RESUMO: Foram avaliadas a ação de celulases e pectinases comerciais e não comerciais na hidrólise de casca de soja (CS) e palha e espigas de milho (PEM), o efeito da temperatura e da agitação na hidrólise do substrato lignocelulósico e as características bromatológicas dos substratos hidrolisados. O efeito do pré-tratamento na hidrólise de resíduos lignocelulósicos e a análise bromatológica também foram avaliados. A maior atividade hidrolítica ocorreu a 300 rpm para CS (47,95 e 51,43% para celulase e pectinase, respectivamente) e a 350 rpm para PEM (26,05 e 9,23% para celulase e pectinase, respectivamente). As enzimas não comerciais atingiram 7,26-30% da quantidade de hidrólise obtida com as enzimas comerciais, nos mesmos substratos. O pré-tratamento com 7,5% de NaOH e um tamanho de partícula do substrato de 0,5 mm aumentou significativamente a hidrólise de CS e PEM para ambas as enzimas. As características bromatológicas mostraram que a casca de soja hidrolisada com celulase e pectinase comercial tem potencial para uso em larga escala na produção de ração animal.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulases and pectinases in the hydrolysis of soybean hulls (SH) and corn stover and cobs (CSC), the effect of temperature and agitation on the lignocellulosic substrate hydrolysis and the bromatological characteristics of hydrolyzed substrates. The effect of pretreatment on the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues and bromatological analysis were also evaluated. The highest hydrolytic activity occurred at 300 rpm for SH (47.95 and 51.43% for cellulase and pectinase, respectively) and at 350 rpm for CSC (26.05 and 9.23% for cellulase and pectinase, respectively). Non-commercial enzymes achieved 7.26-30% of the amount of hydrolysis obtained with commercial enzymes, on the same substrates. Pretreatment with 7.5% of NaOH and a particle size of the substrate of 0.5 mm significantly increased the hydrolysis of SH and CSC for both enzymes. The bromatological characteristics showed that soybean hulls hydrolyzed with both commercial cellulase and pectinase have potential for large-scale use in animal feed production.

Abstract To keep up with chicken meat demand, genetic improvement, field performance, and technological processes have been sought. However, some consequences of this are already being observed, such as constant divergences in physicochemical parameters of in nature chicken cuts, since legislation has not been revised at the same speed. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate water content, protein and water content/protein ratio (W/P) for different conditions (slaughter, lineage, sex, and processing) and compliance with current legislation (Brazilian and European). Breast and half breast, drumstick and thigh cuts of in nature chicken were assessed. A significant difference was found in sex, with lower values in the females. Chickens have water content levels higher than those required by Brazilian legislation. In the different cuts evaluated, discrepancies were observed in relation to legislation. There was no compliance with W/P ratio to European legislation, where incompatibility approached 26.67% for skinless breast, 6.67% for breast and half chest and 64.44% for thigh and drumstick. The results reinforce the need for continuity of studies that support the revision of current legislation, clarifications regarding the calculations used to determine the established standards and clarifications of the collection and analysis methodologies currently employed.

Abstract Cooling of carcasses using water immersion is the most used process in the poultry industry. In this stage, besides the reduction of temperature, water absorption in the carcasses occurs and, consequently, in the chicken cuts, which are monitored by the companies and supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply of Brazil, which establishes water absorption limits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the process capacity analysis tool to analyze the water absorption capacity by chicken carcasses during precooling, based on the absorption indexes obtained on an industrial scale, by the analysis of 720 carcasses. After structural alterations, aiming at greater bubble control and shorter residence time of the chicken carcasses in the cooling system, Cp (process potential index) and Cpk (process performance index) were close to each other (0.82 and 0.81, respectively), indicating that the process is practically centralized and, although it has become smaller than 1, presented a significant improvement over the initial evaluation (cp 0.35 and cpk 0.26).

