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, Diamantina municipality, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to provide reference material for the identification of pollen grains preserved in Cerrado soil during Pleistocene and Holocene. The analysis involved 16 stratigraphic levels from a core of 162 cm in lenght, corresponding to the last 32.800 years cal BP. The chemical preparation consisted of acid wash with HCl, HF, acetolysis, ultrasonic bath, and mounting of the pollen residue in microscopic slides with glycerin gelatin. The analyses were carried out based on morphological observation using light microscopy and pollen grains illustration from the specialized literature. The identification of 116 pollen types was related to forest phytophysionomies, of PNSV represented by the semideciduous and mountain forest, and the Cerrado (latu senso), forest areas and grassland formations. Pollen grains morphological characteristics were greatly variable and may be used as indicators for the palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of the Tropical Savanna biome (Cerrado) succession of vegetation and paleoclimatic conditions.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of dark subsurface horizons rich in organic matter (OM) associated with polychrome in the B horizon (yellowish over reddish hue) is common in soils from Southern Brazil. The formation of these horizons and the combination with such morphological attributes has not been properly documented, and neither has the cause effect relationship. Four soil profiles with such sombric-like horizons with a yellowish color at the upper part of the B horizon over red subsoil were studied in Southern Brazil. Results from micromorphology, extractable sesquioxide minerals, clay mineralogy and isomorphic substitution of Fe by Al in iron minerals showed that melanization, xanthization, bioturbation, moderate shrinking/swelling and moderate ferralitization were the most evident pedogenetic processes in role. Xanthization is closely related to the sombric-like horizon formation. In the studied area the findings demonstrated that no clay and OM illuviation had taken place. Therefore, the classification of these soils was revisited, so as to take into account the processes that underlie their genesis with emphasis on xanthization, clay illuviation and soil aggregation. The results suggest that the sombric horizon may need redefinition, unless profiles can be found in which illuviation of clay and/or OM can be proven.

ABSTRACT The classification of Spodosols on the second categorical level (suborder), according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System (SiBCS), is done by observing the colors of genetic horizons in the field. The presence or absence of iron oxides is the main factor for this classification, and the color of the horizon is the criterion currently adopted. However, the simple observation of color in the field can be mistaken and cause an error in the definition of the second categorical level. This occurs when spodic horizons that do not contain iron oxides show high chroma color, or dark color due to the organic matter content, which masks the presence of iluviated Fe produced by podzolization. This can lead to errors, such as classifying Humiluvico horizons as Ferriluvico, and Ferri-humiluvico horizons as Humiluvico. These misunderstandings are currently solved through complex analyses using specific extractors and sophisticated equipment. Thus, obtaining a simple, fast, and inexpensive method to confirm the presence or absence of iron oxides in samples of spodic horizons is needed. This study tested an alternative method to assist in the determination of the second categorical level of the class of coastal plain Spodosols. The method consists of calcining samples in a muffle at 600 °C for 6 h. The calcination enabled to identify spodic horizons with and without presence of iron quickly; the result was compared with selective extraction analyses carried out using three different extractors: sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium acid oxalate, and sodium dithionite-citrate. The results obtained from these methods (calcination in muffle and selective extraction of iron oxides) enabled the identification of samples presenting colors varying from yellow to reddish, indicating the presence of iron, whereas those with the whitish color indicated absence or very low iron oxide levels. The 12 profiles of Spodosols were described and classified according to the SiBCS, and six profiles needed to be reclassified after the calcination procedure, which proved to be efficient.

ABSTRACT Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses electromagnetic waves to study subsurface structure in different fields such as geology, agriculture and civil engineering. The wave penetration in the soil is strongly controlled by the electrical conductivity of soil components such as clay, organic matter, and water. In this study, tests were conducted in a floodplain in the Elizabeth Creek watershed (New Jersey – USA). We established one transect where measurements were completed using two techniques, common mid point (CMP) and constant offset profile (COP), both with 100- MHz frequency antennas. Measurements were also completed using 250 and 500 MHz shielded antennas. GPR showed good accuracy to study soil spatial variability and stratigraphy. Antennas of a higher frequency had less vertical investigation capacity and greater accuracy. In this study, it was not possible to clearly differentiate signals from organic matter and clay; this was the main limitation of the GPR system.

