ABSTRACT Understanding the kinetics of Zn absorption by roots and its effect on morphology of this organ is relevant for improving crop management, but still poorly studied for common beans. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a hydroponic system with five initial concentrations of Zn (CZnI): 0.0; 1.0; 4.0; 16.0 and 48.0 µmol L-1. The experiment was installed with plants at V3 stage of development and aliquots of the solution collected over 24 h. The maximum absorption rate (Vmax), Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and the absorption power (α) increased as a function of CZnI. The minimum concentration of Zn estimated for its absorption (Cmin) was at 0.0028 mg L-1. The influx of Zn (Imax) was higher in higher CZnI, 16,0 µmol L-1. Root length, root volume, root Zn content and Zn absorption efficiency increased with the increase of CZnI. Therefore, the increase of CZnI positively influenced kinetic parameters of root Zn absorption and common bean root morphology, characteristics that favor Zn absorption by roots and improves overall plant nutrition, favoring agronomical biofortification practices for Zn and other nutrients.

ABSTRACT: Vale do Rio Doce shoot dieback (VRDSD) is an anomaly whose cause seems to be associated with hypoxic conditions and their consequences (excess Mn and Fe) triggered by elevation of the water table in areas with poor drainage. Different plants have distinct survival strategies under this form of stress. The objective of this study was to understand the physiological responses involved in the differential tolerance of eucalyptus clones to VRDSD and their relationship to hypoxia and excess Mn. A hydroponic experiment was carried out using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, two eucalyptus clones with different levels of tolerance to VRDSD (sensitive Urograndis hybrid - 1213; and the tolerant Rio Claro hybrid - Eucalyptus grandis x unknown - 2719), two concentrations of O2 (8 and 4 mg L-1), and two Mn concentrations (1.39 and 300 mg L-1) in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replicates. Forty-day-old clones were maintained in Clark nutrient solution for 30 days. After this period, the treatments were applied for 11 days. Plant gaseous exchange shoot and root production, and the quantity of enzymes related to oxidative stress in leaves and roots were evaluated. In the tolerant clone, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced under hypoxic conditions, accompanied by reduction in production of dry matter, malondialdehyde (MDA), and in activity of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). However, this clone had greater production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) under these conditions, an enzyme responsible for detoxification of ROS, which acts as part of the Low Oxygen Quiescence Syndrome (LOQS). In contrast, sensitive clones did not exhibit expressive reductions in growth or changes in the leaf/root ratio. These clones formed large quantities of adventitious roots and had high levels of MDA and ADH and low levels of SOD. Therefore, sensitive clones appear not to be prepared for detoxification of ROS and other toxic metabolites, but rather adopt morphological escape mechanisms, the Low Oxygen Escape Syndrome (LOES), in response to hypoxia. Thus, the period of soil waterlogging may cause the death of large numbers of roots in sensitive clones, limiting their ability to absorb water and nutrients and culminating in the death of these plants. Excess Mn seems to aggravate the damage caused by hypoxia, but it is not the causal agent of VRDSD.