Abstract The sensory, physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of boneless chicken thighs and drumsticks stored at different temperatures were evaluated. Samples stored at −6 and −12 °C, in natura and cooked, presented changes in sensory characteristics from the sixth and fifth month of storage, respectively. In natura samples kept at −18 °C presented sensory modification from the eighth month, and cooked samples did not show alterations during 12 months of storage. For lipid oxidation, differences were observed between −6 and −12 °C by the third month and between −12 and −18 °C after 12 months of storage. Related to protein oxidation, samples stored at −18 °C did not differ from the standard (0 days), showing values of 6.03 nmol carbonyl/mg protein after 12 months of storage. Samples under freezing at −6 °C for 12 months presented an increase in psychrotrophic count. This behaviour was not observed in the samples stored at −12 and −18 °C. Considering the different analyzes, the maximum storage period was 6 days at 4 °C, 8 months at –6 and –12 °C and at least 12 months storage at –18 °C.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adição de cultura probiótica (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12) e prebióticos (fructooligosacarídeo - FOS) a formulações de iogurte armazenadas a 4°C por 28 dias, utilizando um planejamento experimental (variáveis independentes: (0-3% de FOS e cultura probiótica starter 0-3%). Foram analisados pH, acidez, gordura, sinérese, proteína, ºBrix, açúcares, FOS e contagem de bactérias probióticas. As formulações de iogurte adicionado de probiótico e prebiótico apresentaram menor acidez, sinérese e glicose quando comparados ao iogurte controle e também em comparação com as formulações contendo probiótico e prebiótico sozinhas. A formulação com 3% de probiótico e prebiótico apresentou menor perda de concentração de FOS e, após 28 dias, apresentou 1,5g de FOS por 100g (0,3% de kestose, 0,7% de nystose , 0,5% de fructosil-nistose). Além disso, a adição de prebióticos exerceu um efeito protetor sobre as bactérias probióticas e aumentou a sua sobrevivência.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding probiotic culture (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12) and prebiotics (fructooligosaccharide - FOS) to yoghurt formulations stored at 4°C for 28 days, using an experimental design (independent variables: (0-3% of FOS and probiotic starter cultures 0-3%). The pH, acidity, fat, syneresis, protein, ºBrix, sugars, FOS and probiotic bacteria count were analyzed. The probiotic- and prebiotic-added yoghurt formulations showed lower acidity, syneresis and glucose than the control yoghurt and compared to formulations containing probiotic and prebiotic separately. The 3% probiotic and prebiotic formulation showed a lower loss of concentration of FOS, and after 28 days presented 1.5g of FOS per 100g (0.3% kestose, 0.7% nystose, 0.5% fructosyl-nystose). Furthermore, the addition of prebiotics exerted a protective effect on probiotic bacteria, enhancing their survival.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o processo de Ultrafiltração (UF) na recuperação dos constituintes do soro de leite. Planejamentos fatoriais sequenciais foram realizados, variando a temperatura (5 a 40°C), a pressão (1 a 3 bar) e visando maximizar a concentração de proteínas usando membrana de 100kDa em sistema dead end. Baseados nos melhores resultados, foram realizados experimentos com de 50kDa e 10kDa. Em relação a membrana de 50kDa, a retenção de proteínas foi cerca de três vezes maior em relação a membrana de 100kDa. O concentrado obtido por membrana UF de 10kDa, 10°C e 2 bar, em escala laboratorial, mostrou uma retenção média de proteína de 80%, maior solubilidade protéica, estabilidade da emulsão e a identificação das frações β-lactoglobulins (18.3kDa) e α-lactalbumin (14.2kDa). Portanto, o uso de membranas de 100 e 50kDa são alternativas recomendáveis industrialmente à concentração de proteínas de soro de leite, e/ou como etapa anterior ao fracionamento de constituintes do soro usando membrana ≤10kDa, visando aplicações futuras em difentes áreas (alimentícia, farmacêutica, química, etc).

ABSTRACT: This paper aim to evaluate the ultrafiltration (UF) process for constituents recovery from whey. Sequences of factorial designs were performed by varying temperature (5 to 40°C) and pressure (1 to 3 bar), to maximize the proteins concentration using membrane of 100kDa in dead end system. Based on the best result new experiments were performed with membrane of 50kDa and 10kDa. With the membrane of 50 the protein retention was about 3 times higher than the membrane of 100kDa. The concentrated obtained by UF membrane of 10kDa, 10°C and 2 bar in laboratory scale showed a mean protein retention of 80 %, greater protein solubility, emulsion stability and the identification of β-lactoglobulins (18.3 kDa) and α-lactalbumin fractions (14.2kDa). Therefore, the use of membrane of 100 and 50kDa are became a industrially recommendable alternatives to concentration of whey proteins, and/or as a previous step to the fractionation of whey constituents using membrane ≤10kDa, aiming at future applications in different areas (food, pharmaceutical, chemical, etc.).

