Abstract Slabs with cast-in-place steel formwork are composite structural elements composed of concrete and steel. The horizontal shear failure mode is the most common in composite slabs based on numerous experimental studies. This failure mode consists of loss of adherence and mechanical contact at the interface of the composite system and often occurs before the system reaches its full bending capacity. Thus, the design of this constructive system is determined by the value of the longitudinal shear strength, which can be computed by the semi-empirical so-called traditional m-k method based on the four-point bending test proposed by several standards. One of the most known factors to influence the longitudinal shear strength is the geometry of embossments present in the steel work. Calibrated computational simulation using the finite element method can be an alternative way to simulate this type of test. The present work modified and adapted a methodology explicitly including the geometry of embossments in the analysis in order to use materials and products with characteristics available to structural engineers in Brazil and used this methodology to derive m-k coefficients. This is being made with the objective of numerically simulating the effect of relevant parameters for determining the longitudinal shear strength at the concrete-steel interface of composite slabs. Force versus slip, force versus displacement graphs were obtained and the m-k coefficient values found were compared with those of other authors in the literature. The simulations presented values consistent with the literature and in relation to the rupture mode by longitudinal shear, the numerical simulations performed presented ultimate strengths with goodness-of-fit measured by the conventional coefficient of determination, reaching a good value for the semi-empirical relation using the results of the finite element data. castinplace cast place studies capacity Thus semiempirical semi empirical socalled so called mk m k fourpoint four point standards coefficients concretesteel slip goodnessoffit goodness fit determination data

Resumo Lajes com fôrmas metálicas utilizadas durante a concretagem são um sistema estrutural misto composto de aço e concreto. O modo de falha por cisalhamento horizontal é o mais comum em lajes mistas com bases em numerosos estudos experimentais. Esta falha consiste na perda de aderência e contato mecânico do sistema misto e, frequentemente, ocorre antes do sistema atingir sua capacidade máxima à flexão plástica. Assim, o projeto deste sistema construtivo é determinado pela sua resistência ao cisalhamento longitudinal, que pode ser determinada pelo método semiempírico convencional m-k com base no ensaio de flexão de quatro pontos proposto por diversas normas. Um dos fatores conhecidos de maior influência na resistência ao cisalhamento longitudinal é a geometria das mossas presentes na fôrma metálica. Simulações computacionais por meio do método dos elementos finitos calibradas com base em resultados experimentais podem ser uma alternativa à realização deste tipo de ensaio. O presente trabalho modificou e adaptou uma metodologia que inclui explicitamente a geometria das mossas na análise de modo a usar materiais e produtos com características disponíveis para os engenheiros estruturais do Brasil e usou esta metodologia para derivar coeficientes m-k. Isto foi feito com o objetivo de simular numericamente o efeito de parâmetros relevantes para determinar a resistência ao cisalhamento longitudinal na interface aço-concreto de lajes mistas. Gráficos de força versus deslocamentos foram obtidos e os valores dos coeficientes m-k foram comparados com aqueles de outros autores na literatura. As simulações apresentaram valores consistentes com a literatura e, em relação ao modo de ruptura por cisalhamento longitudinal, as simulações numéricas realizadas apresentaram resistências últimas com bom ajuste medido pelo coeficiente de determinação convencional chegando a um valor bom para a relação semiempírica utilizando os resultados dos dados de elementos finitos. concreto frequentemente plástica Assim mk m k normas metálica mk. k. açoconcreto

Abstract Many technical propositions have been incorporated to the surgical management of hemorrhoidal disease during the recent decades. Besides that, escisional techniques are still considered the best option to control symptoms and reduce recurrence. The present manuscript aims to propose a technical modification of the classical closed hemorrhoidectomy described by Ferguson in America. Our proposition is to perform two sutures to close the wound resulting from hemorrhoidal resection. The first one consists of an anchored continuous suture using a very thin (4–0 or 5–0) monofilamentar thread coming from inside to the outside skin. After tying the stitch, a simple continuous second suture is made over the previous suture only for mucosal approximation, from outside to inside. Finally, the stich that initiated the first suture is tied up to the stich used for the second suture, and the knot remains located above the dentate line, not to disturb the patient. The confection of two layers aims to reinforce the closing of the wound and avoid dehiscence. The idea is that this modification influences postoperative outcomes by reducing symptoms such as wound discharge and pain, and thus improving healing and esthetics. In a next step research, a comparison with the classical technique may bring new insights to this issue. decades recurrence America resection 4–0 40 4 0 (4– 5–0 50 5 skin stitch approximation Finally line patient dehiscence pain esthetics research issue 4– (4 5– (

