ABSTRACT: Neurofibromas are neoplasms derived from nerve bundles and are frequent in humans but not common in animals. This report described the macroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemistry findings of an orbitofacial neurofibroma in a sow. The sow presented left eyelids with marked expansion, associated with severe ectropion and reddening of both conjunctival mucosae. The mass on the cutting surface was homogeneous, with a light tan, and shiny, measuring 9.0 x 7.0 x 7.0 cm in width, compressing the eyeball. Microscopically, there was paucicellular neoplastic proliferation of elongated cells amid the accentuated myxoid matrix. There were multifocal areas where well-differentiated nervous fascicles and skeletal musculature were seen. Neoplastic cells were immunostained positive for GFAP, neurofilament, S-100, Sox-10, and vimentin. Cytokeratin showed immunolabeling around primitive nerve bundles and desmin around neoformed vessels and muscle bundles within the tumor. Orbitopalpebral and orbitofacial neurofibroma, despite being common in humans, have not been described in domestic pigs and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in eyelid tumors in pigs.

RESUMO: Neurofibromas são neoplasias derivadas dos feixes nervosos e são frequentes em humanos, mas incomuns em espécies animais domésticos. Esse relato tem como objetivo descrever os achados macroscópicos, histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um neurofibroma orbitofacial em uma matriz suína. O animal apresentava as pálpebras esquerdas acentuadamente expandidas, associada a severo ectrópio e avermelhamento de ambas as mucosas conjuntivais. A tumoração palpebral, na superfície de corte, era homogênea, levemente acastanhada e brilhante, medindo 9,0 x 7,0 x 7,0 cm, e comprimia o globo ocular. Microscopicamente foi observada uma proliferação neoplásica pobremente celular de células alongadas no meio de uma acentuada quantidade de matriz mixoide. Havia áreas intratumorias multifocais onde fascículos nervosos bem diferenciados e musculatura esquelética foram observados. As células neoplásicas foram positivas na imuno-histoquímica para GFAP, neurofilamento, S-100, Sox-10 e vimentina. Citoqueratina mostrou uma imunomarcação ao redor de feixes nervosos primitivos e desmina ao redor de vasos neoformados e feixes musculares dentro do tumor. O neurofibroma orbitofacial, apesar de comum em humanos, nunca foi descrito em suínos domésticos e deve ser considerado um diagnóstico diferencial para neoplasias palpebrais em suínos.

ABSTRACT The efficiency of irrigation systems is a priority issue for most countries in the world and Cuba is not exempt from this problem. One of the problems that affects the areas under irrigation in Cuban agriculture is the low efficiency during water management, for this reason, it is not enough to continue implementing new technologies in agricultural facilities, this effort must be complemented with an adequate level of efficient use of water and energy, which guarantees the conservation of these important resources. In this context, this methodological proposal aims to contribute to improving the efficient management of irrigation water in Cuban Agricultural Companies, through the use of tools and procedures based on scientific research and innovation, used internationally.

RESUMEN La eficiencia de los sistemas de riego constituye un tema prioritario para la mayoría de los países del mundo y Cuba no está exenta de esta problemática. Uno de los problemas que afectan a las áreas bajo riego en la agricultura cubana es la baja eficiencia durante el manejo del agua, por esta razón, no es suficiente continuar implantando novedosas tecnologías en las instalaciones agrícolas, este esfuerzo debe complementarse con un nivel adecuado de utilización eficiente del agua y la energía, que garantice la conservación de estos importantes recursos. En este contexto, la presente propuesta metodológica pretende contribuir a mejorar la gestión eficiente del agua de riego en las Empresas Agropecuarias cubanas, mediante el empleo de herramientas y procedimientos basados en la investigación científica e innovación, utilizados a nivel internacional.

