Abstract: The main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between member diversity in boards of directors and the adoption of corporate governance practices in 204 Chilean companies during the period 2015-2019. A descriptive-correlational analysis is performed, generating trees of significant correlations and regressions to assess relationships between variables. The results show the existence of significant correlations between the diversity of the boards of directors and the variables that classify shareholders and define risk management. Gender diversity positively and significantly affects the adoption of corporate governance practices. Nationality diversity positively and significantly affects practices related to shareholders and risk management. It is concluded that diversity in both gender and nationality encourages the adoption of good corporate governance practices.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación de la diversidad de los integrantes del directorio con la adopción de prácticas de gobierno corporativo de 204 sociedades chilenas durante el período 2015 -2019. Para ello se realizó un análisis descriptivo - correlacional, generando árboles de correlaciones significativas y regresiones que determinan la relación entre variables. Los resultados muestran la existencia de correlaciones significativas entre la diversidad de los directorios, en relación con las variables que clasifican a los accionistas y las que definen la gestión de riesgos. Se aprecia que la diversidad de género incide positiva y significativamente en la adopción de prácticas de gobierno corporativo. Además, la diversidad de nacionalidad incide positiva y significativamente en las prácticas relacionadas con la dimensión accionistas y también con la gestión de riesgos. Se concluye que la diversidad de género y nacionalidad fomentan la adopción de buenas prácticas de gobierno corporativo.

ABSTRACT Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller) is a monophagous pest species indigenous to Europe, known as elm leaf beetle. During the larval and adult stages, this insect damages elm leaves as it chews small holes in the leaves, causing, even, complete defoliation, leaving only the nervation. Although this species only uses Ulmus spp. as host plants to complete its development, some preliminary results have shown that is attracted to non-host plants such as Eucalyptus globulus Labill. In order to understand the role of volatile organic compounds emitted by E. globulus when the insect is attracted to this non-host plant, dichloromethane extracts of E. globulus were analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and main compounds were identified. Likewise, to evaluate the response of the antennae in X. luteola males and females to the compounds contained in the extract, a gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) was conducted. Only females were observed to respond to α-pinene, eucalyptol, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, α-terpineol acetate, α-gurjunene, alloaromadendrene, alloaromadendrene, viridiflorene, and globulol compounds. This study is the first step to identify substances mediating the host plant selection of X. luteola.

ABSTRACT The physicochemical properties of honey vary considerably depending on the nectar sipped by Apis mellifera bees because these characteristics are determined by environmental, geographical, and vegetational conditions in foraging areas. The aim of this study was to characterize types of honey from the Biobío Province in the Biobío Region, Chile, according to its botanical origin and physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, and thus contribute to increased knowledge about honey in the region. A total of 11 samples from different communes within the region were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture, insoluble solids, ashes, electrical conductivity, pH, and hydroxymethylfurfural were determined, and the presence of coliforms and Escherichia coli was evaluated. Two places of provenance were characterized as monofloral of introduced plant species: the M11 sample of Melilotus indicus and the M1 sample of Echium vulgare. One place of provenance (M6 sample) was characterized as monofloral of Eucryphia glutinosa, species endemic to Chile. All types of honey complied with the physicochemical standards established by national and international food safety regulations, and none had any signs of coliforms or E. coli. Results showed that there are new types of honey in the region that meet all the required parameters; in addition, they provide a comparison of plant species that are unique in the world. This demonstrates the potential of these types of honey for national and international marketing.

Summary The relationship between socioeconomic mobility and school levels has been thematized since the generalization of modern institutionalized education systems. The demand for Chilean quality education is associated with exitism and the formation of Human Capital, crashing with mismatches between public policies, the crisis of legitimization of public education, and the Latin American epistemic advance that influences the pedagogical exercise through critical pedagogy or decolonization as a new way of organizing / re-creating knowledge. Thus, the teacher is required from two dichotomous currents, which makes him a vortex with unusual edges. This article of reflection seeks to expose some aspects of these contradictions, addressing the theory of Human Capital in education and the decolonization of pedagogy, in relation to the expected role of teachers in Chile.