RESUMO O mieloma múltiplo é o segundo câncer hematológico mais comum; representa aproximadamente 10% de todas os cânceres hematológicos e 1%-2% de todos as neoplasias. Foi conduzido um estudo ecológico para descrever a morbidade, a mortalidade e a carga da doença no Brasil e suas 27 unidades federativas e avaliar tendências entre 1990-2019. Dados do estudo da Carga Global de Doenças foram avaliados para descrever medidas ajustadas por idade: incidência, prevalência, mortalidade, anos de vida ajustados pela incapacidade e seus componentes de acordo com sexo e Índice Sociodemográfico. As tendências foram estimadas usando regressão linear e expressas como Variação Percentual Anual Média (AAPC) e Intervalos de Confiança (IC) 95%. Tendências ascendentes das medidas foram observadas. A mortalidade aumentou em menor extensão comparada à incidência (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1,2-1,3 vs. AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1,5-1,5 homens; AAPC=0,9%; IC95%=0,9-0,9 vs. AAPC=1,1%; IC95%=1,1-1,2 mulheres), resultando em tendências crescentes da prevalência para ambos os sexos. Todas as medidas foram mais altas nos quintis do índice sociodemográfico alto e médio-alto; tendências ascendentes mais altas foram encontradas em quintis do índice sociodemográfico mais baixos. Envelhecimento, nível de desenvolvimento, acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento parecem explicar as medidas ascendentes do mieloma múltiplo no Brasil e suas diferenças entre as unidades federativas.

ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological cancer; it accounts for approximately 10% of all hematologic malignancies and 1%-2% of all cancer diagnoses. From 1990 to 2019, an ecological study was conducted to describe and evaluate trends in Brazil’s morbidity, mortality, and disease. The Global Burden of Disease data described age-standardized (+40 years) incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and its components in Brazil and across its 27 federative units according to sex and Socio-demographic Index quintiles. Trends were estimated using linear regression and expressed as Average Annual Percentage Changes (AAPC) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Ascending trends of the measures were found for both sexes in Brazil and its federative units. Mortality increased to a lesser extent than incidence (AAPC=1.3%; 95%CI=1.2-1.3 vs. AAPC=1.5%; 95%CI= 1.5-1.5 for men; AAPC=0.9%; 95%CI=0.9-0.9 vs. AAPC=1.1%; 95%CI=1.1-1.2 for women), resulting in higher rising trends in prevalence for both sexes. All the measures were significantly higher in high- and high-middle socio-demographic quintiles; however, higher ascending trends were found in lower socio-demographic quintiles. Aging, level of development, diagnosis, and treatment appear to explain Brazil’s ascending multiple myeloma rates and their differences among the federative units.

RESUMO O mieloma múltiplo é o segundo câncer hematológico mais comum; representa aproximadamente 10% de todas os cânceres hematológicos e 1%-2% de todos as neoplasias. Foi conduzido um estudo ecológico para descrever a morbidade, a mortalidade e a carga da doença no Brasil e suas 27 unidades federativas e avaliar tendências entre 1990-2019. Dados do estudo da Carga Global de Doenças foram avaliados para descrever medidas ajustadas por idade: incidência, prevalência, mortalidade, anos de vida ajustados pela incapacidade e seus componentes de acordo com sexo e Índice Sociodemográfico. As tendências foram estimadas usando regressão linear e expressas como Variação Percentual Anual Média (AAPC) e Intervalos de Confiança (IC) 95%. Tendências ascendentes das medidas foram observadas. A mortalidade aumentou em menor extensão comparada à incidência (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1,2-1,3 vs. AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1,5-1,5 homens; AAPC=0,9%; IC95%=0,9-0,9 vs. AAPC=1,1%; IC95%=1,1-1,2 mulheres), resultando em tendências crescentes da prevalência para ambos os sexos. Todas as medidas foram mais altas nos quintis do índice sociodemográfico alto e médio-alto; tendências ascendentes mais altas foram encontradas em quintis do índice sociodemográfico mais baixos. Envelhecimento, nível de desenvolvimento, acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento parecem explicar as medidas ascendentes do mieloma múltiplo no Brasil e suas diferenças entre as unidades federativas. comum 10 1%2% 12 1% 2% 1 2 1%-2 neoplasias morbidade 19902019. 19902019 1990 2019. 2019 1990-2019 idade Sociodemográfico AAPC (AAPC IC (IC 95 95% observadas AAPC=1,3%IC95%=1,21,3 AAPC13IC951213 AAPCIC AAPC=1,3% IC95%=1,2 1,3 3 IC95 (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1,2-1, vs AAPC=1,5%IC95%=1,51,5 AAPC15IC951515 AAPC=1,5% IC95%=1,5 1,5 5 AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1,5-1, homens AAPC=0,9% AAPC09 0 9 IC95%=0,90,9 IC950909 IC95%=0,9 0,9 IC95%=0,9-0, AAPC=1,1% AAPC11 IC95%=1,11,2 IC951112 IC95%=1,1 1,2 IC95%=1,1-1, mulheres, mulheres , mulheres) sexos médioalto médio médio-alto baixos Envelhecimento desenvolvimento 1%2 1%- 1990201 199 201 1990-201 21 AAPC=1,3%IC95%=1,21, AAPC13IC95121 AAPC13 AAPC=1,3 IC9512 IC95%=1, 13 1, IC9 (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1,2-1 51 AAPC=1,5%IC95%=1,51, AAPC15IC95151 AAPC15 AAPC=1,5 IC9515 15 AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1,5-1 AAPC=0,9 AAPC0 90 IC95%=0,90, IC95090 IC9509 IC95%=0, 09 0, IC95%=0,9-0 AAPC=1,1 AAPC1 11 IC95%=1,11, IC95111 IC9511 IC95%=1,1-1 199020 19 20 1990-20 AAPC=1,3%IC95%=1,21 AAPC13IC9512 AAPC=1, IC951 IC95%=1 (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1,2- AAPC=1,5%IC95%=1,51 AAPC15IC9515 AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1,5- AAPC=0, IC95%=0,90 IC950 IC95%=0 IC95%=0,9- IC95%=1,11 IC95%=1,1- 19902 1990-2 AAPC=1,3%IC95%=1,2 AAPC13IC951 AAPC=1 IC95%= (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1,2 AAPC=1,5%IC95%=1,5 AAPC15IC951 AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1,5 AAPC=0 1990- AAPC=1,3%IC95%=1, AAPC13IC95 AAPC= IC95% (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1, AAPC=1,5%IC95%=1, AAPC15IC95 AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1, AAPC=1,3%IC95%=1 AAPC13IC9 (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%=1 AAPC=1,5%IC95%=1 AAPC15IC9 AAPC=1,5%;IC95%=1 AAPC=1,3%IC95%= AAPC13IC (AAPC=1,3%;IC95%= AAPC=1,5%IC95%= AAPC15IC AAPC=1,5%;IC95%= AAPC=1,3%IC95% (AAPC=1,3%;IC95% AAPC=1,5%IC95% AAPC=1,5%;IC95% AAPC=1,3%IC95 (AAPC=1,3%;IC95 AAPC=1,5%IC95 AAPC=1,5%;IC95 AAPC=1,3%IC9 (AAPC=1,3%;IC9 AAPC=1,5%IC9 AAPC=1,5%;IC9 AAPC=1,3%IC (AAPC=1,3%;IC AAPC=1,5%IC AAPC=1,5%;IC

ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological cancer; it accounts for approximately 10% of all hematologic malignancies and 1%-2% of all cancer diagnoses. From 1990 to 2019, an ecological study was conducted to describe and evaluate trends in Brazil’s morbidity, mortality, and disease. The Global Burden of Disease data described age-standardized (+40 years) incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and its components in Brazil and across its 27 federative units according to sex and Socio-demographic Index quintiles. Trends were estimated using linear regression and expressed as Average Annual Percentage Changes (AAPC) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Ascending trends of the measures were found for both sexes in Brazil and its federative units. Mortality increased to a lesser extent than incidence (AAPC=1.3%; 95%CI=1.2-1.3 vs. AAPC=1.5%; 95%CI= 1.5-1.5 for men; AAPC=0.9%; 95%CI=0.9-0.9 vs. AAPC=1.1%; 95%CI=1.1-1.2 for women), resulting in higher rising trends in prevalence for both sexes. All the measures were significantly higher in high- and high-middle socio-demographic quintiles; however, higher ascending trends were found in lower socio-demographic quintiles. Aging, level of development, diagnosis, and treatment appear to explain Brazil’s ascending multiple myeloma rates and their differences among the federative units. 10 1%2% 12 1% 2% 1 2 1%-2 diagnoses 199 2019 Brazils s morbidity mortality disease agestandardized age standardized +40 40 (+4 years disabilityadjusted disability adjusted Sociodemographic Socio demographic quintiles AAPC (AAPC 95 CI. CI . (CI) AAPC=1.3% AAPC13 3 (AAPC=1.3% 95%CI=1.21.3 95CI1213 95%CI=1.2 1.3 95%CI=1.2-1. vs AAPC=1.5% AAPC15 5 95CI 95%CI 1.51.5 1515 1.5 1.5-1. men AAPC=0.9% AAPC09 0 9 95%CI=0.90.9 95CI0909 95%CI=0.9 0.9 95%CI=0.9-0. AAPC=1.1% AAPC11 95%CI=1.11.2 95CI1112 95%CI=1.1 1.2 95%CI=1.1-1. women, women , women) high highmiddle middle sociodemographic socio however Aging development diagnosis 1%2 1%- 19 201 +4 4 (+ (CI AAPC=1.3 AAPC1 (AAPC=1.3 21 95%CI=1.21. 95CI121 95CI12 95%CI=1. 13 1. 95%CI=1.2-1 AAPC=1.5 51 1.51. 151 15 1.5-1 AAPC=0.9 AAPC0 90 95%CI=0.90. 95CI090 95CI09 95%CI=0. 09 0. 95%CI=0.9-0 AAPC=1.1 11 95%CI=1.11. 95CI111 95CI11 95%CI=1.1-1 20 + ( AAPC=1. (AAPC=1. 95%CI=1.21 95CI1 95%CI=1 95%CI=1.2- 1.51 1.5- AAPC=0. 95%CI=0.90 95CI0 95%CI=0 95%CI=0.9- 95%CI=1.11 95%CI=1.1- AAPC=1 (AAPC=1 AAPC=0 AAPC= (AAPC=