ABSTRACT. The cultivation of special corns, such as baby corn, has had a positive influence on the economy of the country. Despite its importance, there is still a need for studies aimed at increasing production and planting areas of the crop. Phytosanitary studies are of particular interest, as the cultivation of such crops is susceptible to a series of pathogens, such as Bipolaris maydis, Exserohilum turcicum, and Puccinia polysora. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective way to prevent the occurrence of these diseases. Thus, the present study aimed to identify popcorn lines that have the potential for baby corn production and are resistant to the main leaf diseases that affect the crop. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with four replications of 30 lines in each area, during two planting seasons. The area was located at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo (IFES) Campus of Alegre, situated in Rive district, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Using the obtained data, the area under the disease progress curve was obtained. Subsequently, analysis of the joint variance of the data was conducted, and when a significant effect was found, a grouping of means test was conducted. The Mahalanobis distance for each pair of lines was also calculated, and the genetic distance matrix was used to construct a dendrogram using the UPGMA method. Considering the averages obtained for the three diseases (Southern corn leaf blight, Northern corn leaf blight, and Southern rust), lines L61, L63, L65, L683, L684, L685, L691, L694, and L695 were identified as possible donors of resistance alleles for multiple diseases. Multivariate analysis efficiently grouped the lines L61, L63, L684, L685, and L691, which are described as most resistant in the univariate analysis.

ABSTRACT Costa Rica has the need to implement strategic development policies in regions outside the GAM; for which it is necessary to know the productive and labor dynamics (competitiveness, specialization, and location) that the different territories present. Also, given that there are differences in the specialization of productive activities within each region, an effort must be made to evaluate the competitive advantages in the different territories, to obtain better results from public policies of productive transformation. For this, it is strategic to identify and define productive corridors, with the potential to articulate productive activities and generate convergence in terms of the productivity of the economic units (sectoral) and at the level of the different geographical areas (regional). For the case of this research, we have found very favorable location and specialization conditions for the development of the San José-Puerto Caldera corridor.

RESUMEN Costa Rica tiene la necesidad de implementar políticas estratégicas de desarrollo en las regiones fuera de la GAM; para lo cual se requiere conocer la dinámica productiva y laboral (competitividad, especialización y localización) que los distintos territorios presentan. También, dado que existen diferencias en la especialización de las actividades productivas dentro de cada región, se debe hacer un esfuerzo por evaluar las ventajas competitivas en los distintos territorios, con el fin de obtener mejores resultados de las políticas públicas de transformación productiva. Para esto es estratégico identificar y definir corredores productivos, con potencial de articular actividades productivas y generar convergencia en términos de la productividad de las unidades productivas (sectorial) y a nivel de las distintas zonas geográficas (regional). Para el caso particular de esta investigación, hemos encontrado condiciones de localización y de especialización muy favorables para el desarrollo del corredor San José-Puerto Caldera.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la apariencia de un instrumento de notificación de eventos adversos (EA) basado en el “Sistema de Notificación y Aprendizaje para la Seguridad del Paciente” propuesto por el Ministerio de Sanidad Español, desde la percepción de enfermeras y enfermeros de las Áreas de Medicinas y Cirugías del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia durante el I semestre del año 2017. A partir de un diseño cualitativo, participaron en la validación aparente del instrumento 15 enfermeros(as). No se registraron aportes en cuanto a la redacción y la secuencia lógica de la información. Se agregaron tres ítemes. Lo anterior, al considerar que las ideas expresadas estuvieran en concordancia con los principios de voluntariedad de la notificación, la no punibilidad, la confidencialidad, la orientación sistémica, la promoción del análisis para el aprendizaje y la implementación de mejoras. Se concluye que el instrumento es considerado adecuado para la notificación de eventos adversos asociados a la atención de la salud en dicho centro hospitalario.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi validar o aparecimento de um instrumento de notificação de eventos adversos (EA) baseado no “Sistema de Notificação e Aprendizado para Segurança do Paciente” proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde da Espanha, a partir da percepção dos enfermeiros. das Áreas de Medicina e Cirurgia do Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia durante o primeiro semestre de 2017. Com base em um desenho qualitativo, 15 enfermeiros participaram da aparente validação do instrumento. Não foram registradas contribuições quanto à escrita e sequência lógica das informações. Três itens foram adicionados. O exposto, considerando que as idéias expressas estavam de acordo com os princípios de denúncia voluntária, não punibilidade, confidencialidade, orientação sistêmica, promoção de análises para aprendizado e implementação de melhorias. Conclui-se que o instrumento é considerado adequado para a notificação de eventos adversos associados aos cuidados de saúde naquele centro hospitalar.

