SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequencies of Epstein-Barr virus, types 1 and 2 infection, and 30 bp del-latent membrane protein 1 viral polymorphism in gastric adenocarcinomas, as well as to investigate the association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and tumor location, type, and the patient's sex. METHODS: Samples were collected from 38 patients treated at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Epstein-Barr virus detection and genotyping were performed by polymerase chain reaction, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining by the silver nitrate method. RESULTS: Overall, 68.4% of patients had Epstein-Barr virus-positive tumors. Of these, 65.4% presented infection by Epstein-Barr virus type 1, 23.1% by Epstein-Barr virus type 2, and 11.5% had coinfection with types 1 and 2. The 30 bp del-latent membrane protein 1 polymorphism was found in 42.3% of Epstein-Barr virus-positive tumors, 23.1% had the wild-type virus, and 23.1% had the wild-type and the polymorphism concomitantly. In 11.5% of Epstein-Barr virus-positive tumors, it was impossible to determine whether there was polymorphism or not. Tumor location in the antrum (22 of 38) and diffuse type (27 of 38) were predominant. There was no significant difference in Epstein-Barr virus infection or the 30 bp del-latent membrane protein 1 polymorphism between men and women. CONCLUSION: Epstein-Barr virus infection was found in 68.4% of tumors investigated in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article showing the coinfection of Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 in gastric carcinoma in Brazil.

Resumen La integración de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la labor docente es un tema vigente en los debates de investigación educativa. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo determinar las competencias en TIC del catedrático universitario en carreras del área de informática. La metodología empleada en este proyecto fue descriptiva, con un enfoque cualitativo. Se realizó una investigación de campo en la Facultad de Informática de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de encuestas aplicadas a 152 alumnos y 30 maestros de dicha institución. Entre los hallazgos se encontró que el profesor se muestra altamente preparado en el uso de las tecnologías, las que incorpora con frecuencia en sus actividades y en la evaluación de sus asignaturas; pero requiere reforzar su competencia en lo concerniente a la publicación de material didáctico propio y aprendizaje colaborativo mediante instrumentos como blogs y wikis, además de que manifiesta poco conocimiento en estrategias metodológicas propias para el trabajo en red.

Abstract The integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in teaching is a current topic in educational research debates. The objective of this article was to determine the ICT competencies of university professors in the area of computer science. The methodology used in this project was descriptive, with a qualitative approach. Field research was conducted at the School of Computer Science of the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Data were obtained through surveys applied to 152 students and 30 teachers of this institution. Among the findings, it was found that teachers are highly prepared in the use of technologies, which they frequently incorporate in their activities and in the evaluation of their subjects; but they need to reinforce their competence in the publication of their own didactic material and collaborative learning through instruments such as blogs and wikis, besides the fact that they show little knowledge in methodological strategies for networking.

Resumo A integração das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) no ensino é um tema atual nos debates da pesquisa educacional. O objetivo deste artigo foi determinar as habilidades em TIC do professor universitário nas carreiras de ciência da computação. A metodologia utilizada neste projeto foi descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. Uma investigação de campo foi realizada na Faculdade de Informática da Universidade Autônoma de Sinaloa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados a 152 alunos e 30 professores da referida instituição. Dentre os achados, constatou-se que o professor é altamente preparado no uso das tecnologias, que frequentemente incorpora em suas atividades e na avaliação de suas disciplinas; mas exige o fortalecimento de sua competência quanto à publicação de seu próprio material didático e aprendizagem colaborativa por meio de instrumentos como blogs e wikis, além de demonstrarem pouco conhecimento de suas próprias estratégias metodológicas de trabalho em rede.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

Resumen Introducción La rápida transición del medio rural a la adopción de hábitos alimenticios de zonas urbanas, el sedentarismo, las dificultades de acceso a la salud, ponen a la población en mayor riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes, sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que se enfocan en este fenómeno a nivel rural. Conocer el riesgo permite identificar las áreas problemáticas y revertir la situación a través de modelos de atención para esta población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los factores de riesgo presentes en una comunidad rural de Guanajuato. Material y Métodos Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal; muestra no probabilística de 164 personas sin diabetes, se calculó con Epidat 3.1, intervalo de confianza al 95%, precisión del 3%; se aplicó el Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo para la Diabetes Mellitus. Para la colecta se hizo un recorrido de casa por casa hasta completar la muestra, para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la chi cuadrada y cálculo de odds ratio. Resultados El 71%(117) de la población fueron mujeres; el promedio para la edad fue de 43 años; el 85% de los sujetos presentaron un alto riesgo de padecer diabetes; los tres principales factores de riesgo fueron: 57.9% (95) con sobrepeso y obesidad, el 77.4%(127) de la muestra con cintura superior al parámetro recomendado, 75.6% (124) de la muestra presentó antecedentes heredofamiliares; en cuestión de género las mujeres presentaron 3 veces más riesgo de diabetes (p=<.05). Conclusión Los entornos rurales muy contrario a lo que se observaba, tienen alto riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes, probablemente va de la mano con los cambios de hábitos de las comunidades, pues la industrialización las ha invadido, con todo lo que conlleva, como lo señala Moreno L.