Abstract The present study analyzed trends in premature mortality from Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) between 1990 and 2019, the projections up to 2030, and the risk factors (RFs) attributable to these diseases in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and the analysis of the burden of premature mortality due to NCDs were used for nine CPLP countries, applying age-standardized rates, using RStudio. Portugal, Brazil, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, and Guinea Bissau showed declining premature mortality rates caused by NCDs, while East Timor, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Mozambique showed an increase in rates. Projections indicate that none of the countries is expected to achieve the goals of reducing premature mortality due to NCDs by one third by 2030. The attributable burden of disease showed that the most important RFs in 2019 were: high systolic blood pressure (SBP), tobacco, dietary risks, high body mass index (BMI), and air pollution. It can therefore be concluded that there are profound differences in the burden of NCDs among the countries, with better results in Portugal and Brazil, and that no CPLP country is likely to reach the NCD reduction target by 2030. (NCDs 199 2030 (RFs CPLP. . (CPLP) GBD (GBD agestandardized age standardized RStudio Brazil Angola Timor Verde Príncipe 201 SBP, SBP , (SBP) tobacco risks BMI, BMI (BMI) pollution 19 203 (CPLP 20 (SBP (BMI 1 2

Resumo Foram analisadas tendências da mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) entre 1990 e 2019, as projeções até 2030 e os fatores de risco atribuíveis a estas doenças na Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). Utilizou-se estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças e análise da carga de mortalidade prematura por DCNT para nove países da CPLP, utilizando taxas padronizadas por idade, usando-se RStudio. Portugal, Brasil, Guiné Equatorial, Angola e Guiné Bissau apresentam taxas de mortalidade prematura por DCNT em declínio e; Timor Leste, Cabo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe e Moçambique apresentaram aumento das taxas. As projeções indicam que nenhum dos países deverá atingir as metas de redução em um terço da mortalidade prematura por DCNT até 2030. A carga de doença atribuível mostrou que os fatores de riscos mais importantes em 2019 foram: pressão arterial sistólica elevada, tabaco, riscos dietéticos, índice de massa corporal elevado e poluição do ar. Conclui-se pelas profundas diferenças na carga de DCNT entre os países, com melhores resultados em Portugal e Brasil e que nenhum país do CPLP deverá atingir a meta de redução das DCNT até 2030. (DCNT 199 203 CPLP. . (CPLP) Utilizouse Utilizou se idade usandose usando RStudio Equatorial Leste Verde 201 foram elevada tabaco dietéticos ar Concluise Conclui 19 20 (CPLP 1 2

Resumo Foram analisadas tendências da mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) entre 1990 e 2019, as projeções até 2030 e os fatores de risco atribuíveis a estas doenças na Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). Utilizou-se estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças e análise da carga de mortalidade prematura por DCNT para nove países da CPLP, utilizando taxas padronizadas por idade, usando-se RStudio. Portugal, Brasil, Guiné Equatorial, Angola e Guiné Bissau apresentam taxas de mortalidade prematura por DCNT em declínio e; Timor Leste, Cabo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe e Moçambique apresentaram aumento das taxas. As projeções indicam que nenhum dos países deverá atingir as metas de redução em um terço da mortalidade prematura por DCNT até 2030. A carga de doença atribuível mostrou que os fatores de riscos mais importantes em 2019 foram: pressão arterial sistólica elevada, tabaco, riscos dietéticos, índice de massa corporal elevado e poluição do ar. Conclui-se pelas profundas diferenças na carga de DCNT entre os países, com melhores resultados em Portugal e Brasil e que nenhum país do CPLP deverá atingir a meta de redução das DCNT até 2030.