Abstract The objective of this study was to validate the appearance of an adverse event notification (EA) instrument based on the “System of Notification and Learning for Patient Safety” proposed by the Spanish Ministry of Health, from the perception of nurses of the Medicine and Surgery Areas of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital during the first semester of 2017. Based on a qualitative design, 15 nurses participated in the apparent validation of the instrument. No contributions were recorded regarding the writing and logical sequence of the information. Three items were added. The foregoing, considering that the ideas expressed were in accordance with the principles of voluntary reporting, non-punishability, confidentiality, systemic orientation, promotion of analysis for learning and implementation of improvements. It is concluded that the instrument is considered adequate for the notification of adverse events associated with health care in that hospital center.

RESUMEN Los recursos geotérmicos han sido encontrados con ayuda de técnicas de campo, geológicas, geoquímicas y geofísicas, las cuales, en algunas ocasiones, el difícil acceso al área de investigación, dificulta su aplicación, aumentando los costos de operación y restringiendo espacialmente las áreas de exploración. Los sensores remotos con infrarrojo termal, son una herramienta importante en la exploración de recursos geotérmicos, debido al bajo costo y alta eficiencia en el estudio de grandes áreas geográficas. En esta investigación se utilizaron e integraron imágenes termales de sensores remotos satelitales, con información geológica-geofísica existente, para la determinación de prospectos exploratorios de fuentes hidrotermales en la región geotérmica de Paipa, Boyacá. Las imágenes térmicas satelitales utilizadas son Landsat 7 ETM+ y Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS. También, se utilizaron datos de campo, de temperatura de suelo, temperatura de superficie, temperatura de aire, humedad relativa, presión atmosférica e imágenes térmicas de las manifestaciones geotérmicas. Las bandas termales Landsat fueron calibradas radiométricamente, posteriormente corregidas por efectos atmosféricos y emisividad de la superficie, aplicando algoritmos de un solo canal y Split Window, para Landsat 7 ETM+ y Landsat 8 TIRS, respectivamente. Los datos de campo contribuyeron a la corrección de las bandas termales, y los datos de temperatura de suelo, ayudaron a la creación de un mapa de temperatura subsuperficial a un metro de profundidad. Una vez se contaba con los insumos primarios y secundarios, en un SIG, se implementó un modelo espacial no ponderado, el cual utilizó cuatro variables de entrada (índice temperatura satelital, índice temperatura de suelo, índice lineamientos estructurales e índice iso-resistividad), para determinar las zonas de mayor probabilidad de encontrar fluidos geotérmicos. Se determinaron seis áreas de interés exploratorio para la extracción de fluidos hidrotermales, de las cuales, dos son ya conocidas y las cuatro restantes se proponen como prospectos. Los resultados permitieron concluir que los sensores remotos termales son una herramienta útil para el mapeo de anomalías geotérmicas en la región de Paipa, y combinando estas anomalías con información geológica-geofísica, es posible determinar áreas puntuales de exploración.