Abstract Introduction The rapid transition from rural to urban eating habits, sedentary lifestyles and poor access to healthcare put people at higher risk of getting diabetes. However, only a few studies focus on this phenomenon at the rural level. Understanding risks allow identifying problem areas and reversing the situation by using healthcare models in this population. This study is aimed to describe risk factors found in a rural community in Guanajuato. Material and Methods A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 164 individuals without diabetes, which was calculated using Epidat 3.1, 95% Confidence Interval and 3% accuracy. Type 2 diabetes risk assessment questionnaire was implemented. Results 71% (117) of the population were women at an average age of 43; 85% of individuals were at a high risk for diabetes. The three main risk factors were 57.9% (95) were overweight and obese, 77.4% (127) had their waist circumference above suggested parameters and 75.6% (124) had a family history. As for gender, women were three times more likely to develop diabetes (p=<.05). Conclution Rural environments, unlike previous observations, are at high risk of developing diabetes, which probably goes in parallel with changes in community habits, given that industrialization has already invaded them, including all aspects that it entails, as Moreno L points out.

Resumo Introdução A rápida transição dos hábitos alimentares rurais para os urbanos, os estilos de vida sedentários e as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde põem a população em maior risco de contrair diabetes. No entanto, poucos estudos se concentram neste fenômeno no âmbito rural. O conhecimento do risco nos permite identificar as áreas problemáticas e reverter a situação através de modelos de atenção a esta população. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os fatores de risco presentes em uma comunidade rural de Guanajuato. Material e Métodos Estudo observacional transversal descritivo; amostra não probabilística de 164 pessoas sem diabetes, calculada com Epidat 3.1, intervalo de confiança de 95%, precisão de 3%; Questionário de Fatores de Risco para Diabetes Mellitus foi aplicado. Para a coleta de dados, foi feita uma pesquisa casa a casa até a conclusão da amostra; para a análise estatística, foram utilizados o chi quadrado e cálculo dos odds ratios. Resultados 71% (117) da população eram mulheres; a média de idade foi de 43 anos; 85% dos indivíduos apresentaram alto risco de diabetes; os três principais fatores de risco foram: 57,9% (95) com sobrepeso e obesidade, 77,4% (127) da amostra com a cintura acima do parâmetro recomendado, 75,6% (124) da amostra apresentou histórico familiar; em termos de gênero, as mulheres apresentaram 3 vezes o risco de diabetes (p=<,05). Conclusão Os ambientes rurais, ao contrário do que foi observado, têm alto risco de desenvolver diabetes, o que provavelmente vai junto com as mudanças de hábitos em comunidades, já que a industrialização as invadiu, com tudo o que isso implica, como aponta Moreno L.

Es necesario reflexionar sobre los significados sociales, culturales, educativos y simbólicos de la experiencia de la maternidad y paternidad entre los jóvenes y conocer cuáles son sus preocupaciones, desafíos, ansiedades y temores. Objetivo: Analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes universitarios sobre la maternidad y la paternidad. Metodología: Investigación cuantitativa y exploratoria. Se utilizó un cuestionario sobre la maternidad y paternidad como instrumento para la recopilación de datos. Los datos se analizaron mediante el programa IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 24.0. Resultados: Se aplicaron un total de 389 cuestionarios y, al analizarlos, las preguntas relacionadas con los factores económicos son la principal preocupación de los estudiantes (el 93,2%) y se muestran indiferentes en cuanto al apoyo institucional ofrecido durante el periodo de graduación. En cuanto a los aspectos de la maternidad y paternidad que preocupan a los estudiantes, cuando se relacionan con el género del participante, los factores económicos (p = 0,090) y su desarrollo personal o profesional (p = 0,020) tuvieron resultados significativos. Las otras correlaciones no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: Es necesaria la coordinación entre los diversos sectores involucrados en la maternidad y la paternidad para educar y empoderar a los estudiantes universitarios en la planificación de estrategias como factor de protección de la salud.