Abstract The present study analyzed trends in premature mortality from Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) between 1990 and 2019, the projections up to 2030, and the risk factors (RFs) attributable to these diseases in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and the analysis of the burden of premature mortality due to NCDs were used for nine CPLP countries, applying age-standardized rates, using RStudio. Portugal, Brazil, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, and Guinea Bissau showed declining premature mortality rates caused by NCDs, while East Timor, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Mozambique showed an increase in rates. Projections indicate that none of the countries is expected to achieve the goals of reducing premature mortality due to NCDs by one third by 2030. The attributable burden of disease showed that the most important RFs in 2019 were: high systolic blood pressure (SBP), tobacco, dietary risks, high body mass index (BMI), and air pollution. It can therefore be concluded that there are profound differences in the burden of NCDs among the countries, with better results in Portugal and Brazil, and that no CPLP country is likely to reach the NCD reduction target by 2030.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever os padrões de mortalidade geral e por causas externas e a evolução temporal nos municípios da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba previamente ao desastre socioambiental de Brumadinho e, adicionalmente, investigar a correlação entre a mortalidade e a privação socioeconômica nesses municípios. Métodos: Foram analisadas estimativas de mortalidade do Estudo Carga Global de Doenças referentes a 26 municípios de Minas Gerais. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade geral e por causas externas nos triênios (T) T1 (2000 a 2002), T2 (2009 a 2011) e T3 (2016 a 2018). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson mediu associação entre as taxas de mortalidade e a privação socioeconômica, segundo Índice Brasileiro de Privação. Resultados: Houve declínio da mortalidade geral na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba de 717,7/100.000 para 572,6/100.000 hab. e na maioria dos municípios entre T1-T3. A mortalidade por causas externas aumentou de 73,3/100.000 para 82,1/100.000 e foi mais elevada nesses municípios comparando-se com a média do Brasil e de Minas Gerais. As mortes por suicídio e violência interpessoal aumentaram de 29,6/100.000 para 43,2/100.000 na maioria dos 26 municípios. Os acidentes não intencionais reduziram-se no período, e as taxas por acidente de transporte aumentaram. Houve correlação positiva entre a privação socioeconômica e a variação percentual das taxas de mortalidade. Conclusão: Apesar da forte presença da atividade mineradora na região, isso não refletiu na melhoria do quadro sanitário, as causas externas aumentaram no período, associadas às desigualdades, o que deve ser considerado no planejamento para a recuperação das áreas do desastre. RESUMO Objetivo adicionalmente Métodos 2 Gerais Calcularamse Calcularam se T (T 2000 (200 2002, 2002 , 2002) 2009 2011 2016 (201 2018. 2018 . 2018) Privação Resultados 7177100000 717 7 100 000 717,7/100.00 5726100000 572 6 572,6/100.00 hab T1T3. T1T3 TT T3. T1-T3 733100000 73 3 73,3/100.00 821100000 82 1 82,1/100.00 comparandose comparando 296100000 29 29,6/100.00 432100000 43 43,2/100.00 reduziramse reduziram período Conclusão região sanitário desigualdades 200 (20 201 717710000 71 10 00 717,7/100.0 572610000 57 572,6/100.0 T1T T1-T 73310000 73,3/100.0 82110000 8 82,1/100.0 29610000 29,6/100.0 43210000 4 43,2/100.0 20 (2 71771000 0 717,7/100. 57261000 5 572,6/100. 7331000 73,3/100. 8211000 82,1/100. 2961000 29,6/100. 4321000 43,2/100. ( 7177100 717,7/100 5726100 572,6/100 733100 73,3/100 821100 82,1/100 296100 29,6/100 432100 43,2/100 717710 717,7/10 572610 572,6/10 73310 73,3/10 82110 82,1/10 29610 29,6/10 43210 43,2/10 71771 717,7/1 57261 572,6/1 7331 73,3/1 8211 82,1/1 2961 29,6/1 4321 43,2/1 7177 717,7/ 5726 572,6/ 733 73,3/ 821 82,1/ 296 29,6/ 432 43,2/ 717,7 572,6 73,3 82,1 29,6 43,2 717, 572, 73, 82, 29, 43,