ABSTRACT Among the nutrients involved in the chicken diet, the microminerals deserve attention as they exert essential functions in the organism. These compounds can be provided in inorganic (traditional) and organic (chelate) forms. In organic form, the micromimerals can attend a new concept related to a better bio-availability. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the partial and total substitution of inorganic by organic sources of microminerals on the animal diet, assessing its concentration in the blood and liver after 21 and 40 days and also in the bones after 40 days. Moreover, the effect on the physical-chemical and sensory characteristics of the muscle after 15 days of storage at 4°C was also evaluated. The animals were divided into five treatments: 100% inorganic, 70% inorganic and 30% organic, 50% inorganic and 50% organic, 30% inorganic and 70% organic and 100% organic-chelate. It is shown that the use of organic sources of microminerals in the diet of poultry induced to an increase of its concentrations in the blood and liver, with no significant alterations in the compositions of bones, compared to the use of inorganic sources. Feed formulated using 50% of organic minerals and 50% of inorganic minerals led to similar results. The diet with organic minerals or mixture with inorganic sources results in a low lipid oxidation in the drumsticks stored at 4°C for 15 days, in comparison with those using only inorganic minerals. No sensory alterations were observed for all different treatments.

Com a intenção de minimizar a carência de produtos isentos de glúten e tendo em vista o crescente aumento de celíacos, a elaboração de produtos diferenciais a base de farinha de arroz e milho torna-se uma alternativa de consumo e comercialização. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adição de farinha de arroz e milho, e emulsificante nas características de qualidade (teste de cozimento, textura instrumental - firmeza e aceitabilidade) e físico-químicas (proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, minerais e fibra alimentar) de formulações de macarrão, mediante o emprego de metodologia de planejamento de experimentos, fixando a concentração de ovos in natura (12%, m/m) e água (20%, v/m). A formulação com 40g de farinha de milho, 60g de farinha de arroz e 0,4g de SSL por 100g de farinha mista foi a que apresentou melhor resistência ao cozimento, menores perdas de sólidos na água de cocção (2,12% m/m), textura (30,40g seg-1) e aceitabilidade superior a 85 %. Além disso, o uso de farinha de arroz, associado à farinha de milho, proporciona fonte de minerais (152mg de K, 1,55mg de Fe, 46mg de Mg, 20mg de Ca por 100g), proteínas (~7%), carboidratos (52%) e fibras (~1%), importante suprimento nutricional para celíacos, por estes apresentarem perdas significativas destes nutrientes, devido à diarreia e à absorção restrita, característica da doença.

In order to minimize the deficiency of products with gluten-free and the growing number of celiac the elaboration of differential products using rice and maize flour becomes an alternative of consuming and marketing. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rice and maize flour, and emulsifier addition in the quality characteristics (cooking test, instrumental texture - firmness and acceptability) and physic-chemical (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and dietary fiber) of pasta formulation, by the use of experimental design methodology, fixing the concentration of in nature eggs (12%, w/w) and water (20%, v/w). The formulation with 40g of maize flour, 60g of rice flour and 0.4g per 100g of SSL mixed flour showed the better cooking resistance, reduced loss of solids in the cooking water (2.12% m/m), texture (30.40g sec-1) and acceptability higher than 85%. Furthermore, the use of rice flour associated with maize flour provide a source of minerals (152mg of K, 1.55mg of Fe, 46mg of Mg, 20mg Ca per 100g), proteins (~ 7%), carbohydrates (52%), fibers (~1%) important nutritional supplement for celiac, because they present significant losses of these nutrients due to restricted absortion and diarrhea, characteristic of the disease.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different water pressures and concentrations of lactic acid on microbial counts (mesophilic bacteria, enterobacteria and Salmonella) on pig carcasses without contamination and contaminated carcasses, before and after the last shower and before being cooled. The tests were carried out using 4, 3 and 2 bar water pressure, and 2, 1 and 0% lactic acid concentration. In general, both the pressure in the shower and lactic acid had a positive effect by reducing the microbial count. The interaction between the pressure and lactic acid caused the largest reduction in carcasses surface count for mesophiles. With regard to enterobacteria on contaminated carcasses, the most important variable was the lactic acid concentration and in uncontaminated carcasses, it was water pressure. The use of 8 bar pressure of the wash water without lactic acid caused a reduction in mesophilic bacteria and enterobacteria, for both the contaminated and uncontaminated carcasses, with results statistically equal to each other, and significantly lower than the initial counts. The water pressure at 8 bar reduced the percentage of carcasses with Salmonella in contaminated carcasses.