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of the soil is of crucial importance to an understanding of the interactions between vegetation, soil and water. There is little information available about the hydraulic properties of Podzol soils found in tropical regions. The aim of this study was to present the soil morphology and hydraulic properties of a toposequence situated in a permanent plot at the Ilha do Cardoso State Park (Cananéia, SP, Brazil). Ultradetailed soil maps were used to define a toposequence inside the permanent plot. Five profiles, representing the main types of soil, were opened along the toposequence, in which Podzols are dominant. The levels of bulk density, sand content, porosity and permeability in these soils were all high. Consequently, these soils have a high level of hydraulic conductivity with low water retention. This behavior undergoes an alteration in the Bh and Bs horizons due to the accumulation of organic and metallic compounds and a changing structure that modifies the pore distribution. Furthermore, the characterization of the hydro-physical functioning of soils in natural environments is an important source of encouragement to further investigative study of soil water dynamics and its relationship to the native vegetation.

ABSTRACT The simultaneous occurrence of high levels of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and alkalinity in soils imposes restrictions on plant development and affects physical properties such as porosity, bulk density, permeability, and hydraulic conductivity. Although sodic soils are frequent in the flood plain of the São Lourenço River, northern Pantanal, Brazil, few studies focus on their formation and classification, especially with regard to specific processes and detailed classification into lower categorical levels by the different systems available. The aim of this study was to identify the predominant pedogenetic processes occurring in sodic soils of the flood plain of the São Lourenço River to understand their genesis and assess how taxonomic classification systems contemplate the variations in soil properties. Five profiles were selected in sites with different progressive stages of dissection from erosion (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5). At each site, a pit was dug for morphological description of the profiles and for collecting samples for chemical, particle size, mineralogical, micromorphological, and chronological analyses. Each profile was classified according to the Soil Taxonomy, World Reference Base (WRB), and Brazilian Soil Classification System (SiBCS/Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos). Argilluviation is the predominant process, with a localized and intense ferrolysis action in the E/Bt transition zones in profile P5. Soils showed signs of lithologic discontinuity. This makes it difficult to distinguish how much of the textural gradient is inherited from fluvial sedimentation processes and how much is the result of pedogenetic processes. In the most advanced stage of alteration, P5 had a paler color, thickening of the E horizon, and an abrupt and irregular transition entering the Bt horizon in the form of a “tongue”. When passing from the most preserved to the most eroded area, ferrolysis becomes more intense in the E/Bt transition, the electrical conductivity values decrease, and the ESP values increase, suggesting the sodification process. Under Soil Taxonomy criteria, P5 was classified as Natraqualf and the other profiles were classified as Natrudalf; under the WRB, however, all profiles were classified as Solonetz. The SiBCS exhibited variation at the Order level, with P5 classified as Planossolo and the others as Luvissolo. Despite an indication of different processes at the Order level, the SiBCS does not yet contemplate the sodic character in the studied Luvissolos. We propose inclusion of the sodic character at the Great Group level, as has already occurred with other SiBCS classes.

