ABSTRACT Background: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation is a part from the treatment of the refractory neuropathic pain to a medical treatment, interventionism or central neurostimulation which have not work. Methods: This observational, prospective study show the results of 10 patients who has been implanted a Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation (DRGS) system following the clinical practice. All the patients suffer from refractory neuropathic pain to a medical and interventionism treatment. Eight of these patients passed the test phase due to an improvement of 50 %, 5 cases were patients who suffer from a traumatic or postsurgical peripheral nerve injury. The main objectives of the study were the assessment of changes in pain intensity, functionality and levels of anxiety and depression. The follow-up time was 6 months after the implantation of the generator. Results: Eight patients passed the test phase when a decrease in pain intensity was found to be greater than 50 %, 5 of these suffered pains secondary to traumatic or postsurgical peripheral nerve injury, the other three suffered neuropathic pains of other origins. We found a 63 % decrease in pain intensity in the VAS, a 70 % subjective general improvement, a clear decrease in analgesia, a functional improvement on the Oswestry scale, and an improvement in anxiety and depression levels (HAD scale). The best results were obtained in patients with electrode implanted at L5 root for the treatment of pain in the foot or ankle and allodynia. We found an absence of changes in stimulation in relation to posture and an area of stimulation similar with the area of pain. The complications were few and not severe. Conclusion: To conclude, this technique is an effective, safe and it will probably have a great future in the field of neurostimulation for refractory neuropathic pain.

RESUMEN Introducción: La estimulación del ganglio de la raíz dorsal forma parte del manejo terapéutico del dolor neuropático refractario en aquellos casos donde el tratamiento médico, intervencionista o la estimulación central no han podido dar solución al mismo. Metodología: Se presentan los resultados de un estudio observacional, prospectivo, en 10 pacientes a los que les ha sido implantado el sistema de estimulación del ganglio de la raíz dorsal (EGRD), según la práctica clínica habitual, para el alivio de dolores neuropáticos refractarios al tratamiento médico e intervencionista. Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron la valoración en los cambios de la intensidad del dolor, en la funcionalidad y en los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 6 meses tras el implante del generador. Resultados: 8 pacientes superaron la fase de prueba al constatarse una disminución de la intensidad del dolor superior al 50 %: 5 de estos sufrían dolores secundarios a lesión nerviosa periférica traumática o postquirúrgica, los otros 3 padecían dolores neuropáticos de otros orígenes. Se constató una disminución de la intensidad del dolor del 63 % en la EVA, mejoría general subjetiva del 70 %, disminución de la toma de analgésicos, mejoría funcional en la escala Oswestry, así como en los niveles de ansiedad y depresión (Escala HAD). Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en los pacientes en los que se les implantó un electrodo en el ganglio de la raíz dorsal L5 para el tratamiento de dolores en miembros inferiores y con sensación de alodinia. No se objetivaron cambios en la estimulación en relación con la postura y sí gran concordancia entre el área de parestesia y del dolor. Las complicaciones fueron escasas y en ningún caso graves. Conclusión: Se trata de una técnica eficaz, segura y que probablemente tendrá un gran futuro dentro del campo de la neuroestimulación para los dolores neuropáticos refractarios.