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the patterns of overall mortality and mortality from external causes and the temporal evolution in the municipalities of the Paraopeba River Basin, before the socio-environmental disaster of the Brumadinho dam and, additionally, to investigate the correlation between mortality and socioeconomic deprivation in these municipalities. Methods: Global Burden of Disease Study mortality estimates for 26 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were analyzed. Rates of overall mortality and mortality from external causes were estimated in the triennia (T) T1 (2000 to 2002), T2 (2009 to 2011), and T3 (2016 to 2018). Pearson’s correlation coefficient measured the association between mortality rates and socioeconomic deprivation, according to the Brazilian Deprivation Index (IBP). Results: There was a decrease in overall mortality in the Paraopeba River Basin from 717.7/100 thousand to 572.6/100 thousand inhabitants, and in most municipalities between T1-T3. Mortality from external causes increased from 73.3/100 thousand to 82.1/100 thousand, and it was higher in these municipalities compared with the mean for Brazil and Minas Gerais. Deaths from suicide and interpersonal violence increased from 29.6/100 thousand to 43.2/100 thousand in most of the 26 municipalities. Death rates due to unintentional injuries decreased during the period, and those due to transport injuries, increased. There was a positive correlation between socioeconomic deprivation and the percent change in mortality rates. Conclusion: Despite the strong presence of mining activity in the region, such did not reflect in the improvement of the sanitary situation. Death rates due to external causes increased in the period, associated with inequalities, which must be considered in the planning for the recovery of the disaster areas. Objective socioenvironmental socio environmental additionally Methods 2 Gerais analyzed T (T 2000 (200 2002, 2002 , 2002) 2009 2011, 2011 2011) 2016 (201 2018. 2018 . 2018) Pearsons Pearson s IBP. IBP (IBP) Results 7177100 717 7 100 717.7/10 5726100 572 6 572.6/10 inhabitants T1T3. T1T3 TT T3. T1-T3 733100 73 3 73.3/10 821100 82 1 82.1/10 296100 29 29.6/10 432100 43 43.2/10 period Conclusion region situation inequalities areas 200 (20 201 (IBP 717710 71 10 717.7/1 572610 57 572.6/1 T1T T1-T 73310 73.3/1 82110 8 82.1/1 29610 29.6/1 43210 4 43.2/1 20 (2 71771 717.7/ 57261 5 572.6/ 7331 73.3/ 8211 82.1/ 2961 29.6/ 4321 43.2/ ( 7177 717.7 5726 572.6 733 73.3 821 82.1 296 29.6 432 43.2 717. 572. 73. 82. 29. 43.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever os padrões de mortalidade geral e por causas externas e a evolução temporal nos municípios da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba previamente ao desastre socioambiental de Brumadinho e, adicionalmente, investigar a correlação entre a mortalidade e a privação socioeconômica nesses municípios. Métodos: Foram analisadas estimativas de mortalidade do Estudo Carga Global de Doenças referentes a 26 municípios de Minas Gerais. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade geral e por causas externas nos triênios (T) T1 (2000 a 2002), T2 (2009 a 2011) e T3 (2016 a 2018). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson mediu associação entre as taxas de mortalidade e a privação socioeconômica, segundo Índice Brasileiro de Privação. Resultados: Houve declínio da mortalidade geral na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba de 717,7/100.000 para 572,6/100.000 hab. e na maioria dos municípios entre T1-T3. A mortalidade por causas externas aumentou de 73,3/100.000 para 82,1/100.000 e foi mais elevada nesses municípios comparando-se com a média do Brasil e de Minas Gerais. As mortes por suicídio e violência interpessoal aumentaram de 29,6/100.000 para 43,2/100.000 na maioria dos 26 municípios. Os acidentes não intencionais reduziram-se no período, e as taxas por acidente de transporte aumentaram. Houve correlação positiva entre a privação socioeconômica e a variação percentual das taxas de mortalidade. Conclusão: Apesar da forte presença da atividade mineradora na região, isso não refletiu na melhoria do quadro sanitário, as causas externas aumentaram no período, associadas às desigualdades, o que deve ser considerado no planejamento para a recuperação das áreas do desastre.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the patterns of overall mortality and mortality from external causes and the temporal evolution in the municipalities of the Paraopeba River Basin, before the socio-environmental disaster of the Brumadinho dam and, additionally, to investigate the correlation between mortality and socioeconomic deprivation in these municipalities. Methods: Global Burden of Disease Study mortality estimates for 26 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were analyzed. Rates of overall mortality and mortality from external causes were estimated in the triennia (T) T1 (2000 to 2002), T2 (2009 to 2011), and T3 (2016 to 2018). Pearson’s correlation coefficient measured the association between mortality rates and socioeconomic deprivation, according to the Brazilian Deprivation Index (IBP). Results: There was a decrease in overall mortality in the Paraopeba River Basin from 717.7/100 thousand to 572.6/100 thousand inhabitants, and in most municipalities between T1-T3. Mortality from external causes increased from 73.3/100 thousand to 82.1/100 thousand, and it was higher in these municipalities compared with the mean for Brazil and Minas Gerais. Deaths from suicide and interpersonal violence increased from 29.6/100 thousand to 43.2/100 thousand in most of the 26 municipalities. Death rates due to unintentional injuries decreased during the period, and those due to transport injuries, increased. There was a positive correlation between socioeconomic deprivation and the percent change in mortality rates. Conclusion: Despite the strong presence of mining activity in the region, such did not reflect in the improvement of the sanitary situation. Death rates due to external causes increased in the period, associated with inequalities, which must be considered in the planning for the recovery of the disaster areas.

Objectives: to describe the patterns of general mortality and mortality from external causes and the temporal evolution, in the municipalities of the Paraopeba River Basin, before the socio-environmental disaster of Brumadinho and, additionally, to investigate the correlation between mortality and socioeconomic deprivation (PPI) in these municipalities. Methods: mortality databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 26 municipalities in Minas Gerais. The researches analyzed the mortality databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 26 municipalities in Minas Gerais. General and external causes mortality rates were calculated in the triennia (T) T1 (2000 to 2002), T2 (2009 to 2011), and T3 (2016 to 2018). Pearson's correlation coefficient measured the association between mortality rates and socioeconomic deprivation, according to the Social Deprivation Index (IBP). Results: There was a decline in overall mortality in BHRP from 717.7/100,000 to 572.6/100,000 inhab, and in most municipalities between T1-T3. Mortality from external causes increased from 73.3/100,000 to 82.1/100,000. And they were higher in these municipalities compared to the average for Brazil and Minas Gerais. Deaths from suicide and interpersonal violence increased from 29.6/100,000 to 43.2/100,000 in most of the 26 municipalities. Unintentional accidents decreased during the period, and transportation accident rates increased. The association with socioeconomic deprivation (PPI) was positive with increased mortality rates. Conclusion: Despite the strong presence of mining activity in the region, this did not reflect in the improvement of the sanitary situation, the external causes increased in the period, associated with inequalities, which must be considered in the planning for the recovery of the disaster areas.