ABSTRACT Horizons with varying degrees of cementation are a common feature of the soils from the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil. In most cases, these horizons are represented by the following subsurface horizons: fragipan, duripan, ortstein, and placic. The aims of this study were to analyze differences regarding the development and the degree of expression of cementation in soils from the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil: Planossolo Háplico (p-SX), Espodossolo Humilúvico (p-EK), Espodossolo Ferrihumilúvico (p-ESK), and Argissolo Acinzentado (p-PAC) pedons. The pedons studied displayed features related to drainage impediments. The cemented horizons from p-SX and p-EK had the same designation (Btgm), displaying a duric character that coincided with gleization features and are under podzolized horizons. In the p-ESK, the podzolization process is of such magnitude that it leads to the cementation of its own spodic horizons, which were both of the ortstein type (Bhsx and Bsm). In the p-PAC cementation is observed in two placic horizons and in the Btx/Bt horizon, as well as in the upper parts of the Bt/Btx horizon. Analysis of the micrographies from the cemented horizons showed predominance of a low porosity matrix. Such porosity is relatively greater in the horizons of “x” subscript than in the horizons with duric character. The Fe segregation lines were notable in the cemented horizons from p-EK and p-PAC, which corroborates the presence of placic horizons in such pedons. The preponderance of kaolinite in the clay fraction was widely verified in all the cemented horizons analyzed. Water immersion tests were the criteria adopted to define the duric character of the Btgm horizons from p-SX and p-EK, and in the Bsm horizon from the p-ESK. These tests were also used to confirm field morphology. In most cases, the maximum values of Fe, Al, and Si, determined by different extractions, occurred in positions overlaying the cemented horizons, whether they were spodic or not. The extracts of the aqueous solution displayed a noticeable accumulation of Si in the cemented horizons, except in the p-PAC. The presence of argillans in all cemented horizons allows them to be defined as illuvial, with the exception of the placic horizons, regardless of the presence of podzolization processes. The cemented horizons were preponderantly apedal, with a matrix of little porosity. The Fe, Al, and Si contents extracted by acid ammonium oxalate were effective at highlighting the influence of compounds with a low degree of crystallinity in the morphology of cemented horizons.

The sombric horizon is a diagnostic subsurface horizon defined in the soil classification system of the United States (Soil Taxonomy) and FAO (WRB), used to classify the soil at different categorical levels. The sombric horizon has a soil color darker than the overlying surface(s) horizon(s), and must show illuvial humus accumulation features, though they are not associated with aluminum (Al), as in the spodic horizon, nor associated with sodium (Na), as in the natric horizon. There are also criteria to distinguish it from buried A horizons. However, since the first references and proposed concept of the sombric horizon in African soils made by Sys and co-workers in the 1960s, and adopted by the Soil Taxonomy edition of 1975, few modifications have been made to its definition. Moreover, the pedogenic process involved in illuvial humus accumulation in these horizons remains inadequately clarified, making the distinction between the sombric and spodic or buried A horizon difficult and unclear. This review reports the historical evolution of the sombric horizon concept, its definition and inconsistencies under different soil classification systems, and the current hypothesis, together with its fragilities, proposed to explain the soil illuvial humus accumulation. Although it is recognized that further research is necessary, alternative criteria are proposed for the definition of the sombric horizon in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification.

A caracterização e análise geoquímica de solos permitem compreender os processos de migração, dispersão e concentração de elementos químicos no perfil, embasando a correlação dos atributos deles com as classes de solos formadas, o que possibilita inferências acerca das gêneses desses solos. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos caracterizar e interpretar a composição geoquímica total de elementos maiores e menores em classes de solos representativas do Pantanal norte, na sub-região de Barão de Melgaço, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Foram selecionados 20 perfis das principais classes de solos do Pantanal e analisadas amostras dos horizontes A e B (ou C) quanto à concentração de óxidos totais por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X, além das caracterizações física, química e mineralógica. Os solos subdividiram-se em dois tipos geoquímicos: um composto por textura arenosa a franco-arenosa com teores relativamente elevados de SiO2 e predominância de caulinita e quartzo, com menor teor de bases e elementos-traço; e outro composto por textura mais argilosa, geoquimicamente heterogêneos e com teores significativos de minerais 2:1, Al2O3, óxidos de Fe e Mn, bases e elementos-traço.