ABSTRACT Geothermal resources have been found with the help of conventional geological, geochemical, and geophysical techniques. However, in some cases, difficult access to research areas hinders its application, which in turn increases operating costs and restricts areas of exploration. Remote sensors with thermal infrared are an important tool in the exploration of geothermal resources due to the low cost and high efficiency in the study of large geographic areas. In this research, thermal images of remote satellite sensors are used and integrated with existing geological-geophysical information for the determination of exploratory prospects of hydrothermal vents in the geothermal region of Paipa, Boyacá. The satellite thermal images used are Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS. Radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, surface thermal emissivity calculation, a single-channel, and Split window algorithm were applied to retrieve the land surface temperature. Soil temperature, surface temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and thermal imagery of the geothermal manifestations were also used. The field data contributed to the correction of the thermal bands, and the soil temperature data helped to create a subsurface temperature map at one-meter depth. Once the primary and secondary data was available, in a GIS, an unweighted spatial model was implemented, which used four input indicators (satellite temperature index, soil temperature index, structural lineaments index, and iso-resistivity index), to determine the areas most likely to find geothermal fluids. Six areas of exploratory interest for the extraction of hydrothermal fluids were determined, of which two are already known, and the remaining four are proposed as prospects. The results allowed us to conclude that thermal remote sensors are a useful tool for the mapping of geothermal anomalies in the Paipa region, and by combining these anomalies with geological-geophysical information, it is possible to determine specific areas of exploration.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los factores asociados con estancias prolongadas en uci neonatal. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo retrospectivo, de corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico a partir de los Registros Individuales de Prestación de Servicios (RIPS) y la facturación de una Empresa Prestadora de Servicios de Salud (EPS) de Colombia. Se estimó un modelo logístico binomial tomando como variable dependiente estancias prolongadas. Resultados: la mediana de la duración en estancia en uci de los 947 neonatos incluidos en el análisis fue de 3 días y una estancia promedio de 4.8 días (amplitud intercuartílica de 1-5 días). Respecto a los determinantes, la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y la edad de la madre mantienen una relación inversa con la probabilidad de generar días estancias, residir en zonas urbanas y contar con un buen control prenatal se convierten en factores protectores. Conclusión: el control prenatal es una intervención eficiente y efectiva para la gestión del riesgo de la salud, así como disminuir los embarazos en las mujeres jóvenes (<18 años) y mayores (>35 años) cumplirían un papel fundamental en la reducción de estancias prolongadas en uci neonatal.

Abstract Objective: To determine the factors associated with prolonged stays in neonatal icu. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study based on the Individual Service Delivery Registries (RIPS) and the billing of a Health Services Provider Company (EPS) of Colombia. A binomial logistic model was estimated using prolonged stays as a dependent variable. Results: The median length of stay in the icu of the 947 neonates included in the analysis was three days with an average sojourn of 4.8 days (interquartile range of 1-5 days). Regarding the determinants: gestational age, birth weight and age of the mother, they have an inverse relationship with the probability of ge nerating stays, while living in urban areas and having accurate prenatal control become protective factors. Conclusion: Prenatal control is an efficient and effective intervention for managing health risk, also reducing pregnancies in young (<18 years) and older women (> 35 years) would play a key role in decreasing prolonged stays in neonatal icu.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar os fatores associados a estadias prolongadas na uci neonatal. Materiais e métodos: estudo de tipo retrospectivo, de corte transversal, descritivo e analítico a partir dos Registros Individuais de prestação de serviços (RIPS) e a faturação de uma Empresa Prestadora de Serviços de Saúde (EPS) da Colômbia. Se estimou um modelo logístico binomial tomando como variável dependente estadias pro longadas. Resultados: a mediana da duração em estadias na uci dos 947 neonatos incluídos na análise foi de 3 dias e uma estadia média de 4.8 dias (amplitude interquartílica de 1-5 dias). Respeito aos deter minantes, a idade gestacional, o peso ao nascer e a idade da mãe mantêm uma relação inversa com a probabilidade de gerar dias estadias, residir em zonas urbanas e contar com um bom controle pré-natal tornam-se em fatores protetores. Conclusão: o controle pré-natal é uma intervenção eficiente e efetiva para a gestão do risco da saúde, assim como diminuir as gravidezes nas mulheres jovens (<18 anos) e maiores (>35 anos) teriam um papel fundamental na redução de estadias prolongadas na uci neonatal.