O extrator Mehlich-1 (M-1), assim como o Fosfato Monocálcico em ácido acético (FMCa), tem na acidez e na troca de ligantes - seja do sulfato do extrator pelo fosfato do solo ou do fosfato do extrator pelo sulfato do solo - os mecanismos de extração do P e do S disponíveis. Em solos argilosos, com maior poder de adsorção de P, ou menor valor de P-remanescente (P-rem), o que corresponde a solos com maior Poder-Tampão de Fosfato (PTF), mais tamponados para a acidez, o pH inicialmente baixo dos extratores é, durante o seu contato com o solo, aumentado em direção àquele do solo, e o sulfato do M-1 ou o fosfato do FMCa é adsorvido por sítios de adsorção ocupados ou não por esses ânions. Tal fato faz com que o extrator perca seu poder de extração, fenômeno conhecido como desgaste de extrator, objetivo de estudo deste trabalho. Escolheram-se 20 amostras de solos, de modo a cobrir a faixa do P-rem (0 a 60 mg L-1). Como medida do PTF, foi utilizado o P-rem. Os teores de P e de S disponíveis das amostras dos solos pelo M-1 e FMCa, de demais nutrientes e de matéria orgânica (MO) foram determinados. Para a determinação do desgaste dos extratores, após o período de repouso, foram medidos o pH e os teores de P e de S em ambos os extratos-solos. Houve efeito pouco expressivo, embora significativo, do desgaste da acidez dos extratores M-1 e FMCa com a diminuição do valor de P-rem. Observou-se para o M-1 um modelo linear plateau para desgaste descontínuo do teor do P, com a diminuição da concentração do P-rem ou aumento do PTF, sugerindo que se deve adotar um modelo também descontínuo para a interpretação do P-disponível de solos com diferentes valores de P-rem. Entretanto, observou-se resposta linear-contínua entre as variáveis P no extrato-solo e P-rem para o extrator FMCa, o que evidenciou desgaste crescente desse extrator com o aumento do PTF do solo, indicando a validade da relação linear entre o S disponível do solo e o PTF, estimado pelo P-rem, como atualmente adotada.

The Mehlich-1 (M-1) extractant and Monocalcium Phosphate in acetic acid (MCPa) have mechanisms for extraction of available P and S in acidity and in ligand exchange, whether of the sulfate of the extractant by the phosphate of the soil, or of the phosphate of the extractant by the sulfate of the soil. In clayey soils, with greater P adsorption capacity, or lower remaining P (Rem-P) value, which corresponds to soils with greater Phosphate Buffer Capacity (PBC), more buffered for acidity, the initially low pH of the extractants increases over their time of contact with the soil in the direction of the pH of the soil; and the sulfate of the M-1 or the phosphate of the MCPa is adsorbed by adsorption sites occupied by these anions or not. This situation makes the extractant lose its extraction capacity, a phenomenon known as loss of extraction capacity or consumption of the extractant, the object of this study. Twenty soil samples were chosen so as to cover the range of Rem-P (0 to 60 mg L-1). Rem-P was used as a measure of the PBC. The P and S contents available from the soil samples through M-1 and MCPa, and the contents of other nutrients and of organic matter were determined. For determination of loss of extraction capacity, after the rest period, the pH and the P and S contents were measured in both the extracts-soils. Although significant, the loss of extraction capacity of the acidity of the M-1 and MCPa extractants with reduction in the Rem-P value did not have a very expressive effect. A “linear plateau” model was observed for the M-1 for discontinuous loss of extraction capacity of the P content in accordance with reduction in the concentration of the Rem-P or increase in the PBC, suggesting that a discontinuous model should also be adopted for interpretation of available P of soils with different Rem-P values. In contrast, a continuous linear response was observed between the P variables in the extract-soil and Rem-P for the MCPa extractor, which shows increasing loss of extraction capacity of this extractor with an increase in the PBC of the soil, indicating the validity of the linear relationship between the available S of the soil and the PBC, estimated by Rem-P, as currently adopted.