Characterization and geochemical analysis of soils allows us to understand the processes of migration, dispersal, and concentration of chemical elements in the profile, serving as a basis for correlation of soil properties with the soil classes formed, which allows inferences about soil genesis. The aim of this study was to characterize and interpret the total geochemical composition of major and minor elements in soil classes representative of the northern Pantanal in the Barão de Melgaço subregion, Mato Grosso (Brazil). We selected 20 profiles of the major soil types of the Pantanal and analyzed samples of the A and B (or C) horizons in regard to the concentration of total oxides by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, as well as physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization. The soils are subdivided into two geochemical types: one composed of sandy to sandy loam soils with relatively high levels of SiO2 and predominance of kaolinite and quartz, with lower levels of trace elements and bases; and another composed of a more clayey soil texture, geochemically heterogeneous, with significant contents of 2:1 clay minerals, Al2O3, Fe and Mn oxides, alkalis, and trace elements.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes métodos de extração e quantificação de alumínio trocável em Organossolos. As amostras foram coletadas em três perfis de turfeira e, então, secas ao ar e passadas em peneira de malha de 2 mm. Foram feitas extrações com KCl 1 mol L-1 , Ca(OAc2) 1 mol L-1 e CuCl20,5 mol L-1 . Em seguida, os extratos obtidos por KCl e Ca(OAc2) foram analisados por titulação com NaOH 0,025 mol L-1 e por espectrômetro de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF-AAE). Os extratos obtidos por CuCl2 foram analisados por GF-AAE. Na quantificação por GF-AAE, os extratores KCl e Ca(OAc2) tiveram capacidade semelhante de extrair alumínio trocável, enquanto o CuCl2 foi capaz de extrair também o Al reativo. Os elevados teores de alumínio trocável observados na titulação após extração com KCl podem estar relacionados aos elevados teores do íon H+ presente nas amostras. O método indicado para determinação do teor de alumínio trocável em Organossolos é a extração com KCl ou com Ca(OAc2) e, para quantificação, a espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite.

The objective of this work was to evaluate different methods for extraction and quantification of exchangeable aluminum in Fibric Histosol. Samples were collected in three peat bog profiles and then air dried and passed through 2 mm sieve. Extractions were made with KCl 1 mol L-1 , Ca(OAc2) 1 mol L-1 , and CuCl20.5 mol L-1 . Then, the extracts obtained by KCl and Ca(OAc2) were analyzed by titration with NaOH 0.025 mol L-1and by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). The extracts obtained by CuCl2 were analyzed by GF-AAS. Quantifying with GF-AAS resulted in similar ability of KCl and Ca(OAc2) to extract exchangeable aluminum, whereas CuCl2 was also able to extract the reactive Al. The high levels of exchangeable aluminum observed in titration after extraction by KCl may be related to the high levels of the H+ ion present in the samples. The method recommended for determination of exchangeable aluminum content in Fibric Histosol is extraction with KCl or Ca(OAc2) and, for quantification, the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

Turfeiras são pedoambientes que estocam carbono e água. Em razão da sua composição (90 % de água) e da sua baixa condutividade hidráulica, as turfeiras constituem grandes reservatórios de água, apresentando comportamento do tipo "esponja". Estima-se que as turfeiras cubram aproximadamente 4,2 % da superfície da Terra e estoquem 28,4 % do carbono dos solos do planeta. Foram mapeados aproximadamente 612 mil ha de turfeiras no Brasil; entretanto, as turfeiras na Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (SdEM) não foram incluídas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram mapear as turfeiras da porção norte da Serra do Espinhaço Meridional e estimar seu estoque de matéria orgânica e o volume de água por elas armazenado. As turfeiras foram pré-identificadas e mapeadas por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto, utilizando os softwares ArcGIS 9.3, ENVI 4.5 e GPS Trackmaker Pro e validadas em trabalhos de campo. Seis turfeiras foram mapeadas detalhadamente (escala entre 1:20.000 e 1:5.000), por meio de transectos espaçados por 100 m e em cada transecto foram determinadas, a cada 20 m, as coordenadas UTM (Universal Transversa de Mercator) e a profundidade e coletadas amostras para caracterização e determinação do teor de matéria orgânica, de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. Foram mapeados 14.287,55 ha de turfeiras, distribuídas ao longo de 1.180.109 ha, o que representa 1,2 % da área total. Essas turfeiras ocupam um volume médio de 170.021.845,00 m³, estocam 6.120.167 t de matéria orgânica (428,36 t ha-1) e armazenam 142.138.262 m³ de água (9.948 m³ ha-1). Nas turfeiras da Serra do Espinhaço Meridional predominam os estádios de decomposição da matéria orgânica avançado (sáprico), seguido do intermediário (hêmico); sua taxa de crescimento vertical variou entre 0,04 e 0,43 mm ano-1, enquanto a taxa de acúmulo de carbono oscilou entre 6,59 e 37,66 g m-2 ano-1. As turfeiras da SdEM formam as cabeceiras de importantes cursos d'água das bacias dos rios Jequitinhonha e São Francisco e armazenam grandes quantidades de carbono orgânico e água, o que fundamenta a necessidade urgente e emergente de proteger e preservar esses pedoambientes.