Abstract: The first record of tricolored munia (Lonchura malacca) is presented in the state of Oaxaca, a species introduced in the Caribbean and which has rapidly colonized wetlands and coastal areas of Mesoamerica. The tricolored munia has been sighted since 1993; in Yucatán (1993, 1998, 2005, 2014, 2015), Quintana Roo (2003, 2004, 2016), Campeche (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013- 2017), Chiapas (2007, 2010, 2013), 2015), Tabasco (2012, 2014, 2016), Veracruz (2014), Jalisco (2015) and Oaxaca State (2016). The evaluation of the distribution of this species in Mexican territory is important from an ecological and economic perspective, considering that this species can become a pest for rice and sorghum crops, 2 of the most important crops of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Resumen: Se presenta el primer registro del capuchino tricolor (Lonchura malacca) en el estado de Oaxaca, una especie introducida en el Caribe y que rápidamente ha colonizado humedales y zonas costeras de Mesoamérica. En México, el capuchino tricolor ha sido avistado desde 1993; en Yucatán (1993, 1998, 2005, 2014, 2015), Quintana Roo (2003, 2004, 2016), Campeche (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013- 2017), Chiapas (2007, 2010, 2013, 2015), Tabasco (2012, 2014, 2016), Veracruz (2014), Jalisco (2015) y Oaxaca (2016). La evaluación de la distribución de esta especie en territorio mexicano es importante desde una perspectiva ecológica y económica, considerando que ésta puede convertirse en una plaga para los cultivos de arroz y sorgo, 2 de los cultivos más importantes en el istmo de Tehuantepec.

Abstract: The use of pesticides in crops bordering conservation areas poses risks for wildlife incidentally exposed; its effects in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, are still unknown. Wild mice that inhabit farming land play a key ecological role, and can also be used as bioindicators of wildlife exposure to pollutants. The objectives of this work were to determine the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OC) in liver and evaluate the seasonal response of enzymatic biomarkers (BM) such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT). Wild mice (Mus musculus) were captured between June 2015 and April 2016 in a watermelon crop of a rural community in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Individual mice were sacrificed in situ, followed by tissue dissection (liver, brain and skeletal muscle). Pesticides were determined by gas chromatography; BM activity was estimated by spectrophotometry. We captured 35 individuals, with a capture success of 2.33%. The prevailing OCs detected were drines in both climatic seasons. The rainy season influenced the activity of biomarkers to a greater extent, since AChE showed a lower activity (16 % and 40 % in brain and liver, respectively). GST was activated during the same season (77 % higher), while CAT did not show significant differences between seasons. There was no significant correlation between OC concentrations and biomarker activity, except for drines and AChE in the brain. OC concentrations recorded in the present work are below (2- and 20-fold lower) those reported in other works on rodents under controlled conditions. BM activity suggests that rainfall seem to exacerbate the effects of pesticides on mice; however, it seemingly does not pose a risk for their survival. The use of wild mice as bioindicators is a valuable and practical tool to detect disturbances derived from the use of pesticides in agricultural areas. Further research is recommended using a broader BM battery to identify those pollutants with the most severe effect on the physiology of wild animals incidentally exposed to pesticides.

Resumen: El uso de plaguicidas en cultivos aledaños a áreas de conservación, significa un riesgo para la fauna silvestre expuesta accidentalmente cuyos efectos son desconocidos, particularmente en la Península de Yucatán, México. Los ratones silvestres que habitan las regiones agrícolas, desempeñan un papel ecológico importante, además pueden servir como bioindicador de exposición a contaminantes. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados (OC) en hígado y evaluar la exposición a partir de la respuesta temporal de los biomarcadores enzimáticos (BM), tales como acetilcolinesterasa (AChE), glutatión-S-transferasa (GST) y catalasa (CAT). Ratones silvestres (Mus musculus) fueron capturados entre junio de 2015 y abril de 2016 en un cultivo de sandía de una comunidad agrícola, en Quintana Roo, México. Los individuos fueron sacrificados in situ y se le diseccionaron los tejidos (hígado, cerebro y músculo esquelético). La presencia de plaguicidas se determinó por cromatografía de gases. La actividad de los BM se determinó por espectofotometría. Se capturaron 35 individuos, con un éxito de captura de 2.33%. Los OC más detectados fueron los drines en ambas temporadas climáticas. La temporada lluviosa influyó más en la actividad de los biomarcadores, ya que la AChE mostró menor actividad (16 y 40 % en cerebro y músculo respectivamente), la GST aumentó su actividad para la misma temporada (77 % mayor), y finalmente la CAT no mostró diferencias significativas entre temporadas. No hubo correlación significativa entre las concentraciones de OC y la actividad de BM, a excepción de los drines y la AChE en cerebro. Las concentraciones de OC encontradas en el presente trabajo, están por debajo (entre 2 y 20 veces) de las reportadas en otros trabajos con roedores en condiciones controladas. La actividad de los BM refleja que las lluvias parecen acentuar los efectos de los plaguicidas sobre los ratones, sin embargo, puede no representar un escenario de riesgo para su sobrevivencia. La utilización de ratones silvestres como bioindicadores, es una herramienta útil y práctica para vislumbrar disturbios ocasionados por el uso de plaguicidas en zonas agrícolas. Se recomiendan trabajos complementarios y ampliar la batería de BM, para poder determinar con mayor precisión cuales son los contaminantes que afectan en mayor medida la fisiología de los animales silvestres expuestos accidentalmente.