Enquadramento: É necessário refletir sobre os significados sociais, culturais, educacionais e simbólicos da experiência da maternidade e paternidade entre jovens e saber quais são as suas preocupações, desafios, ansiedades e medos. Objetivo: Analisar as perceções de universitários acerca da maternidade e paternidade. Metodologia: Pesquisa quantitativa, exploratória. Utilizou-se um questionário sobre maternidade e paternidade como instrumento de colheita de dados. Os dados foram analisados com recurso ao software IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 24.0. Resultado: Foram aplicados 389 questionários, ao analisá-los, as questões relacionadas a aspetos económicos são a principal preocupação dos estudantes, 93,2% e estes são indiferentes ao apoio institucional oferecido durante o período de graduação. Quanto aos aspetos da maternidade e paternidade que preocupam estes estudantes, quando relacionados com o sexo do participante, tiveram resultados significativos os fatores económicos (p = 0,090) e o seu desenvolvimento pessoal ou profissional (p = 0,020). As demais correlações não foram estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: Nota-se uma necessidade de articulação entre diversos setores envolvidos na maternidade e paternidade a fim de educar e empoderar os universitários para estratégias de planeamento como fator de proteção à saúde.

Background: It is necessary to reflect on the social, cultural, educational, and symbolic meanings of the experience of motherhood and fatherhood among young people and to know their concerns, challenges, anxieties, and fears. Objective: To analyze young university students' perceptions of motherhood and fatherhood. Methodology: Quantitative, exploratory research. Data were collected using a questionnaire on motherhood and fatherhood and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 24.0. Results: A total of 389 questionnaires were applied. The analysis showed that students are mainly concerned with the economic issues (93.2%) and indifferent to the institutional support offered during their undergraduate studies. With regard to the most worrying aspects of motherhood and fatherhood, statistically significant associations were found between gender and economic factors (p = 0.090) and personal or professional development (p = 0.020). No other statistically significant associations were found. Conclusion: There is a need for coordination among the various sectors involved in motherhood and fatherhood in order to educate and empower university students for planning strategies as a health protection factor.

Background: Amongst others, cocaine consumption has a detrimental effect in the vascular supply to the mesenteric area causing abdominal ischemic changes. Early recognition of these changes and adequate treatment are essential to avoid serious complications and possible death of the patient from sepsis. Case report: In this case study, the subject is a 40-years-old gentleman presenting with acute abdominal pain due to multiple ischemic changes in both small bowel and sigmoid loops. The patient required emergency surgical intervention consisting of bowel resection and anastomosis. The pathologic analysis of the segment showed transmural necrosis and necrotizing phlebitis caused by the ingestion of drugs or toxic agents. The patient later confirmed the habitual consumption of cocaine. Discussion: The increase in cocaine consumption and other recreational toxins substructed from erythroyilon coca alcaloids amongst young people have generated a large number of admissions to Hospital Accident and Emergency Departments with patients complaining of acute abdominal pain. In many of these cases, surgical intervention is required and in some cases patients will sadly die without a proper diagnosis. Some of the most common effects of cocaine and its compounds includes; hollow viscus perforation, gastro-intestinal bleed, and other vascular problems such as enteritis and ischemic colitis. It appears clear that there is a great need for an advance history taking of these patients and their habit to cocaine and other drugs together with a urine test for drug screening. These together with a suspicion of a non- occlusive ischemic bowel caused by the effects of cocaine in young adults with no cardiac risk factors will guide clinicians and establish, and plan the correct treatment for these categories of patients.

Introducción: entre los efectos nocivos del consumo de cocaína se incluyen los producidos a nivel de la vascularización mesentérica, instaurándose en forma de cuadros abdominales isquémicos de potencial gravedad que, si no son diagnosticados y tratados adecuada y precozmente, conllevan complicaciones serias e incluso a la muerte por sepsis. Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un hombre de 40 años que fue intervenido de urgencias por abdomen agudo secundario a isquemia segmentaria múltiple de asas de delgado y sigmoides. Se realizó resección intestinal y anastomosis. La anatomía patológica del segmento describió hallazgos compatibles con necrosis transmural y flebitis necrotizante producida por el efecto de drogas o tóxicos; el paciente confirmó el consumo previo y habitual de cocaína. Discusión: la difusión entre la población generalmente joven, del consumo de este y de otros tóxicos derivados de los alcaloides de la Erythroyilon coca, ha condicionado un incremento de las consultas en urgencias por dolor abdominal agudo; generalmente, en muchos de estos casos, los pacientes se intervienen quirúrgicamente sin diagnóstico o lo que es más grave, fallecen sin el mismo. Entre los efectos adversos a nivel gastrointestinal de la cocaína y sus derivados, se encuentran la perforación de víscera hueca, la hemorragia digestiva, y los problemas vasculares en forma de enteritis y colitis isquémica. Sería aconsejable un interrogatorio minucioso sobre el consumo de cocaína y otras drogas o la solicitud de su presencia en orina, y la sospecha clínica de una isquemia intestinal no oclusiva originada por cocaína en aquellos adultos jóvenes sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular, sobre todo con vistas a planificar el correcto tratamiento.