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present meta-analytical study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol in the diet on the productive performance, nutrient digestibility and the characteristics of the carcass and meat of fattening goats. A systematic review was made using the Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and SciELO databases. Keywords such as crude glycerine, intake, goat, kids, carcass, meat quality were used. As inclusion criteria of the scientific articles, the presence of a control treatment (0% glycerol) and at least a percentage of glycerol in the diet, data regarding the digestibility of nutrients, productive response, characteristics of the carcass and meat and glycerol level in crude glycerin were considered in papers published between 2014 and 2019. In total, 56 articles were selected, of which 11 met the inclusion criteria. Given the heterogeneity or amplitude of the glycerol levels, the levels were grouped: 0, 1.27-4.38 and 6.40-9.60% of glycerol based on the dry matter of the diet. Normality, variance and regression analyses were performed from the data of each variable within each level of glycerol in the diet. The high variation of glycerol levels in crude glycerine was evidenced. Glycerol up to 9.60% in the diet does not compromise digestibility, consumption, main characteristics of the carcass and goat meat.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio meta-analítico fue evaluar el efecto del glicerol en la dieta sobre el comportamiento productivo, digestibilidad de nutrientes y las características de la canal y carne de cabras en engorde. Se hizo una revisión sistemática utilizando las bases de datos de Google Scholar, ScienceDirect y SciELO. Palabras clave como crude glycerin, intake, goat, kids, carcass, meat quality fueron utilizados. Como criterios de inclusión de los artículos científicos se consideraron la presencia de un tratamiento testigo (0% de glicerol) y por lo menos un porcentaje de glicerol en la dieta, datos referentes a la digestibilidad de los nutrientes, respuesta productiva, características de la canal y carne y nivel de glicerol en la glicerina bruta en trabajos publicados entre 2014 y 2019. Se seleccionaron 56 artículos, de los cuales 11 reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Ante la heterogeneidad o amplitud de los niveles de glicerol, los niveles fueron agrupados: 0, 1.27-4.38 y 6.40-9.60% de glicerol en base a la materia seca de la dieta. Análisis de normalidad, variancia y de regresión fueron realizadas a partir de los datos de cada variable dentro de cada nivel de glicerol en la dieta. Se evidenció la alta variación de los niveles de glicerol en glicerina bruta. Glicerol hasta 9.60% en la dieta no compromete la digestibilidad, consumo, principales características de la canal y carne de cabra.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el virus SARS-CoV-2 es responsable de la segunda pandemia del siglo XXI. Desde su aparición en China a finales de 2019, se asocia a neumonía y considera como un virus respiratorio más. Sin embargo, durante su diseminación global demuestra su capacidad para producir daño a otros órganos con manifestaciones clínicas nunca antes descritas para otros virus respiratorios. Objetivo: describir la evidencia científica que respalde el daño extrapulmonar directo producido por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en etapas tardías de la infección, que apoyan su naturaleza bifásica y distinta frente a otros virus respiratorios. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de artículos referente al tema en las bases de datos MEDLINE accedido desde PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. También se tuvieron en cuenta artículos publicados en los repositorios de preimpresión como medRxiv, BioRxiv. Mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias Mendeley, se eliminaron los duplicados y aquellos que no se ajustaban al objetivo del estudio, se seleccionaron 63 artículos para la revisión. Resultados: la evidencia sugiere que el SARS-CoV-2 tiene tropismo no solo limitado a las vías respiratorias. La progresión clínica de la COVID-19 presenta un curso bifásico, con manifestaciones de tipo gripal en la primera fase y episodios postagudos y persistentes en la fase tardía, ocasionados por el daño directo al sistema nervioso central, cardiovascular, endocrino y renal. Conclusiones: la infección por SARS-CoV-2 no debe considerarse solo como una infección aguda y circunscrita a las vías respiratorias.