Peatlands are soil environments that store carbon and large amounts of water, due to their composition (90 % water), low hydraulic conductivity and a sponge-like behavior. It is estimated that peat bogs cover approximately 4.2 % of the Earth's surface and stock 28.4 % of the soil carbon of the planet. Approximately 612 000 ha of peatlands have been mapped in Brazil, but the peat bogs in the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (SdEM) were not included. The objective of this study was to map the peat bogs of the northern part of the SdEM and estimate the organic matter pools and water volume they stock. The peat bogs were pre-identified and mapped by GIS and remote sensing techniques, using ArcGIS 9.3, ENVI 4.5 and GPS Track Maker Pro software and the maps validated in the field. Six peat bogs were mapped in detail (1:20,000 and 1:5,000) by transects spaced 100 m and each transect were determined every 20 m, the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinates, depth and samples collected for characterization and determination of organic matter, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In the northern part of SdEM, 14,287.55 ha of peatlands were mapped, distributed over 1,180,109 ha, representing 1.2 % of the total area. These peatlands have an average volume of 170,021,845.00 m³ and stock 6,120,167 t (428.36 t ha-1) of organic matter and 142,138,262 m³ (9,948 m³ ha-1) of water. In the peat bogs of the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, advanced stages of decomposing (sapric) organic matter predominate, followed by the intermediate stage (hemic). The vertical growth rate of the peatlands ranged between 0.04 and 0.43 mm year-1, while the carbon accumulation rate varied between 6.59 and 37.66 g m-2 year-1. The peat bogs of the SdEM contain the headwaters of important water bodies in the basins of the Jequitinhonha and San Francisco Rivers and store large amounts of organic carbon and water, which is the reason why the protection and preservation of these soil environments is such an urgent and increasing need.

O Pantanal caracteriza-se por ser uma planície inundável quaternária, com sedimentação predominantemente na forma de leques aluviais. Na evolução geomorfológica e sedimentar, é inerente a esse sistema deposicional o processo de avulsão, cuja dinâmica, associada aos fluxos de águas superficiais de cheias, impõe diferenças sedimentares importantes nessa planície. O entendimento e a diferenciação desses dois eventos podem ajudar na compreensão da variabilidade dos atributos e da distribuição dos solos associados a esses processos sedimentares. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a gênese de solos do Pantanal Norte que apresentam contrastes texturais em profundidade e sua relação com a dinâmica do sistema deposicional. Quatro perfis foram estudados na região de Barão de Melgaço, MT (RPPN SESC Pantanal), dois próximos ao rio Cuiabá (AP1 e AP4) e dois próximos ao rio São Lourenço (AP10 e AP11). No AP11, os horizontes apresentam contrastes granulométricos desde a base do perfil até a superfície. No AP1, AP4 e AP10, os horizontes sobrejacentes a uma camada arenosa possuem granulometria semelhante entre si, principalmente na distribuição de areia. No primeiro caso, os fluxos de cheias, ou seja, de águas superficiais, parecem ter originado os horizontes e as camadas contrastantes na textura; no segundo, a avulsão é o processo mais evidente. Dessa forma, as duas vias podem formar solos com contrastes texturais e é possível distingui-los no campo pela morfologia, pois possuem peculiaridades que estão associadas aos processos sedimentares responsáveis pelos depósitos.