The environmental and economic sustainability of the irrigation with underground water obtained from coastal aquifers requires of monitoring and periodic analysis that alert on the possible affectations in its quality and the effects on the system soil-plant. The objective of this work is to evaluate with spatial character the chemical quality of the underground waters used for watering in the South Western Plain of Pinar del Río by means of indicators as Electric Conductivity (EC), Relationship of corrected Sodium Adsorption (RSAº) and Toxic Ions. The results indicated that 100% of the sources is classified as saline, without restriction as for its use as regarding as the RSA. The concentration of toxic sodium and chlorine ions represent the biggest grade of restriction in the use of the waters, presenting both for the irrigation by aspersion more than 95% of the sources with severe restriction, for the superficial irrigation 86,4% of the sources presents moderated restriction by sodium, as for the chlorine 42,4% presents moderate restriction and 52,4% severe. The spatial character of the different indicators, accentuated in the areas near to the coast leaves clear the influence of the marine intrusion in the ionization of the waters.

La sostenibilidad ambiental y económica del regadío con aguas subterráneas provenientes de acuíferos costeros requieren de monitoreo y análisis periódicos que alerten sobre las posibles afectaciones en su calidad y los efectos contraídos sobre el sistema suelo-planta. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar con carácter espacial mediante indicadores como Conductividad Eléctrica (CE), Relación de Adsorción de Sodio corregido (RASº) e Iones Tóxicos la calidad química de las aguas subterráneas utilizadas para riego en la Llanura Sur Occidental de Pinar del Río. Los resultados indicaron que el 100% de las fuentes se clasifican como salinas, sin restricción en cuanto su utilización ante la RAS. La concentración de iones tóxicos Sodio y Cloro representan el mayor grado de restricción ante la utilización de las aguas, presentado ambos para el riego por aspersión más del 95% de las fuentes restricción severa, para el riego superficial el 86,4% de las fuentes presentan restricción moderada por sodio, en cuanto al cloro el 42,4% presentan restricción moderada y el 52,4% severa. El carácter espacial de los diferentes indicadores, acentuados en las zonas cercanas a la costa deja claro la influencia de la intrusión marina en la ionización de las aguas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the penile morphological modifications of pubertal and adult rats chronically treated with supra-physiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: two control groups, 105- and 65-day-old (C105 and C65, respectively) injected with peanut oil (vehicle); and two treated groups, 105- and 65-day-old (T105 and T65, respectively) injected with nandrolone decanoate at a dose of 10 mg Kg-1 of body weight. The rats were injected once a week for eight weeks. The rats were then killed and their penises were processed for histomorphometric analyses. The mean of each parameter was statistically compared. RESULTS: A corpus cavernosum reduction of 12.5% and 10.9% was observed in the T105 and T65 groups, respectively, when compared with their respective control groups. The cavernosum smooth muscle surface density diminished by 5.6% and 12.9% in the T65 and T105 groups, respectively, when compared with their controls. In contrast, the sinusoidal space increased by 17% in the T105 group and decreased by 9.6% in the T65 group. CONCLUSION: The use of supra-physiological doses of AAS promotes structural changes in the rat penis, by altering the proportions of corpus cavernosum tissues, in both pubertal and adult treated animals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different grazing pressures on the activity and diversity of soil bacteria. We performed a long-term experiment in Eldorado do Sul, southern Brazil, that assessed three levels of grazing pressure: high pressure (HP), with 4% herbage allowance (HA), moderate pressure (MP), with 12% HA, and low pressure (LP), with 16% HA. Two reference areas were also assessed, one of never-grazed native vegetation (NG) and another of regenerated vegetation after two years of grazing (RG). Soil samples were evaluated for microbial biomass and enzymatic (β-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and urease) activities. The structure of the bacterial community and the population of diazotrophic bacteria were evaluated by RFLP of the 16S rRNA and nifH genes, respectively. The diversity of diazotrophic bacteria was assessed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The presence of grazing animals increased soil microbial biomass in MP and HP. The structures of the bacterial community and the populations of diazotrophic bacteria were altered by the different grazing managements, with a greater diversity of diazotrophic bacteria in the LP treatment. Based on the characteristics evaluated, the MP treatment was the most appropriate for animal production and conservation of the Pampa biome.