ABSTRACT Background: the SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the second pandemic of the 21st century. Since its appearance in China at the end of 2019, it has been associated with pneumonia and considered to be just another respiratory virus. However, during its global spread, it shows its ability to damage other organs with clinical manifestations never before described for other respiratory viruses. Objective: to describe the scientific evidence that supports the direct extra-pulmonary damage produced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in late stages of infection, which supports its biphasic nature and different from other respiratory viruses. Methods: a search of the articles was carried out in the MEDLINE databases accessed from PubMed, SciELO and LILACS. Articles published in prepress repositories such as medRxiv, BioRxiv were also taken into account. Using the Mendeley reference manager and search manager, duplicates and those that did not meet the objective of the study were eliminated, selecting 63 articles for the present review. Results: the evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has a tropism not only limited to the respiratory tract. The clinical progression of COVID-19 presents a biphasic course, with flu-like manifestations in the first phase and post-acute and persistent episodes in the late phase, caused by direct damage to the central nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and renal systems. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection should not be considered only as an acute infection limited to the respiratory tract.

ABSTRACT The current Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has severely impacted the economy and health care system in more than 180 countries around the world in an unprecedented event, which since its inception has resulted in countless case reports focusing on the potentially fatal systemic and respiratory manifestations of the disease. However, the full extent of possible neurological manifestations caused by this new virus is not yet known. Understanding the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the nervous system is essential to assessing likely short- and long-term pathologic consequences. This review seeks to gather and discuss evidence on the occurrence of neurological manifestations and/or nervous system involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

RESUMEN La actual pandemia producida por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), ha impactado gravemente la economía y el sistema de salud en más de 190 países de todo el mundo en un evento sin precedentes, que desde su inicio ha dado lugar a innumerables informes de casos centrados en las manifestaciones sistémicas y respiratorias potencialmente mortales de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, aún no se conoce por completo el alcance de las posibles manifestaciones neurológicas causadas por este nuevo virus. Comprender la interacción del SARS-CoV-2 con el sistema nervioso es esencial para evaluar las probables consecuencias patológicas a corto y largo plazo. Esta revisión busca reunir y discutir la evidencia sobre la ocurrencia de manifestaciones neurológicas y/o compromiso del sistema nervioso en pacientes infectados con SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract In this experiment five sugar beet mono-germ cultivars were evaluated in Peruvian arid northern coast. Work was made in Alluvial soils (Entisols) highly saline (5.38 to 22.5 dS m-1), located at sugar cane Casa Grande enterprise where normally not a single crop develops. Experiment was done in a blocks complete randomized design with five treatments and 20 replications. Irrigation was with well water, and fertilization was with urea (180 kg ha-1 of N). N gains and loses balance shows that 421 kg ha-1 of N are incorporated to soil and 374 kg ha-1 of N are lost. Gains wins to lost in 47 kg ha-1 of N. Furthermore it was found that in these marginal soils, highly saline, sugar beets produce high root yields (81.69 t ha-1) for sugar o alcohol production and high leafs and crowns yields (40.77 t ha-1) for livestock aliment.

Resumen En el presente experimento fueron evaluados cinco cultivares monogermen de remolacha azucarera, en la costa árida del norte del Perú. Se trabajó en un suelo aluvial (Entisols) altamente salino (5,38 a 22,5 dS m-1) de la empresa azucarera Casa Grande con el fin de estudiar el comportamiento de la remolacha azucarera en dicho suelo, donde normalmente no prospera ningún cultivo. El experimento de hizo en bloques completos al azar, con cinco tratamientos y 20 repeticiones. El campo se regó con agua de pozo y se fertilizó con urea (180 kg ha-1 de N). Realizado el balance entre las ganancias y pérdidas de N, se encontró que se incorporan al suelo 421 kg ha-1 de N y que se pierden de este 374 kg ha-1 de N, habiendo superado las ganancias a las pérdidas en 47 kg ha-1 de N. Además se encontró que en estos suelos marginales, altamente salinos, la remolacha azucarera produce altos rendimientos (81,69 t ha-1) de raíces para la producción de azúcar o alcohol y altos rendimientos de hojas más coronas (40,77 t ha-1) para alimentación del ganado.

The evaluation of renal function in older adults is usually carried out with a creatinine clearance or an estimation of glomerular filtration rate using formulas such as Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD or CKD-EPI. The results obtained with these formulas are often regarded as equivalent. However, in adults older than 70 years, the Cockcroft-Gault formula frequently underestimates the glomerular filtration rate with respect to reference methods and the MDRD formula overestimates it. CKD-EPI has a more unpredictable behavior. This leads to erroneously classifying patients in the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), artificially increasing the prevalence of this condition, overloading health systems and generating emotional disorders in patients mistakenly classified as carriers of CKD. Also, when kidney function is overestimated, CKD patients are prevented from receiving the treatments appropriate for their condition. In recent years, new formulas have been proposed (FAS, BIS) with a greater accuracy to estimate glomerular filtration rate in older adults. This review describes the behavior of these formulas in a significant number of older adults, from various countries, and proposes using those equations with the best performance in older adults.

RESUMEN. Este artículo busca determinar el impacto de los equipos caninos detectores de restos humanos de la Policía Nacional de Colombia durante 10 años, desde que en 2007 se inició un protocolo con binomios (guía-canino). Mediante el estudio de 5 binomios que han desarrollado búsquedas en varias regiones colombianas, se establecen los factores ambientales, el tipo de terreno, el posible grupo criminal implicado y la ubicación geográfica, entre otras muchas variables que participan en los registros realizados tanto en desastres naturales como en casos de desaparición y delitos asociados. Como resultado del análisis de estos escenarios, se hace un aporte a la estrategia para el abordaje de homicidios y desapariciones y el hallazgo de elementos materiales probatorios para la justicia.