Introducción: el perfil epidemiológico en México está dominado por enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y lesiones, estas a su vez están asociadas a las condiciones de vida actual. La OPS y la OMS aconsejan el estudio de barreras que impiden la atención de calidad. Objetivo: explorar la percepción de las barreras personales y sociales hacia el tratamiento de personas con estados crónicos: diabetes e hipertensión. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo, con un componente descriptivo. La muestra estuvo conformada por diabéticos e hipertensos de colonias marginales. Muestreo de tipo intencional. La recolección de la información se realizó por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y audio-grabadas. Se trabajó con 3 grupos focales de 3 personas por grupo. Un 77% casado, 77% analfabeta, 77% labores del hogar, 56% diabéticos tipo 2,22% hipertensos, 22% diabéticos con hipertensión. Las barreras percibidas encontradas fueron: creencias relacionadas con el tratamiento, falta de conocimientos y habilidades para la dieta, descontento con la dieta, falta de apoyo familiar, dificultades económicas, falta de conocimientos sobre la medicación, indiferencia hacia el ejercicio, desconfianza y temor a los estudios de laboratorio. Discusión y conclusión: para Rosentock, en tanto que las claves para la acción incitan a las actividades preventivas para la salud, las barreras percibidas indican los caminos para la acción. Es necesario superar barreras y ayudar al enfermo crónico a convivir con la enfermedad.

Introduction: The epidemiological profile in Mexico is dominated by chronic degenerative diseases and injuries. These, in turn, are associated with current living conditions. PAHO and WHO recommend the study of barriers to quality care. Objective: The purpose of this research was to explore the perception of personal and social barriers to treatment for persons with chronic illnesses; namely, diabetes and hypertension. Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study with a descriptive component. The sample was comprised of diabetics and hypertensive persons from low-income neighborhoods. Intentional sampling was used. The data were collected through semistructured interviews that were audio-recorded. Work was done with three focus groups of three people each: 77% were married, 77% were illiterate, 77% were homemakers, 56% had type II diabetes, 22% were hypertensive and 22% were diabetics with hypertension. The perceived barriers revealed by the study include treatment-related beliefs, lack of knowledge and skill to pursue the recommended diet, dissatisfaction with the diet, lack of family support, economic hardship, lack of knowledge about the medication, indifference to exercise, and distrust and fear of laboratory exams. Conclusion: For Rosentock, whereas the keys to action encourage preventive activities with respect to health, the perceived barriers signal the path to action. Barriers must be overcome and the chronically ill must receive help to live with their conditions.

Introdução: o perfil epidemiológico no México está dominado por doenças crônico-degenerativas e lesões, estas, por sua vez, estão associadas às condições de vida atual. A ops e a üms aconselham o estudo de barreiras que impedem o atendimento de qualidade. Objetivo: explorar a percepção das barreiras pessoais e sociais ao tratamento de pessoas com estados crônicos: diabete e hipertensão. Materiais e métodos: estudo qualitativo, com um componente descritivo. A amostra esteve conformada por diabéticos e hipertensos de colônias marginais. Amostragem de tipo intencional. A coleta da informação se realizou por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e audiogravadas. Trabalhou-se com 3 grupos focais de 3 pessoas por grupo. 77% casados, 77% analfabetas, 77% labores do lar, 56% diabéticos tipo 2, 22% hipertensos, 22% diabéticos com hipertensão. As barreiras percebidas encontradas foram: crenças relacionadas com o tratamento, falta de conhecimentos e habilidades para a dieta, descontentamento com a dieta, falta de apoio familiar, dificuldades econômicas, falta de conhecimentos sobre a medicação, indiferença ao exercício, desconfiança e receio dos estudos de laboratório. Conclusão: para Rosentock, enquanto as chaves para a ação incitam as atividades preventivas para a saúde, as barreiras percebidas indicam os caminhos para a ação. É necessário superar barreiras e ajudar o doente crônico a conviver com a doença.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis that generally produces an asymptomatic infection. In some cases, however, toxoplasmosis infection can lead to ocular damage. The immune system has a crucial role in both the course of the infection and in the evolution of toxoplasmosis disease. In particular, IFN-³ plays an important role in resistance to toxoplasmosis. Polymorphisms in genes encoding cytokines have been shown to have an association with susceptibility to parasitic diseases. The aim of this work was to analyse the occurrence of polymorphisms in the gene encoding IFN-³ (+874T/A) among Toxoplasma gondii seropositive individuals, including those with ocular lesions caused by the parasite, from a rural population of Santa Rita de Cássia, Barra Mansa, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Further, we verified which of these polymorphisms could be related to susceptibility to the development of ocular toxoplasmosis. This study included 34 individuals with ocular toxoplasmosis (ocular group) and 134 without ocular lesions (control group). The differences between A and T allele distributions were not statistically significant between the two groups. However, we observed that a higher frequency of individuals from the ocular group possessed the A/A genotype, when compared with the control group, suggesting that homozygocity for the A allele could enhance susceptibility to ocular toxoplasmosis in T. gondii infection.