Sistemas agrossilvopastoris (SASPs) representam práticas de manejo agroflorestal que têm como principal objetivo permitir maior diversidade e sustentabilidade do sistema. A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) é uma das principais propriedades indicadoras da sustentabilidade de um sistema de cultivo, principalmente em solos sob condições tropicais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o impacto dos SASPs de cultivo do eucalipto em diferentes frações de C e N da MOS ao longo do tempo. Para isso, foi amostrada uma cronossequência composta por seis tempos de implantação dos SASPs. O tempo zero foi representado pela área de referência (Cerrado), e os demais, com dois, três, quatro, sete e 10 anos de implantação. Foram coletadas amostras de solo das camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 e 60-100 cm, na linha e na entrelinha de cultivo do eucalipto. Foi feita a caracterização física e química desses solos, assim como as determinações de C orgânico total (COT), N total (NT), C na matéria orgânica leve (MOL), N na MOL e C oxidável por permanganato de potássio, como uma medida de labilidade do C (CL). A partir desses dados foram calculados o IMC CL, que é um Índice de Manejo do C, e o IMC CMOL, que é uma modificação do índice original. O estoque total de C orgânico no solo (COS) (0-100 cm) na linha de plantio do eucalipto foi mantido ao longo do tempo, enquanto na entrelinha houve tendência de perda inicial de C, sem que esses estoques retornassem aos valores originais (Cerrado) no final do décimo e último ano estudado. O estoque total de N mostrou comportamento semelhante na linha e na entrelinha de cultivo do eucalipto. Após perda inicial acentuada de N, houve tendência de acúmulo desse elemento ao longo do tempo de implantação dos SASPs. Contudo, esse acúmulo não foi sustentável e, ao final do período estudado, esses valores eram menores que os originais. A fração da MOL foi a que apresentou as maiores alterações, confirmando sua sensibilidade a alterações de manejo. As perdas de C e N da MOL também foram maiores para a entrelinha de plantio de eucalipto do que para a linha. O C lábil (CL), assim como o índice calculado a partir dele (IMC CL), não possibilitou ajustes dos seus resultados como variável do tempo de implantação dos SASPs. Entretanto, o IMC modificado, calculado a partir do C da MOL (IMC CMOL), apresentou bons ajustes para todas as camadas estudadas; além disso, apresentou correlação mais elevada com o COT, mostrando-se mais indicado para a comparação dos sistemas de manejo estudados. Pôde-se perceber a importância de estudar camadas mais profundas do solo, já que elas podem apresentar perdas de C significativas e de difícil recuperação. A implantação dos SASPs acarretou diminuição dos estoques de COT das camadas superficiais, e o tempo necessário para a recuperação dos estoques originais ficou além do período máximo estudado. A fração mais sensível ao manejo adotado foi a MOL livre.

Agrosilvipastoral systems represent agro-forestry practices that allow greater diversity and sustainability of a cropping system. Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the main indicators of the sustainability of a cropping system, especially in tropical soils. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of eucalypt cultivation on different C and N of SOM fractions on agrosilvipastoral systems over time. To this end, a chronosequence consisting of six implantation times of an agrosilvipastoral system was sampled. Time zero was represented by the adjacent native vegetation (Cerrado), followed by 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10 year periods since the agrosilvipastoral system implantation in previously Cerrado land. The layers 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-100 cm were sampled in each area, within and in-between eucalypt rows. The samples were chemically and physically analyzed to determine: total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C in the light organic matter (LOM), N in the LOM, and C oxidizable by potassium permanganate, the labile carbon (LC). From these data, the CMI proposed by Blair et al. (1995) was calculated (CMI LC), as well as the modified CMI, which is based on C in the LOM (CMI LOM). In the planting row, the TOC stocks in the 0-100 cm layer remained stable over time, while in-between the rows the TOC stocks initially decreased and then recover over time, but have yet to return to the level found in the native vegetation soil. The trend for the TN stock (0-100 cm) was similar for both in and between the eucalypt rows. After a sharp initial decrease, the TN stocks recovered over the years. However, this increase was not sustained and at the end of the cycle the TN stocks were lower than the original values found for the soil under native vegetation. Major changes were observed in the free LOM fractions, confirming its great sensitivity to management changes. More free LOM C and N were lost in-between than in the rows. Labile C, as well as the CMI, were found not sensitive to describe SOM changes along the implantation time, whereas the CMI CLOM adjusted well for all soil layers. In addition, it was best correlated with TOC and is therefore more adequate to compare the studied cropping system. These results show the importance of studying deeper soil layers; since the loss of C at greater soil depths can be relatively high and difficult to recover. The agrosilvipastoral systems induce a decrease in soil organic C in the upper layers and the time to recover the original stocks was beyond the study period. The fraction of free light organic matter was most sensitive to the management.