ABSTRACT. This article aims to determine the 10-year impact of the Colombian National Police's canine human remains detection teams since the dog-guide partnership protocol was initiated in 2007. Five partnerships that have carried out searches in various Colombian regions were used to establish the environmental factors, type of terrain, the possible criminal group involved, and geographic location, among many other variables involved in the searches, carried out in natural disasters, disappearances, and associated crimes. As a result of analyzing of these scenarios, a contribution is made to the strategy for addressing murders and disappearances and finding material evidence for justice.

Abstract Introduction: Obesity has consequences for the health system due to the association with morbidity and mortality and the effect on quality of life. At the individual level, obesity generates proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis that accelerate the decrease in glomerular filtration. Objective: To determine the association between obesity and glomerular filtration rate in a population with arterial hypertension. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study that analyzed obesity and glomerular filtration in 3,197 patients with arterial hypertension from a first-level care institution. Medical records were reviewed obtaining sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, clinical parameters, and classification of chronic kidney disease. Results: The population had an average age of 64 years (SD 12.47), and the majority were female (70.58%). The prevalence of obesity grade I was (26.11%), grade II (9.63%) and grade III (4.56%). Obese had a median rate of glomerular filtration superior compared to non-obese, but this difference was observed only in stages I and grade II grade. Conclusion: There is an association between obesity and an increase in the glomerular filtration rate only in stages I and II. Abdominal circumference, uncontrolled blood pressure and LDL were variables that influence the average glomerular filtration rate, having a different behavior by degree of chronic kidney disease.

Resumen Introducción: La obesidad tiene consecuencias para el sistema de salud por su asociación con la morbimortalidad y la afectación de la calidad de vida. A nivel individual genera proteinuria y glomeruloesclerosis, que aceleran la disminución de la filtración glomerular. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre obesidad y tasa de filtración glomerular en población con hipertensión arterial. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, que analizó la obesidad y filtración glomerular en 3.197 pacientes con hipertensión arterial de una institución de primer nivel de atención. Se revisaron historias clínicas obteniendo variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, parámetros clínicos, y clasificación de la enfermedad renal crónica. Resultados: La población tuvo un promedio de edad de 64±12,47 años, y en su mayoría fueron del sexo femenino (70,58%). La prevalencia de obesidad grado I fue (26,11%), grado II (9,63%) y grado III (4,56%). Los obesos tuvieron una mediana de la tasa de filtrado glomerular superior comparado con los no obesos, pero dicha diferencia solo fue observada en los estadios de ERC I y II. Conclusión: Existe asociación entre obesidad e incremento de la tasa de filtrado glomerular solamente en estadios I y II. El perímetro abdominal, la tensión arterial no controlada y el LDL fueron variables que influyen en el promedio de la tasa de filtrado glomerular, pero tienen un comportamiento diferente por grado de enfermedad renal crónica.

Creatinine excretion is widely used as a method to evaluate the adequacy of urine collection in different clinical settings. Many factors influence its elimination, such as protein intake, exercise, muscle mass, age, and sex, among many others. As 24-hour urine collections can be cumbersome, several equations have been developed to aid clinicians to correctly interpret results derived from them. In this review article, we report the factors that can modify creatinine excretion and we evaluate the accuracy of different published equations to estimate 24-hour urine creatinine excretion.

Background: The number of patients waiting for a lung transplant worldwide greatly exceeds the number of available donors. Ex vivo lung perfusion is a useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be evaluated and reconditioned for a successful lung transplantation. Aim: To describe the first Chilean and Latin American experience in ex vivo lung perfusion for marginal donor lungs before transplantation. Material and Methods: Descriptive analysis of all ex vivo lung perfusion conducted for marginal donor lungs at a private clinic, from April 2019 to October 2020. High risk donor lungs and rejected lungs from other transplantation centers were included. The “Toronto Protocol” was used for ex vivo lung perfusion. Donor lung characteristics and recipient outcomes were studied. Results: During the study period, five ex vivo lung perfusions were performed. All lungs were reconditioned and transplanted. No complications were associated. There were no primary graft dysfunctions and only one chronic allograft dysfunction. There was no mortality during the first year. The median arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen ratio increased from 266 mm Hg in the donor lung to 419 after 3 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion (p = 0.043). Conclusions: ex vivo lung perfusion is a safe and useful tool that allows marginal donor lungs to be reconditioned and successfully transplanted.