Resumen La relación entre movilidad socioeconómica y niveles escolares se ha tematizado desde la generalización de los sistemas institucionalizados modernos de educación. La exigencia de educación de calidad chilena está asociada al exitismo y a la formación de Capital Humano, estrellándose con desajustes entre políticas públicas, la crisis de legitimación de la educación pública, y el avance epistémico latinoamericano que influye el ejercicio pedagógico a través de la pedagogía crítica o la descolonización como nueva forma de organizar/re-crear conocimiento. Es así que el docente es requerido desde dos corrientes dicotómicas, lo que le convierte en un vórtice con inusitadas aristas. El presente artículo de reflexión busca exponer algunos aspectos de dichas contradicciones, abordando la teoría de Capital Humano en educación y de la decolonización de la pedagogía, en relación al rol esperado del profesorado en Chile.

In the present study the production of phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds by E. gracilis exposed to two cadmium concentrations (0.02 and 0.14 mM) was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that E. gracilis exposed to 0.02 mM Cd+2 increased significantly the total content of phenolic compounds (798.46 ± 12.61 μg GA/g) and total flavonoids (241.34 ± 47.63 μg QE/g) with respect to the control (137.34 ± 19.80 μg QE/g DW and 549.00 ± 8.57 μg GA/g DW, respectively). However, no significant increase in the total content of phenolic compounds (568.54 ± 17.42 μg GA/g DW) and total flavonoids (141.11 ± 9.36 μg QE/g DW) were observed in E. gracilis exposed to 0.14 mM Cd+2. Further research is necessary to determine the specific role of flavonoids in E. gracilis exposed to high concentrations of Cd+2.

En el presente estudio la producción de compuestos fenolicos y flavonoides producidos por E. gracilis expuesto a dos concentraciones de cadmio fue evaluado usando cromatografía liquida de alta precisión (HPLC). Los resultados mostraron que 0.02 mM de Cd+2 incrementaba significativamente el contenido total de compuestos fenolicos (798.46 ± 12.61 μg GA/g) y flavonoides (241.34 ± 47.63 μg QE/g) con respecto al control (137.34 ± 19.80 μg QE/g DW y 549.00 ± 8.57 μg GA/g DW) respectivamente. Sin embargo, incrementos no significativos en el contenido de compuestos fenolicos (568.54 ± 17.42 μg GA/g DW) y flavonoides totales (141.11 ± 9.36 μg QE/g DW) fueron observados en E. gracilis expuestas a 0.14 mM de Cd+2. Futuros estudios son necesarios para determinar la función especifica de los flavonoides en E. gracilis expuesto a altas concentraciones de Cd+2.

Abstract: Tungurahua volcano awoke in 1999 after 75 years of quiescence, and its activity continues at the time of writing (2015). After fifteen years of eruptions, roughly 0.13 km3 of tephra have been released and deposited mainly to the west and southwest of the volcano. In order to describe the activity and understand the implications associated to its tephra emissions, we review the: 1) their distribution, 2) quantification of ejecta, 3) their components and 4) eruption dynamics. Most of the eruptions have consisted of short- lived explosions, Strombolian eruptions, hydro-volcanic interactions triggering Vulcanian eruptions, one Subplinian event and transitional style phases, which is supported by analysis of tephra components. Major tephra fallouts occurred in 2001, 2006, and 2014. The rate of tephra discharge increased almost 2.1 times from the pre-2006 period to the post- 2006 period. Tungurahua poses a continuing geological hazard across the adjacent regions, but also it is a natural laboratory for studying long-lasting eruptions and their effect.

Resumen: El volcán Tungurahua despertó en 1999 después de 75 años de quietud, y su actividad continua hasta el presente (2015). Luego de quince años de erupciones, casi 0.13 km3 de tefra han sido emitidos y depositados principalmente hacia el oeste y suroeste del volcán. Con tal de describir la actividad volcánica y comprender las implicanciones asociadas a las emisiones de tefra, hemos revisado su: 1) distribución, 2) cuantificación, 3) componentes y 4) dinámica. La mayoría de las erupciones han consistido en explosiones discretas, erupciones Strombolianas, interacciones hidrovolcánicas desencadenando erupciones Vulcanianas, un evento Subpliniano y fases de transición de estilo, lo que es apoyado por el análisis de componentes de la tefra. Las mayores descargas de tefra han ocurrido en 2001, 2006 y 2014. La tasa de descarga de tefra ha incrementado en casi 2.1 veces entre el período previo a 2006 y el período posterior a 2006. El Tungurahua representa una fuente continua de peligro geológico sobre las regiones adyacentes, pero también es un laboratorio natural para el estudio de erupciones de larga duración y el efecto que estas tienen.