Objective: To assess the psychometric quality of an instrument designed to measure functional independence (Functional Independence Scale [FIS]) in several activities of daily living domains and to be applied by trained non-health-related interviewers. The study was carried out in the autonomous region of Madrid in community-dwelling elders. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional validation study. In addition to the FIS, Pfeiffer's questionnaire, the Depression Subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Comorbidity Index, the Barthel Index, and EQ-5D were used. These measures were cross-sectionally applied to community-dwelling elders (n=500) and outpatients in a general hospital (n=100) aged ≥65 years. The following FIS psychometric attributes were analyzed: acceptability, scaling assumptions, internal consistency, construct validity, and precision. Results: A fully computable FIS total score was obtained in 94.3% of the subjects. A ceiling effect (60.65%), but no floor effect (0.22%) was evident in the community-dwelling elders. No floor or ceiling effects were detected in the hospital sample. Scaling assumptions and internal consistency were satisfactory (item-total correlations: 0.57-0.91; Cronbach's alpha: 0.94). Factor analysis identified three factors that explained 74.3% of the variance. Indexes of convergent, internal, and known-groups validity were satisfactory. The scale's precision, determined by the standard error of measurement (2.49; 95%CI=4.88), was also satisfactory. Conclusion: The FIS is an easy-to-use instrument with appropriate metric attributes. This scale can be usefully applied in broad samples of non-institutionalized elders by non-health related personnel.

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad psicométrica de un instrumento diseñado para medir la independencia funcional (Escala de Independencia Funcional, EIF) en varios dominios de actividades de la vida diaria y ser aplicado por entrevistadores entrenados no expertos en el ámbito sanitario. El estudio se realizó en población mayor no institucionalizada residente en la Comunidad de Madrid. Métodos: Estudio transversal de validación. Se aplicaron la EIF, el test de Pfeiffer, la subescala de depresión de la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, un indicador de comorbilidad, el Índice de Barthel y el EQ-5D, a población residente en medio comunitario (n=500) y a pacientes ambulatorios en medio hospitalario (n=100) de edad ≥65 años. Se analizaron los siguientes atributos psicométricos de la EIF: aceptabilidad, asunciones escalares, consistencia interna, validez de constructo y precisión. Resultados: La escala resultó totalmente computable en el 94,3% de los sujetos, con efecto techo (60,65%) y sin efecto suelo (0,22%) en el medio comunitario. En el medio hospitalario no se evidenció efecto suelo ni techo. La escala mostró asunciones escalares satisfactorias y elevada consistencia interna (correlaciones ítem-total: 0,57-0,91; alfa de Cronbach: 0,94), así como una estructura multidimensional (tres factores; 74,3% de la varianza). Los índices de validez convergente, interna y para grupos conocidos, al igual que la precisión (error estándar de la medida: 2,49; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 4,88) resultaron satisfactorios. Conclusiones: En suma, la EIF es una escala de uso sencillo con atributos métricos apropiados, y su aplicación por parte de personal no sanitario resulta útil para muestras amplias de individuos mayores no institucionalizados.