Background: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation in older adults using a creatinine clearance/24-hour (CrCl) or an equation based on serum creatinine, are often considered equivalent by clinicians. Aim: To compare GFR estimated (eGFR) with the available equations and measured CrCl in patients ≥ 70 years. A secondary aim was to know the differences in chronic kidney disease (CKD) classification, when using the different eGFR formulas. Patients and Methods: In 144 patients aged 77 ± 5 years (58% men), CrCl was measured and GFR was estimated using MDRD, CKD-EPI, BIS-1 and FAS formulas. The eGFR and the stage of CKD were compared according to the different equations used. Results: GFR estimated by MDRD and CKD-EPI equations was 7.8 and 8.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower than 24-hour ClCr, respectively. This difference was even greater using the BIS-1 and FAS equations. Twenty-four-hour CrCl classified 47.2% of the patients in a category of renal function > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, while MDRD and CKD-EPI equations classified just over a third, and BIS-1 and FAS formulas around 20% of the patients. Conclusions: The practice of considering equivalent the GFR estimation using the creatinine-based equations with measured creatinine clearance in older adults should be reconsidered, because their results differ markedly.

ABSTRACT Cross-sectional studies are epidemiological design which can be considered as descriptive or analytical designs depending on the general objective. This is a quickly and economical design and allows to calculate the prevalence of a condition. Also, the relationship of temporality between the exposition and the outcome is being measured simultaneously on a unique period, not being possible to identify a directionality in the temporality. When there is an analytic objective, the association measure used is the Prevalence Ratio (PR), specially when the prevalence of the outcome is more or equal to 10% or the Odds Ratio (OR) when that prevalence is lower. To quantify this association different regression models like Binomial log or Poisson log can be used, including generalized lineal models. If the association measure is OR, the most common used model is the multiple logistic regression.

RESUMEN Los estudios observacionales transversales pueden ser de tipo descriptivos o también analíticos dependiendo del objetivo general. Este diseño es rápido, económico y permite el cálculo directo de la prevalencia de una condición. Además, la relación de temporalidad entre la exposición y el efecto son medidas de forma simultánea en un único período, no siendo posible identificar una direccionalidad en la temporalidad. Cuando estos estudios persiguen un objetivo general analítico, la medida de asociación es la Razón de Prevalencias (RP), especialmente cuando la prevalencia del efecto es mayor o igual a 10% o el Odds Ratio (OR) cuando la prevalencia es baja. Para cuantificar esta asociación pueden utilizarse diferentes modelos de regresión como el binomial log o Poisson log, incluyendo los modelos lineales generalizados. Cuando la medida de asociación a utilizar es el OR, el modelo más comúnmente empleado es la regresión logística múltiple.

Abstract The representing of a student’s knowledge in an academic discipline plays an important role in boosting the student’s skills. To support stakeholders in the educational domain, it is necessary to provide them with robust assessment strategies that facilitate the teaching-learning process. Student´s mastery is determined by the degree of knowledge, which demonstrates objectively, on the topics included in the different areas that make up an academic discipline. Although there is a wide variety of techniques to represent knowledge, particularly Knowledge Graph technique is becoming relevant due to the structured approach and benefits it offers. This paper proposes a method that classifies and weights the nodes (topics) of a Knowledge Graph of a disciplinary area, which is analyzed through a case study. The method has two approaches: avoid exhaustive evaluation of the nodes and weight the nodes with adequate precision. Method´s application is illustrated by a case study. As results, a Knowledge Graph is obtained with its classified and weighted nodes through the application of the proposed method, in which 100% of the topics have been impacted through the objective evaluation of 20.8% representing 10 nodes. It is concluded that the proposed method has potential to be used in the representation and management of knowledge, being necessary to improve phases’ iteration to condition number of objective nodes.

Resumen La representación del conocimiento de un estudiante en un área disciplinar juega un rol importante para impulsar sus habilidades. Para apoyar a los involucrados en el ámbito educativo es necesario proporcionarles estrategias de evaluación robustas que faciliten el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El dominio de un estudiante es determinado por el grado de conocimiento que demuestra, de forma objetiva, sobre los temas incluidos en las diferentes áreas que componen un campo disciplinar. Aunque existe una amplia variedad de técnicas, el grafo de conocimiento en particular está adquiriendo relevancia por el enfoque estructurado y los beneficios que ofrece. Este trabajo propone un método que clasifica y pondera los nodos (temas) de un grafo de conocimiento de un área disciplinar, el cual es analizado mediante un estudio de caso. El método tiene dos enfoques: evitar la evaluación exhaustiva de los nodos y ponderar los nodos con precisión adecuada. Como resultado se obtiene un grafo de conocimiento con sus nodos clasificados y ponderados mediante la aplicación del método propuesto, en el cual 100% de los temas ha sido impactado mediante la evaluación objetiva de 20.8% que representa 10 nodos. Se concluye que el método propuesto tiene potencial para ser utilizado en la representación y la gestión del conocimiento, por lo que es necesario mejorar la iteración de sus fases para condicionar la cantidad de nodos objetivos.