Objetivos: descrever os padrões de mortalidade geral e por causas externas e a evolução temporal, nos municípios da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraopeba (BHRP), previamente ao desastre socioambiental de Brumadinho e, adicionalmente investigar a correlação entre a mortalidade e a privação socioeconômica (IBP) nesses municípios. Métodos: Foram analisadas bases de mortalidade do Estudo Carga Global de Doenças em 26 municípios de Minas Gerais. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade geral e por causas externas nos triênios (T) T1 (2000 a 2002), T2 (2009 a 2011) e T3 (2016 a 2018). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson mediu associação entre as taxas de mortalidade e a privação socioeconômica, segundo Índice de Privação Social (IBP). Resultados: Houve declínio da mortalidade geral na BHRP de 717,7/100.000 para 572,6/100.000 hab, e na maioria dos municípios entre T1-T3. A mortalidade por causas externas aumentou de 73,3/100.000 para 82,1/100.000, e foram mais elevadas nesses municípios comparando-se com a média do Brasil e de Minas Gerais. As mortes por suicídio e violência interpessoal aumentaram de 29,6/100.000 para 43,2/100.00, na maioria dos 26 municípios. Os acidentes não intencionais reduziram no período e as taxas por acidente de transporte aumentaram. A associação com a privação socioeconômica (IBP) foi positiva com aumento das taxas de mortalidade. Conclusão:  Apesar da forte presença da atividade mineradora na região, isto não refletiu na melhoria do quadro sanitário, as causas externas aumentaram no período, associadas às desigualdades, o que deve ser considerado no planejamento para a recuperação das áreas do desastre.

Resumo Fundamento: O impacto dos fatores de risco (FR) sobre a morbimortalidade por doença cardiovascular (DCV) na maioria dos países de língua portuguesa (PLP) é pouco conhecido. Objetivo: Analisar a morbimortalidade por DCV atribuível aos FR e sua variação nos PLP de 1990 a 2019, a partir de estimativas do estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. Métodos: Avaliamos as mudanças nos FR ocorridas no período, as taxas de mortalidade e os anos de vida perdidos por incapacidade (DALYs), padronizados por idade, entre 1990 e 2019. Realizou-se a correlação entre a variação percentual das taxas de mortalidade e o índice sociodemográfico (SDI) de cada PLP pelo método de Spearman. O valor p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) elevada foi o principal fator de risco para mortalidade e DALY por DCV para todos os PLP. A mortalidade por DCV mostrou uma tendência de redução em 2019, maior em Portugal (-66,6%, IC95% -71,0 - -61,2) e no Brasil (-49,8%, IC95% -52,5 - -47,1). Observou-se tendência à correlação inversa entre SDI e a variação percentual da mortalidade, que foi significativa para os riscos dietéticos (r=-0,70, p=0,036), colesterol LDL elevado (r=-0,77, p=0,015) e PAS elevada (r=-0,74, p=0,023). Conclusões: Além da PAS, os FR dietéticos e metabólicos justificaram uma maior variação da carga de DCV, correlacionada com o SDI nos PLP, sugerindo a necessidade de adoção de políticas de saúde adaptadas à realidade de cada país, visando a redução de seu impacto sobre a população.