Objective: To assess the psychometric quality of an instrument designed to measure functional independence (Functional Independence Scale [FIS]) in several activities of daily living domains and to be applied by trained non-health-related interviewers. The study was carried out in the autonomous region of Madrid in community-dwelling elders. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional validation study. In addition to the FIS, Pfeiffer's questionnaire, the Depression Subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Comorbidity Index, the Barthel Index, and EQ-5D were used. These measures were cross-sectionally applied to community-dwelling elders (n=500) and outpatients in a general hospital (n=100) aged ≥65 years. The following FIS psychometric attributes were analyzed: acceptability, scaling assumptions, internal consistency, construct validity, and precision. Results: A fully computable FIS total score was obtained in 94.3% of the subjects. A ceiling effect (60.65%), but no floor effect (0.22%) was evident in the community-dwelling elders. No floor or ceiling effects were detected in the hospital sample. Scaling assumptions and internal consistency were satisfactory (item-total correlations: 0.57-0.91; Cronbach's alpha: 0.94). Factor analysis identified three factors that explained 74.3% of the variance. Indexes of convergent, internal, and known-groups validity were satisfactory. The scale's precision, determined by the standard error of measurement (2.49; 95%CI=4.88), was also satisfactory. Conclusion: The FIS is an easy-to-use instrument with appropriate metric attributes. This scale can be usefully applied in broad samples of non-institutionalized elders by non-health related personnel.

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad psicométrica de un instrumento diseñado para medir la independencia funcional (Escala de Independencia Funcional, EIF) en varios dominios de actividades de la vida diaria y ser aplicado por entrevistadores entrenados no expertos en el ámbito sanitario. El estudio se realizó en población mayor no institucionalizada residente en la Comunidad de Madrid. Métodos: Estudio transversal de validación. Se aplicaron la EIF, el test de Pfeiffer, la subescala de depresión de la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, un indicador de comorbilidad, el Índice de Barthel y el EQ-5D, a población residente en medio comunitario (n=500) y a pacientes ambulatorios en medio hospitalario (n=100) de edad ≥65 años. Se analizaron los siguientes atributos psicométricos de la EIF: aceptabilidad, asunciones escalares, consistencia interna, validez de constructo y precisión. Resultados: La escala resultó totalmente computable en el 94,3% de los sujetos, con efecto techo (60,65%) y sin efecto suelo (0,22%) en el medio comunitario. En el medio hospitalario no se evidenció efecto suelo ni techo. La escala mostró asunciones escalares satisfactorias y elevada consistencia interna (correlaciones ítem-total: 0,57-0,91; alfa de Cronbach: 0,94), así como una estructura multidimensional (tres factores; 74,3% de la varianza). Los índices de validez convergente, interna y para grupos conocidos, al igual que la precisión (error estándar de la medida: 2,49; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 4,88) resultaron satisfactorios. Conclusiones: En suma, la EIF es una escala de uso sencillo con atributos métricos apropiados, y su aplicación por parte de personal no sanitario resulta útil para muestras amplias de individuos mayores no institucionalizados.

Há controvérsias sobre a importância do eletrencefalogama (EEG) na avaliação do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, em crianças com TDAH, o EEG digital e quantitativo. Foram estudadas 30 crianças com TDAH e 30 sadias, sem evidências de problemas neurológicos ou psiquiátricos e pareadas por idade e gênero. Foi registrado o EEG em 15 posições de eletrodos, durante repouso e olhos fechados. Foi realizada pesquisa de atividade epileptiforme e feita análise de freqüências nas faixas clássicas, após aplicação da transformada rápida de Fourier. Foi encontrada atividade epileptiforme em 3 (10%) crianças com TDAH. O grupo TDAH teve, em relação ao grupo controle, significativamente, maior potência absoluta delta e teta, de modo difuso, assim como maior potência absoluta beta e menor potência relativa alfa 1 e beta, em alguns eletrodos. Um modelo de regressão múltipla logística possibilitou sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,3% no diagnóstico de TDAH.

There is much controversy about the importance of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in assessing the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study was to assess the use of EEG and quantitative EEG (qEEG) in ADHD children. Thirty ADHD children and 30 sex- and age-matched controls with no neurological or psychiatric problems were studied. The EEG was recorded from 15 electrode sites during an eyes-closed resting condition. Epileptiform activity was assessed, as were the absolute and relative powers in the classical bands after application of the Fast Fourier transform. Epileptiform activity was found in 3 (10%) ADHD children. As compared to the controls, the ADHD group showed significantly greater absolute delta and theta powers in a diffuse way, and also greater absolute beta power and smaller relative alpha 1 and beta powers at some electrodes. A logistic multiple regression model, allowed for 83.3% sensibility and specificity in diagnosing ADHD.