Abstract This document shows a model that seeks the sustainability of the Usable Solid Waste (USW) market in Bogotá, based on System Dynamics (SD), in order to understand the complex behavior of the phenomena that should be presented in this city market in the context of sustainability. Dynamic hypothesis suggests that two negative feedback structures exits, one that represents demand and another that represents supply and that interact under the assumption of free market with government intervention. Different strategies were modeled on both the demand side and the supply side to manage the system. As conclusion, the linear way in which the USW market currently develops is not adequate. It is necessary to institutionalize the market using the price so that it contributes to its sustainability and that both demand and supply are encouraged at the same time. Besides, district policy oriented to supply must be in accordance with the national policy that encourages demand to use more USW. Likewise, the internalization by all the actors of the market and applicability of the norm is required. The creation of public-private partnerships is required for the development of innovative projects in this area.

Resumo O presente documento mostra um modelo que busca a sustentabilidade do mercado de Resíduos Sólidos Utilizáveis (USW) em Bogotá, com base na Dinâmica de Sistemas (SD), para entender o comportamento complexo dos fenômenos que devem apresentar-se neste mercado de cidade no contexto da sustentabilidade. A hipótese dinâmica sugere que há duas estruturas de comentário negativo, uma que representa a demanda e o outra que representa a oferta, e que interage baixo à suposição de mercado livre com a intervenção do governo. Diferentes estratégias foram moldadas em ambos os lados, tanto demanda quanto oferta, para dirigir o sistema. Como conclusão, o caminho linear no qual o mercado USW atualmente se desenvolve, não é adequado. É necessário institucionalizar o mercado usando o preço de maneira que contribua para a sua sustentabilidade e que tanto a demanda como a oferta sejam estimuladas ao mesmo tempo. Além disso, a política de distrito orientada para o fornecimento, deve estar conformada à política nacional que estimula a exigência de usar mais USW. Do mesmo modo, é necessário que todos os atores do mercado internalizem e apliquem as normas. Também é necessária a criação de alianças entre os setores público e privado para o desenvolvimento de projetos inovadores nesta área.

Abstract This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of Trichinella infection in horses (Equus ferus caballus) handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in Mexico. Serum samples were obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling in the Eastern, Southern Central and Western regions (100 samples of each). Additionally, muscle tissue samples were collected from the East (n = 45), Southeastern (n = 88), Southern Central (n = 39) and Southwestern (n = 11) regions. Antibodies were determined by Western blot and the muscle tissue was examined by artificial digestion. A global antibody prevalence of 2% was obtained. Regionally, a prevalence of 5% was observed in the East and 1% in the Southern Central region. No antibodies were detected in the West region and no larvae were found in the muscle tissue samples. These findings support the low presence of Trichinella in Mexican horses, which can positively impact the Mexican horse meat trade.

Resumen Se investigó la prevalencia de Trichinella en caballos (Equus ferus caballus) demataderos rurales en cinco regiones socioeconómicas de México. Los sueros se obtuvieron por Trichinella muestreo de conveniencia no probabilístico en las regiones Este, Centrosur y Oeste (100 muestras de cada una). Además se colectaron muestras de tejido muscular de animales de las regionesEste (n = 45), Centro Sur (n = 39), Sudeste (n = 88) y Sudoeste (n = 11). Los anticuerpos se determinaron por Western blot y el tejido muscular se examinó por digestión artificial. Se obtuvo una prevalencia global de anticuerpos del 2%. A nivel regional se observó una prevalencia del 5% enel Este y del 1% en el Centrosur. No se detectaron anticuerpos en el Oeste y no se encontraron larvas en el tejido muscular. Los datos respaldan la baja presencia de Trichinella en caballos mexicanos, lo que puede impactar positivamente en su comercio.