Abstract Background: The impact of risk factors (RF) on morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) for most Portuguese-speaking countries (PSC) is little known. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the morbidity and mortality from CVD attributable to RF and its variation, from 1990 to 2019, in PSC, based on estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. Methods: We evaluated changes in cardiovascular RF, mortality rates and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 1990 and 2019. The correlation between percentage changes in mortality rates and the sociodemographic index (SDI) of each PSC was evaluated by the Spearman method. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the main RF for mortality and DALYs for CVD for all PSC. Mortality from CVD showed a downward trend in 2019, more accentuated in Portugal (-66.6%, 95%CI -71.0 - -61.2) and in Brazil (-49.8%, 95%CI -52.5 - -47.1). There was a trend towards an inverse correlation between SDI and the percent change in mortality, which was significant for dietary risks (r=-0.70, p=0.036), high LDL cholesterol (r=-0.77, p=0.015) and high SBP (r=-0.74, p=0.023). Conclusions: In addition to SBP, dietary and metabolic RF justified a greater variation in the burden of CVD correlated with SDI in the PSC, suggesting the need to adopt health policies adapted to the reality of each country, aiming to reduce their impact on population.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Older adults present a higher risk of suicide, and Brazil is experiencing a fast population aging. To understand the impact of demographic transition, we compared Brazilian suicide mortality rates (MR) among adults (50+ years) with global rates, those from one high-income country, and those from one middle-income country. Looking for regional disparities, the MR was analyzed among older adults (60+ years) by Brazilian states. METHODS: This was an ecological study based on estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study, from 2000 to 2019. Age-standardized MR and age-specific MR per 100,000 inhabitants were described, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). RESULTS: During the period, the annual estimates and the declining trend in mortality were higher in the world than in the studied countries. In 2019, global age-standardized MR was 9.39 (95% UI 8.48-10.29), compared to 5.68 (95% UI 5.40-6.19), 6.01 (95% UI 5.10-7.04), and 6.63 (95% UI 6.43-6.95) in Brazil, Mexico, and England, respectively. In Brazil, despite a significant decline in national rates, stability was observed in 15 states. An increase in aging was only found for men, who presented 3-4 times higher MR than women. The states’ rates presented large differences: in 2019, the rates among men aged 60-64 years varied from 7.24 (95% UI 5.31; 9.85) to 26.32 (95% UI 20.21; 34.50). CONCLUSIONS: The smaller decline in suicide mortality among older Brazilian adults, the increasing risk with aging, and the higher mortality among men indicate the need for specific prevention policies. The variation within states suggests differences in the data quality or in socio-cultural and historical aspects, which requires further investigation.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Maternal death continues to be one of the most challenging public health problems that needs to be addressed in low and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to describe the problem of maternal death in Brazil, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). METHODS This study used data from the GBD 2019 to show the numbers of deaths and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) - number of deaths/100,000 live births - in Brazil and its 27 Federated Units (FU), for ages 10 to 54 years, from 1990 to 2019. The annual variation of the MMR was estimated in 1990, 2010, and 2019. The MMR were shown for specific causes as well as for five-year age groups. The estimates were presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). RESULTS The number of maternal deaths, as well as the MMR showed a 49% reduction from 1990 to 2019. This reduction occurred heterogeneously throughout the country, and the profile of the MMR for specific causes changed between 1990 and 2019: from hypertensive gestation diseases, to indirect maternal deaths, followed by hypertensive gestation diseases. In the extreme age groups, the MMR is higher, with mortality increasing exponentially in direct proportion with age. CONCLUSIONS Maternal deaths in Brazil have decreased substantially since 1990; however, the numbers still fall short of what was established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Indirect causes are the greatest problem in more than 60% of the FU, especially for hypertensive pregnancy diseases.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazil ranks 5th in the number of deaths due to road injuries. This study aimed to analyze mortality and disabilities resulting from road injuries in Brazil, and to assess the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing deaths due to road injuries by 50% by 2030. METHODS: This descriptive and exploratory study used the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019: indicators of mortality, premature deaths, and disabilities according to sex, age group, and type of transport for 1990, 2015, and 2019. Time trends in mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were assessed, and a projection for 2030 was calculated, applying a linear regression model. RESULTS: Deaths due to road injuries were 44,236 in 1990, and 44,529 in 2019, representing a 43% reduction in mortality rates. The highest rates were in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil, in males and young adults. A 77% reduction was observed in mortality rates for pedestrians and an increase of 53% for motorcyclists and of 54% for cyclists during the period. In terms of motorcycle road injuries, the mortality rate for men increased from 7.3/100,000 (1990) to 11.7/100,000 inhabitants (2019). The rates of premature deaths and disabilities were also higher for men when compared to women. Amputations, fractures, spinal cord injuries, and head trauma were the main types of road injuries. The projections for 2030 show that Brazil might not reach the SDG target. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in mortality rates, the 2030 Agenda’s target might not be achieved.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: To better understand trends in the main cause of death in Brazil, we sought to analyze the burden of cardiovascular risk factors (RF) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) attributable to specific RFs in Brazil from 1990 to 2019, using the estimates from the GBD 2019 study. METHODS: To estimate RF exposure, the Summary Exposure Value (SEV) was used, whereas for disease burden attributed to RF, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) due to CVD were used. For comparisons over time and between states, we compared age-standardized rates. The sociodemographic index (SDI) was used as a marker of socioeconomic conditions. RESULTS: In 2019, 83% of CVD mortality in Brazil was attributable to RF. For SEV, there was a reduction in smoking and environmental RF, but an increase in metabolic RF. High systolic blood pressure and dietary risks continue to be the main RF for CVD mortality and DALY. While there was a decline in age-standardized mortality rates attributable to the evaluated RF, there was also a stability or increase in crude mortality rates, with the exception of smoking. It is important to highlight the increase in the risk of death attributable to a high body mass index. Regarding the analysis per state, SEVs and mortality attributable to RF were higher in those states with lower SDIs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the reduction in CVD mortality and DALY rates attributable to RF, the stability or increase in crude rates attributable to metabolic RFs is worrisome, requiring investments and a renewal of health policies.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Monitoring trends in risk factors (RFs) and the burden of diseases attributable to exposure to RFs is an important measure to identify public health advances and current inadequate efforts. Objective: Analyze the global burden of disease attributable to exposure RFs in Brazil, and its changes from 1990 to 2019, according to the sex and age group. METHODS: This study used data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The Summary Exposure Value, which represents weighted prevalence by risk, was used to estimate exposure to RFs. The mortality and DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) measurements were used to estimate the burden of diseases. For comparisons by year and between Brazilian states, age-standardized rates were used. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension was the factor responsible for most deaths in both sexes. For DALYs, the most important RF was the high body mass index (BMI) for women and alcohol consumption for men. Smoking had a substantial reduction in the attributable burden of deaths in the period. An important reduction was identified in the exposure to RFs related to socioeconomic development, such as unsafe water, lack of sanitation, and child malnutrition. Metabolic RFs, such as high BMI, hypertension, and alcohol consumption showed an increase in the attributable burden. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings point to an increase in metabolic RFs, which are the main RFs for mortality and DALYs. These results can help to consolidate and strengthen public policies that promote healthy lifestyles, thus reducing disease and death.