The incidence of medial prostatic cysts is unknown, since most of them are asymptomatic, and usually appear as an incidental finding during the study of other urological disease. We report an 85 years oíd man with a urinary obstruction. Rectal palpation disclosed a mass that was adjacent to the prostate. Magnetic resonance showed a cystic lesión of the right seminal vesicle. The cyst was drained, obtaining 250 mi of fluid and urinary obstruction subsided. After three months of follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic

Las lesiones quísticas localizadas en la línea media de la glándula prostética presentan una incidencia difícil de estimar, debido a que la mayoría son asintomáticas y suelen ser un hallazgo casual durante el estudio de otra patología urológica¹. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 85 años que en el transcurso de un episodio de retención aguda de orina es diagnosticado de un quiste de retención prostético, y realizamos una revisión de la literatura

Background: The study of the emotional state and personal coping resources has drawn an increasing interest in the Quality of Life (QoL) field. Diverse researches have demonstrated its contribution to satisfaction with life, and the interconnection with other life domains of great importance in ageing, as health is. The aim of this work is to analyze the relationships of emotional wellbeing (in terms of affects and coping resources) with sociodemographic and health factors. Methods: A survey on QoL among older people living in family housing of Madrid province (CadeViMa-2005) was used. Multivariate analyses were applied for generating an indicator of emotional wellbeing which integrated positive and negative affects, as well as personal coping resources. A logistic regression model was created to explain a positive emotional wellbeing, according to sociodemographic and health characteristics. Results: People without anxiety or depression problems were around three times more likely to evaluate their emotional wellbeing positively than those who had problems. Older adults whose health was better than in the previous 12 months, seemed to be five times more likely to report a high emotional wellbeing, compared to those who experienced a health decline. Individuals with a very good perceived health status were 26 times more likely of having a high emotional wellbeing than people with a negative health perception. Those with middle and upper social class were three times more likely to experience a positive emotional wellbeing than those belonging to a low social class. Conclusions: Health greatly influences emotional wellbeing with a relevant role of the subjective experience of health, together with social class as an indicator of educational level and socioeconomic status.

Fundamento: El estudio del estado emocional y los recursos personales para afrontar la vida ha manifestado un interés creciente en el campo de la Calidad de Vida (CdV), dando lugar a investigaciones que evidencian su contribución en la satisfacción con la vida, y su interrelación con dimensiones como la salud, de gran relevancia en la vejez. El objetivo de este trabajo es relacionar el bienestar emocional (en términos de sentimientos y recursos de afrontamiento) con factores sociodemográficos y de salud. Métodos: Se utilizó una encuesta sobre CdV de población mayor residente en vivienda familiar de la Comunidad de Madrid (CadeViMa-2005). Se aplicaron técnicas de análisis multivariante para crear un indicador de bienestar emocional que integró tanto sentimientos positivos y negativos como recursos personales para afrontar la vida. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para estimar la probabilidad de tener un bienestar emocional positivo sobre la base de características sociodemográficas y de salud. Resultados: Las personas sin problemas de ansiedad o depresión, mostraron cerca de tres veces más probabilidades de valorar positivamente su bienestar emocional que quienes padecían esos problemas. Los mayores que experimentaron una mejora en su salud en relación con los últimos 12 meses indicaron una probabilidad superior a cinco veces de tener un alto bienestar emocional que aquellos que sufrieron un empeoramiento en su salud. Quienes valoraron su salud como muy buena, reflejaron una probabilidad 26 veces mayor de tener un alto bienestar emocional que quienes percibieron su salud negativamente. La clases sociales media y superiores, mostraron mayores probabilidades de experimentar un bienestar emocional positivo, tres veces por encima de quienes pertenecían a una clase social baja. Conclusiones: La salud constituye un factor de gran influencia sobre el bienestar emocional, con un papel esencial de la experiencia subjetiva de la salud en su explicación, contribuyendo también la clase social, como indicador del nivel educativo y de la situación socioeconómica.

Background: The study of the emotional state and personal coping resources has drawn an increasing interest in the Quality of Life (QoL) field. Diverse researches have demonstrated its contribution to satisfaction with life, and the interconnection with other life domains of great importance in ageing, as health is. The aim of this work is to analyze the relationships of emotional wellbeing (in terms of affects and coping resources) with sociodemographic and health factors. Methods: A survey on QoL among older people living in family housing of Madrid province (CadeViMa-2005) was used. Multivariate analyses were applied for generating an indicator of emotional wellbeing which integrated positive and negative affects, as well as personal coping resources. A logistic regression model was created to explain a positive emotional wellbeing, according to sociodemographic and health characteristics. Results: People without anxiety or depression problems were around three times more likely to evaluate their emotional wellbeing positively than those who had problems. Older adults whose health was better than in the previous 12 months, seemed to be five times more likely to report a high emotional wellbeing, compared to those who experienced a health decline. Individuals with a very good perceived health status were 26 times more likely of having a high emotional wellbeing than people with a negative health perception. Those with middle and upper social class were three times more likely to experience a positive emotional wellbeing than those belonging to a low social class. Conclusions: Health greatly influences emotional wellbeing with a relevant role of the subjective experience of health, together with social class as an indicator of educational level and socioeconomic status.