The Pantanal region can be characterized as a quaternary floodplain with predominant sedimentation in the form of alluvial fans. In the geomorphologic and sedimentary evolution, the avulsion process is inherent to this depositional system and its dynamics, together with surface water floods, influence soil sedimentation on this plain. The knowledge and differentiation of these two events can contribute to a better understanding of the variability of soil properties and distribution under the influence of these sedimentation processes. Therefore, this study investigated the genesis of soils in the Northern Pantanal with textural contrasts in deeper horizons and their relationship with the depositional system dynamics. We analyzed four soil profiles in the region of Barão de Melgaço, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (RPPN SESC Pantanal). Two profiles were sampled near the Rio Cuiabá (AP1 and AP4) and two near the Rio São Lourenço (AP10 and AP11). In AP11, the horizons contrast in particle size between the profile basis and the surface. In AP1, AP4 and AP10, the horizons overlaying the sand layer have similar particle size properties, mainly in terms of sand distribution. In the first case, floods (surface water) seem to have originated the horizons and layers with contrasting texture. In the second case, avulsion is the most pronounced process. Therefore, the two modes can form soils with contrasting texture that are discriminable by soil morphology, based on the distinct features associated to the specific sedimentation processes.

Grande parte da matéria orgânica de Organossolos das turfeiras é composta por substâncias húmicas, formadas pela transformação de resíduos orgânicos pelos microrganismos do solo e pela polimerização dos compostos orgânicos em macromoléculas resistentes à degradação biológica. Os processos de humificação da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) ainda são pouco compreendidos e o conhecimento sobre os precursores das substâncias húmicas é limitado, sendo apresentadas rotas diferentes para a formação dessas substâncias. Contudo, em todas as rotas, destaca-se a participação da lignina. Isótopos estáveis (13C, 15N) podem ser utilizados para rastrear processos de humificação da MOS, por meio da identificação de seus precursores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar comparativamente a composição isotópica da vegetação das fitofisionomias que colonizam uma turfeira tropical de altitude composta de Campo Limpo Úmido (CLU) e de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES), em relação à composição isotópica das substâncias húmicas da MOS. A turfeira estudada ocupa 81,75 ha. Para as análises isotópicas e lignocelulósicas da vegetação, foram identificadas as espécies dominantes em cada fitofisionomia. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em três locais representativos sob cada fitofisionomia, a cada 5 cm de profundidade, até 50 cm. As substâncias húmicas dessas amostras foram fracionadas, assim como calculados os valores de δ13C e δ15N nas frações húmicas, respectivamente a partir da determinação dos isótopos estáveis 12C e 13C e 14N e 15N. Os teores de lignina e seus valores de δ13C são mais elevados na vegetação e MOS sob FES em relação à vegetação e MOS sob CLU. Os teores de humina são mais elevados entre as substâncias húmicas na MOS, sob as duas fitofisionomias; os de ácidos húmicos são mais elevados na MOS sob CLU, em relação à FES; e os de ácidos fúlvicos são mais elevados na MOS sob a FES, em relação ao CLU. O δ13C da lignina apresenta similaridade elevada em relação ao δ13C da humina, dos ácidos húmicos e dos ácidos fúlvicos. As variações na composição lignocelulósica das espécies que colonizam o CLU e a FES promovem diferenças nas taxas e nos produtos da humificação da MOS.