Colombia, por su contexto geográfico, geológico, geomorfológico e hidrológico, es un país altamente susceptible a la ocurrencia de fenómenos naturales, como sismos, erupciones volcánicas, inundaciones y movimientos en masa, entre otros. Para mitigar la amenaza y abordar una gestión integral del riesgo, no solamente desde un punto de vista técnico, es necesario tener en cuenta las percepciones e imaginarios de la población expuesta. Este artículo tuvo como objeto contribuir a la gestión del riesgo a partir del análisis y la evaluación de las respuestas locales frente a los fenómenos naturales amenazantes, teniendo como categorías de exploración las percepciones e imaginarios de la población expuesta a riesgo inminente. La investigación, se realizó teniendo como marco la fenomenología y la etnografía y, para ello, se realizaron observaciones de campo, entrevistas, grupos focales y talleres con cartografía de percepción social aplicados para las zonas de influencia del volcán Galeras, volcán del Huila, inundaciones del Canal del Dique y de Tinjacá, sismo probable en Bogotá, deslizamientos en las localidades Ciudad Bolívar y Rafael Uribe, en la ciudad capital. Los resultados muestran diferentes percepciones e imaginarios sobre los fenómenos estudiados, los cuales, no siempre son considerados como amenaza; se encontró la importancia de la memoria histórica sobre los territorios, como un factor estratégico para la prevención de desastres; igualmente, se evidencian los desencuentros de los habitantes de zonas de amenaza respecto a la gestión del riesgo, que ejecutan las autoridades encargadas.

Colombia by its geographical, geological, geomorphological, hydrological context is highly susceptible to the occurrence of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and landslides among others country. In scenarios of risk, threatening natural phenomena provide a high vulnerability exposed elements. This article aims to contribute to the management of risk from an analysis and evaluation of local responses to threatening natural phenomena as a frame of analysis and imagined perceptions of the population exposed to imminent risk. The research was conducted as a frame phenomenology and ethnography, to do field observations, interviews, focus groups and workshops with social perception mapping applied to the areas of influence of Galeras Vulcano, Huila Vulcano, floods in the Canal del Dique and Tinjacá, probable earthquake in Bogota, landslides in Ciudad Bolívar and Rafael Uribe in Bogota. The results show different perceptions and images about the phenomena studied are not always considered as a threat; the importance of historical memory in the territories as an important strategic element for disaster prevention; also disagreements of people living in hazardous areas regarding risk management made by the responsible authorities are evident.