Fundamento: El estudio del estado emocional y los recursos personales para afrontar la vida ha manifestado un interés creciente en el campo de la Calidad de Vida (CdV), dando lugar a investigaciones que evidencian su contribución en la satisfacción con la vida, y su interrelación con dimensiones como la salud, de gran relevancia en la vejez. El objetivo de este trabajo es relacionar el bienestar emocional (en términos de sentimientos y recursos de afrontamiento) con factores sociodemográficos y de salud. Métodos: Se utilizó una encuesta sobre CdV de población mayor residente en vivienda familiar de la Comunidad de Madrid (CadeViMa-2005). Se aplicaron técnicas de análisis multivariante para crear un indicador de bienestar emocional que integró tanto sentimientos positivos y negativos como recursos personales para afrontar la vida. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para estimar la probabilidad de tener un bienestar emocional positivo sobre la base de características sociodemográficas y de salud. Resultados: Las personas sin problemas de ansiedad o depresión, mostraron cerca de tres veces más probabilidades de valorar positivamente su bienestar emocional que quienes padecían esos problemas. Los mayores que experimentaron una mejora en su salud en relación con los últimos 12 meses indicaron una probabilidad superior a cinco veces de tener un alto bienestar emocional que aquellos que sufrieron un empeoramiento en su salud. Quienes valoraron su salud como muy buena, reflejaron una probabilidad 26 veces mayor de tener un alto bienestar emocional que quienes percibieron su salud negativamente. La clases sociales media y superiores, mostraron mayores probabilidades de experimentar un bienestar emocional positivo, tres veces por encima de quienes pertenecían a una clase social baja. Conclusiones: La salud constituye un factor de gran influencia sobre el bienestar emocional, con un papel esencial de la experiencia subjetiva de la salud en su explicación, contribuyendo también la clase social, como indicador del nivel educativo y de la situación socioeconómica.

Com base em dados secundários levantados na Coordenação Regional da Fundação Nacional de Saúde/Ministério da Saúde (FNS/MS), obteve-se o número de casos de malária registrados na Bacia do Alto Paraguai (BAP), no Mato Grosso do Sul (MS): 159, 126, 135, 61, 143, 41 e 20 em, respectivamente, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 e 1996, sendo a grande maioria destes de casos importados. Em 1990 não houve casos autóctones, e a partir de 1991 os índices superiores a 15% foram diminuindo até ficar próximo de 1,60%. Os casos introduzidos, que 1990 correspondiam a 0,63%, aumentaram em 1991 e 1992, mantendo-se em torno de 1,50%, atingindo em 1993 percentuais de 3,28%. Foram registrados casos induzidos somente em 1991 e 1992 (menos de 1%). A faixa etária mais atingida foi a compreendida entre 16 e 45 anos. Houve um predomínio do Plasmodium vivax no total de lâminas examinadas. Embora os casos autóctones de malária não sejam maioria, a doença constitui importante problema de Saúde Pública na BAP em razão da presença do vetor Anopheles (N.) darlingi e das correntes migratórias para a região.

Through the Regional Office of the Brazilian National Health Foundation in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, we obtained numerical data on malaria for the Upper Paraguay Basin (UPB): 159 cases in 1990, 126 in 1991, 135 in 1992, 61 in 1993, 143 in 1994, 41 in 1995, and 20 in 1996, the majority of which were imported cases. There were no autochthonous cases in 1990, and since 1991 the rates of over 15% dropped to around 1.60%. Imported cases, corresponding to 0.63% in 1990, increased in 1991 and 1992 to some 1.50%, and to 3.28% in 1993. Induced cases were recorded only in 1991 and 1992 (less than 1%). Most cases were between 16 and 45 years of age. There was a predominance of Plasmodium vivax in the thick blood smears. Although autochthonous cases of malaria are not the majority, the disease is still an important public health problem in the UPB in the presence of the Anopheles (N.) darlingi vector and human migration into the region.