A matéria orgânica leve tem se mostrado um indicador precoce das mudanças na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) acarretadas por diferentes usos e sistemas de manejo. Várias soluções são empregadas na sua separação, mas pouco se sabe sobre o efeito delas na quantidade e qualidade da fração extraída, tampouco se conhecem as possíveis interferências que a solução de separação pode ocasionar na posterior quantificação do carbono (C) orgânico. Assim, foram selecionados 20 solos com diferentes teores de argila e que se encontravam sob diferentes usos, onde foram coletadas amostras, em três repetições, na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Depois de secas ao ar, destorroadas, passadas em peneira com malha de 2 mm e homogeneizadas, retiraram-se subamostras para determinação do teor de argila e para realização do fracionamento densimétrico da MOS. Do fracionamento densimétrico com água ou NaI (1,8 kg L-1), foram obtidas a fração leve (FL) e a fração pesada (FP) da MOS. O teor de C da FL foi determinado por combustão via seca, em analisador elementar (CHN), e o teor de C da FP foi determinado por oxidação via úmida com aquecimento externo, segundo Yeomans & Bremner (1988) (Y & B), e em analisador elementar (CHN). Adicionalmente, foi determinado o teor equivalente em C orgânico por via úmida em soluções-padrão com NaI em diferentes concentrações. Foi observado que a quantidade da FL extraída com NaI foi, em média, 4,86 vezes maior em relação à extraída com água destilada. A relação C:N da fração extraída com NaI foi, em média, 1,85 vez superior à apresentada pela extração com água destilada, mas com grande variação entre solos. Com relação à FP da MOS, o teor de C determinado por Y & B foi similar quando se procedeu à separação densimétrica com água, mas foi cerca de 1,5 vez superior ao determinado pelo CHN quando esta fração foi separada com NaI, indicando que houve superestimação do teor de C orgânico devido à interferência do NaI. Esse fato foi confirmado pelo aumento linear no consumo de Cr2O7-2 quando da presença de concentrações crescentes de NaI em soluções isentas de C. Dessa forma, a extração com NaI recupera maior proporção da FL, mas que difere em qualidade daquela extraída com água. Além disso, algum possível resíduo de NaI usado na separação pode interferir na quantificação do C orgânico quando este for determinado por dicromatometria. Resultados de estudo adicional sugerem que cada mol de I- consome aproximadamente 1 mol de Cr2O7-2.

The light organic matter fraction is known as an early indicator of changes in soil organic matter (SOM) as a result of different soil use and management. Several solutions are used in its separation, but little is known about the effect of these solutions on the quantity and quality of the extracted fraction, as well as the possible interferences of the separation solution on the quantification of organic carbon (C) content. Twenty soils with variable clay contents and under different uses were selected. Soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm layer, with three replications. After air-drying, they were ground manually, passed through a 2 mm sieve and homogenized; sub-samples were taken for clay content determination and densimetric SOM fractionation. Based on the fractionation scheme using water or NaI (1.8 kg L-1) the SOM light fraction (LF) and the heavy fraction (HF) were obtained. The C concentration of LF was determined by dry combustion in an elemental analyzer (CHN) and the C content of HF by wet oxidation, according to Yeomans & Bremner (1988) (Y & B) and by dry combustion. Additionally, we determined the equivalent organic C concentration by wet oxidation of standard solutions containing increasing NaI concentration. It was found that the amount of NaI-extracted LF averaged across soils was 4.86 times greater than when extracted with distilled water. The C:N ratio of this fraction was, on average, 1.85 times greater than that extracted with water, and the variation among soils was high. With regard to HF, the C concentration determined by wet oxidation was similar to that separated with water, but 1.5 times larger than when determined by dry combustion if separated with NaI. These results indicate that the C content was overestimated, possibly due to the interference of NaI. This finding was confirmed by the linear increase in the consumption of Cr2O7-2 during organic C determination in the presence of increasing NaI concentration of organic-C free solutions. Therefore, the NaI extraction of LF recovers a larger amount of LF, which differs however in quality from that extracted with water. Additionally, any potential NaI remaining after the separation, especially in the HF, may interfere with the organic C quantification if wet oxidation with dichromate as oxidant agent is the chosen method. Results of a complementary study indicate that each mol of I- consumes approximately 1 mol of Cr2O7-2.