Penicillium brasilianum was previously isolated from tea and identified by molecular biology technique. A Plackett-Burman design, followed by a complete second order design was used for the screening of most important factors and to maximize the pectin liase (PMGL) activity, respectively. The maximum PMGL activity by P. brasilianum achieved was 9.0 U/mL after 48 h of cultivation in a medium containing pectin (33.0 g/L), yeast extract (30.0 g/L) and potassium phosphate (2.0 g/L) at 30ºC, with a stirring rate of 180 rpm, initial pH 5.5 and 5x106spores/mL inoculum size. The kinetic evaluation in terms of substrate consumption demonstrated that the maximum production of PMGL was at 72 h, and 40% of the total organic carbon, 25% of the nitrogen, 88% of the magnesium, 13% of the potassium and 66% of the iron were consumed. The pH remained almost stable during the whole period of production (5.33 to 4.9). The partial characterization of the crude PMGL enzyme extract showed optimal pH and temperature of 5.5 and 37°C, respectively.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os compostos orgânicos voláteis produzidos por Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) utilizando metil e etil ricinoleato, ácido ricinoleico e óleo de mamona como precursores. A análise dos compostos voláteis produzidos foi conduzida por Micro-Extração em Fase Sólida (MEFS). A técnica de planejamento experimental foi utilizada na avaliação das condições de extração, na qual se avaliaram a agitação (0-400 rpm), a temperatura (25-60 ºC), o tempo de extração (10-30 minutos) e o volume da amostra (2-3 mL). A identificação dos compostos foi realizada por Cromatografia a Gás com detecção por Espectrometria de Massas (CG/EM). As condições que resultaram na máxima extração foram: 60 ºC, 10 minutos de extração, sem agitação, volume de amostra de 2,0 mL e adição de solução de KCl saturada (1:10 v/v). Na bioprodução dos compostos voláteis, o efeito da agitação (120-200 rpm), da temperatura (23-33 ºC), do pH (4,0-8,0), da concentração do precursor (0,02 a 0,1%), da concentração de manitol (0 a 6%) e de asparagina (0 a 0,2%) foi avaliado. Na condição de 28 ºC, 160 rpm, pH 6,0 e com a adição de 0,02% de ácido ricinoleico ao meio, foi atingida a máxima produção dos compostos voláteis, identificados como: 1,4-butanodiol, 1,2,2-trimetilciclopropilamina, beta-ionona; 2,3-butanodiona, pentanal, tetradecano, 2-isononenal, 4-octen-3-ona, ácido propanoico e octadecano.

The aim of the present study was the assessment of volatile organic compounds produced by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) using methyl and ethyl ricinoleate, ricinoleic acid and castor oil as precursors. The analysis of the volatile organic compounds was carried out using Head Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS - SPME). Factorial experimental design was used for investigating extraction conditions, verifying stirring rate (0-400 rpm), temperature (25-60 ºC), extraction time (10-30 minutes), and sample volume (2-3 mL). The identification of volatile organic compounds was carried out by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum Detector (GC/MSD). The conditions that resulted in maximum extraction were: 60 ºC, 10 minutes extraction, no stirring, sample volume of 2.0 mL, and addition of saturated KCl (1:10 v/v). In the bio-production of volatile organic compounds the effect of stirring rate (120-200 rpm), temperature (23-33 ºC), pH (4.0-8.0), precursor concentration (0.02-0.1%), mannitol (0-6%), and asparagine concentration (0-0.2%) was investigated. The bio-production at 28 ºC, 160 rpm, pH 6,0 and with the addition of 0.02% ricinoleic acid to the medium yielded the highest production of VOCs, identified as 1,4-butanediol, 1,2,2-trimethylciclopropilamine, beta-ionone; 2,3-butanodione, pentanal, tetradecane, 2-isononenal, 4-octen-3-one, propanoic acid, and octadecane.

Carotenoids are natural dyes synthesized by plants, algae and microorganisms. Application in many sectors can be found, as food dyeing and supplementation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and animal feed. Recent investigations have shown their ability to reduce the risks for many degenerative diseases like cancer, heart diseases, cataract and macular degeneration. An advantage of microbial carotenoids is the fact that the cultivation in controlled conditions is not dependent of climate, season or soil composition. In this review the advances in bio-production of carotenoids are presented, discussing the main factors that influence the microbial production of these dyes in different systems.