Much of the organic matter of a typical peat consists of humic substances, mainly formed via humification of organic residues, decomposed by soil microorganisms, and by the polymerization of organic compounds to functional macromolecules, which are normally more resistant to degradation. The fundamental pathways governing the humification of soil organic matter (SOM) are not well understood so far, and most available data about the identified chemical precursors of humic substances and the main chemical routes by which they are transformed in the peat environment are still poorly understood. What is clear is that all routes involve lignin as a chemical intermediate. Stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) can be used to trace humification processes of the soil organic matter (SOM), by identifying their precursors. The purpose of this study was to compare the isotopic composition of vegetation materials from the two bog vegetation types that colonize a tropical highland peatland: moist grassland (CLU) and semideciduous forest (FES), based on the isotopic composition of humic substances of SOM. The whole area of the studied peatland occupies 81.75 ha. To identify the isotopic and lignocellulosic vegetation composition, materials of the dominant species of each vegetation type were sampled. Soil samples were collected from three representative sites per vegetation type, at intervals of 5 cm from the surface down to a depth of 50 cm. The humic substances were isolated from these samples; signals of δ13C and δ15N were determined for the humic fractions. The lignin and and δ13C values were higher in vegetation and SOM under FES than in SOM under CLU. Humin contents were high in SOM under both vegetation types; the levels of humic acids were higher in SOM under CLU than in FES; fulvic acid contents were higher in SOM under FES than CLU. The 13C values for lignin were highly similar to those for humic acids and fulvic acids. Variations in the lignocellulosic composition of the species that colonize the CLU and FES promote different rates and SOM humification products.

O presente trabalho apresenta a morfologia polínica de treze espécies pertencentes a sete gêneros da família Fabaceae ocorrentes na área de Proteção Especial Pau-de-Fruta, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os grãos de pólen das seis espécies deChamaecrista [C. cathartica (Mart.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, C. debilis Vogel, C. flexuosa (L.) Greene, C. hedysaroides (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, C. glandulosa (L.) Greene e C. papillata H.S. Irwin & Barneby] apresentam morfologia similar, caracterizados por 3- longos cólporos constritos na região central. As espécies compartilham características morfológicas específicas em relação ao tamanho dos grãos de pólen, tipo de endoabertura (circular, lalongada ou lolongada) e padrão de ornamentação da exina em MEV (rugulado com perfurações ou perfurado). Andira fraxinifolia Benth.,Dalbergia miscolobium Benth, Galactia martii DC, Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub., Senna rugosa (G.Don) H.S. Irwin & Barneby e Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers apresentaram tipos polínicos diferenciados com tamanho de pequeno a grande; forma oblato esferoidal a prolata; aberturas em colpos ou cólporos; endoabertura circular, lalongada ou lolongada, e distintos padrões da ornamentação da exina em MEV (perfurado, microreticulado, reticulado ou rugulado com perfurações). Apenas Stryphnodendron adstringens(Mart.) Coville apresentou políades. A variação morfopolínica das espécies estudadas permitiu caracterizar a família Fabaceae como euripolínica na APE Pau-de-Fruta.

The presented paper considered the pollen morphology of thirteen species belonging to seven genera of the Fabaceae family occurring in the Pau-de-Fruta Special Protection Area (SPA), Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The pollen grains of six species ofChamaecrista [C. cathartica (Mart.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, C. debilis Vogel, C. flexuosa (L.) Greene, C. hedysaroides (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, C. glandulosa (L.) Greene, and C. papillata H.S. Irwin & Barneby] have a similar morphology, characterized by three long colporated apertures with a central constriction. The species share specific morphological features regarding pollen size, endoaperture type (circular, lalongate or lolongate) and SEM ornamentation patterns of the exine (rugulate with perforations or perforate). Andira fraxinifoliaBenth., Dalbergia miscolobium Benth, Galactia martii DC,Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub., Senna rugosa(G.Don) H.S. Irwin & Barneby and Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers showed different pollen types in small to large size; oblate spheroidal to prolate form; colpus or colporus apertures; circular, lalongate or lolongate endoapertures and distinctive SEM ornamentation patterns of the exine (perforate, microreticulate, reticulate or rugulate with perforations). Only Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville presents polyads. The pollen morphology variation of these species allowed the Fabaceae family to be characterized as eurypalynous in the SPA Pau-de-Fruta.