O trabalho objetivou estudar a influência de características da arborização das áreas verdes urbanas sobre a mirmecofauna. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Município de Três Rios-RJ, em um parque urbano e em cinco praças públicas arborizadas. Foram obtidas a densidade de árvores, a densidade de espécies de árvores e a temperatura do ar. As formigas foram coletadas no solo e sobre o tronco de árvores, com iscas de sardinha. Foram coletadas 44 espécies de formigas, 26 espécies no solo e 37 espécies nas árvores. A densidade de espécies de árvores influenciou positivamente o número total de espécies de formigas e a diversidade de espécies coletadas nas árvores. Conclui-se que o aumento da densidade de espécies de árvores nas áreas verdes urbanas pode colaborar para a conservação da diversidade biológica.

In this study, we investigated the influence of characteristics of afforestation of urban green areas on the ant fauna. The research was conducted in an urban park and five public squares in Três Rios, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. We obtained the density of trees, density of tree species, and air temperature. The ants were collected using sardine baits on the ground and on the trunk of trees. We collected 44 ant species: 26 species on the ground and 37 species on the trees. The density of tree species positively influenced the total number of ant species and the diversity of ant species collected on the trees. Thus, the increase of density of tree species in urban green areas can contribute to the conservation of biological diversity.

Multidisciplinary experts in the areas of nutrition and health met in Chinchón, Madrid, on November 25-26, 2013 under the auspices of the Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation) and with the collaboration of the Madrid Regional Government´s Health Ministry, the International Sweeteners Association and the Carlos III Health Institute CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition. They analyzed the current status of scientific knowledge on low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) and developed a consensus Decalogue on their use; this constitutes the Chinchón Declaration. Sweeteners, including sugar, represent a subject of undeniable interest and are currently a popular topic, although areas relating to their safety and benefits remain unknown to segments of academia and the general public. The nature of LNCS makes them vulnerable to biased and even contradictory information. They are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods, medicines and food supplements when non-nutritional or non-caloric alternatives are needed. The Chinchón Decalogue is the outcome of a meeting for reflection and consensus by a group of experts with backgrounds in different scientific disciplines (toxicology, clinical nutrition, community nutrition, physiology, food science, public health, pediatrics, endocrinology and nutrition, nursing, pharmaceutical care and food legislation). The Decalogue includes different aspects of LNCS related to regulation, use, benefits and safety. In general, benefits of LNCS have been traditionally neglected in comparison with the tendency for emphasising unexisting or unproven possible risks. The need to strengthen research on LNCS in Spain was emphasized, as well as the need to educate both professionals and the public.

Expertos de carácter multidisciplinar de las áreas de conocimiento de la nutrición y la salud reunidos en Chinchón, Madrid, los días 25 y 26 de noviembre de 2013 , bajo los auspicios de la Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional y con la colaboración de la Consejería de Sanidad del Gobierno de la Comunidad de Madrid, la International Sweeteners Association y el CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, analizaron el estado actual del conocimiento científico en torno a los Edulcorantes sin y bajos en calorías (ESBC) y desarrollaron un Decálogo sobre su uso que constituye la Declaración de Chinchón. Los edulcorantes, incluido el azúcar, constituyen un elemento de indudable interés y actualidad, aunque no exento de desconocimiento por algunos sectores tanto académicos como de la población en general. La propia naturaleza de los ESBC los hace susceptibles de informaciones tergiversadas e incluso contradictorias. Son aditivos alimentarios ampliamente utilizados como sustitutivos del azúcar para endulzar alimentos, medicamentos y complementos alimenticios cuando se persiguen fines no nutritivos. El Decálogo de Chinchón es fruto de una reunión de reflexión y consenso por parte de un grupo de expertos procedentes de distintas disciplinas científicas (toxicología, nutrición clínica, nutrición comunitaria, fisiología, bromatología, salud pública, atención primaria, pediatría, endocrinología y nutrición, enfermería, atención farmacéutica y legislación alimentaria). El decálogo incluye diferentes aspectos de los EBSC relacionados con la legislación, uso, beneficios y seguridad. En general, los beneficios de los EBSC han sido tradicionalmente desatendidos en comparación con la tendencia de destacar posibles riesgos inexistentes o que no han sido probados. Hace especial hincapié en la necesidad de fortalecer la investigación de los EBSC en España, así como la necesidad de formar en este ámbito a los profesionales y a los consumidores en general.