Atualmente, são lançados no mercado diversos novos produtos, sendo que, especificamente na área de laticínios, ênfase tem sido dada ao desenvolvimento de produtos funcionais. Concernente à amplitude deste tema, o presente trabalho possui como objetivo geral o desenvolvimento de uma bebida láctea fermentada com características probióticas. Além disso, propõe-se a utilização de soro de leite e extrato hidrossolúvel de soja como substratos, agregando valor às matérias-primas de baixo custo, com características funcionais apontadas na literatura. Para tal, utilizou-se a técnica do planejamento de experimentos para obter a formulação de bebida láctea, utilizando como substratos leite de vaca, soro de leite e extrato hidrossolúvel de soja. A formulação contendo 30% de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja, 36,6% de leite de vaca e 33,3% de soro de leite foi definida como ideal em termos de análise sensorial e avaliação do crescimento celular. Análises organolépticas, microbiológicas e físico-químicas definiram a vida útil do produto. Durante o período de armazenamento, a bebida láctea sabor pêssego apresentou células viáveis da cultura mista adicionada dentro dos padrões estabelecidos (1 x 10(6) UFC.mL-1) até o 22º dia. A qualidade físico-química apresentou pequenas alterações, sendo que a acidez ficou bastante evidenciada a partir do 22º dia de armazenamento. A qualidade sensorial definiu o término do armazenamento no 14º dia, pelo fato da bebida já apresentar acidez elevada, sendo rejeitada nas análises sensoriais. A bebida láctea sabor pêssego desenvolvida teve uma vida útil de aproximadamente 14 dias, sem adição de conservante.

Nowadays, new food products are launched in the market, and the main focus of the dairy industry is on functional products. Thus, the first objective of this work was to develop a fermented dairy drink with probiotic characteristics. Furthermore, milk serum and soy hidrosoluble extract were used as substrates increasing the value of low cost raw materials that have functional features, as reported in the literature. Based on these aspects, an experimental design was used to investigate the formulation of a peach- flavored dairy drink using milk serum, cow milk and soy hidrosoluble extracts. The formulation with 30% of soy hidrosoluble extract, 36.6% of cow milk and 33.3% of milk serum was found as ideal in terms of sensorial analysis and cell growth evaluation. Organoleptical, physicochemical, and microbiological analyses determined the shelf life of the product. During the storage period, the peach- flavored dairy drink presented viable cells according to the Legislation (1 x 106 UFC.mL-1) for 22 days. The physicochemical quality changed slightly since the acidity presented high values after the 22nd day. The sensorial quality defined the shelf life as 14 days without the addition conservants due to the high acidity value of the fermented dairy drink determined.

Objetivou-se obter neste trabalho um corante natural (antocianina), na forma de pó a partir do bagaço de uva da cultivar "Isabel" (Vitis labrusca), onde foram realizados estudos de extração e encapsulamento. Empregou-se o método de extração por imersão mediante técnica de planejamento experimental, onde as variáveis avaliadas foram pH da solução de extração (1-2), volume de etanol (100-250 mL), tempo de extração (3-7 h) e temperatura de extração (15-35ºC). A concentração máxima de antocianinas totais obtidas foi de 300 mg/100 g de bagaço de uva (umidade 5%) nos níveis inferiores de pH (1,0) e tempo (3 horas) e superiores de temperatura (35ºC) e volume de etanol (250 mL). Os extratos foram secos por atomização. A melhor condição para o encapsulamento e a secagem foi quando utilizaram-se proporções iguais de maltodextrina e goma arábica.

This work had the aim of obtaining a natural pigment (anthocyanin) at powder form from 'Isabel' grape bagasse (Vitis labrusca), studying the extraction and encapsulating steps one applied the method of extraction by immersion by experimental design technique, when the factors investigated were pH of the extraction solution (1-2), volume of ethanol (100-250 mL), extraction time (3-7 h) and extraction temperature (15-35 °C). The maximum concentration of total anthocyanin was 300 mg/100g of grape bagasse (5% moisture) at the lower levels of pH (1.0) and time (3 h), and at upper levels of temperature (35ºC) and amount of ethanol (250 mL). The extracts were dried by a spray process. The best condition for encapsulating and drying was obtained when equal amounts of maltodextrin and Arabic gum were used.

This work studied the pretreatment of sugarcane molasses (CM) and corn steep liquor (CS) for the production of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636). The acid pretreatment removed less micronutrients than that with activated carbon and led to high removals of Cu and Mn. Reduction in optical density of the prepared medium and removal of glucose from it were 22% and 7% for CM and 95% and 38% for CS, respectively. Total carotenoids obtained with substrates pretreated with acids (541 mg/L) were higher than the results obtained when the medium was treated with activated carbon (208 mg/L).