Resumo Os parasitas são componentes importantes da biodiversidade, uma vez que fornecem informação valiosa sobre a saúde do hospedeiro, relações evolutivas, estruturas populacionais, interações tróficas, a existência de pressões ambientais e das condições climáticas. Com o objetivo de descrever parasitas associada com papagaios do gênero Enicognathus (Gray 1840) no Chile central, foram examinados entre setembro de 2007 e março de 2014 treze periquitos austrais Enicognathus ferrugineus e cinco periquitos de bico fino E. leptorhynchus. A prevalência dos ecto e endoparasitas foi de 88,9% e 22,2% respectivamente. Em onze E. ferrugineus (84,6%) e na totalidade dos E. leptorhynchus analisados (100%), coletaram-se cinco espécies de ácaros de pena (Pararalichus hastifolia, Genoprotolichus major, Protonyssus sp., Fainalges sp. e Eurydiscalges sp.); os piolhos Heteromenopon macrurum, Psittacobrossus patagoni, e Paragoniocotes enicognathidis foram coletados de dez E. ferrugineus (76,9%) e dois E. leptorhynchus (40%). Por outro lado, os nematódeos Capillaria plagiaticia e Ascaridia hermaphrodita foram isolados de três E. ferrugineus (23,1%) e de um E. leptorhynchus (20%). O achado de C. plagiaticia, Protonyssus sp., Fainalges sp. e Eurydiscalges sp. parasitando Enicognathus spp. corresponde ao primeiro relato dessas espécies de parasitas para no Chile e representam novas associações parasita-hospedeiro.

Abstract Parasite species are important components of biodiversity, as they provide valuable information about host health, evolutionary relationships, population structures, trophic interactions, the existence of environmental stresses, and climatic conditions. With the aim of describing the parasites associated with parrots of the genus Enicognathus Gray 1840 from central Chile, thirteen austral parakeets, Enicognathus ferrugineus, and five slender-billed parakeets, E. leptorhynchus, were examined between September 2007 and March 2014. The prevalence of ectoparasites and endoparasites was 88.9% and 22.2%, respectively. On eleven of the E. ferrugineus (84.6%) analyzed, and on all of the E. leptorhynchus analyzed (100%), five feather mite species (Pararalichus hastifolia, Genoprotolichus major, Protonyssus sp., Fainalges sp., and Eurydiscalges sp.) were collected. On ten E. ferrugineus (76.9%) and two E. leptorhynchus (40%), the chewing lice Heteromenopon macrurum, Psittacobrossus patagoni, and Paragoniocotes enicognathidis were collected. The nematode Capillaria plagiaticia was collected from three E. ferrugineus (23.1%), and the nematode Ascaridia hermaphrodita was found in one E. leptorhynchus (20%). The presence of C. plagiaticia, Protonyssus sp., Fainalges sp., and Eurydiscalges sp. from the two Enicognathus spp. are new records for Chile and represent new parasite-host associations.

RESUMOO agente etiológico da paratuberculose é o Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). No Chile, já foi gerada informação do isolamento do Map em ruminantes domésticos e em algumas espécies selvagens, porém essa informação deve ser expandida a outras espécies. O presente estudo está focado na espécie selvagem herbívora, o Pudu (Pudu puda), que é considerado um dos cervos menos conhecidos da América do Sul, e que está em extinção. Essa espécie compartilha as pastagens com o gado no sul do Chile, local do país onde está concentrada a maior parte do rebanho leiteiro. Foram obtidas amostras de 3 pudus de uma fazenda de gado leiteiro, onde previamente havia sido confirmada a infecção por Map em bovinos. Os três pudus eliminavam a bactéria nas fezes, e os isolados fecais foram do mesmo tipo do Map relatado para os bovinos. Este estudo representa o primeiro relato de caso de isolamento do Map em pudu em vida silvestre. Também é a primeira associação documentada entre um rebanho leiteiro infectado com Map e a infecção de uma espécie silvestre de vida livre, tal como o pudu na região de Los Ríos, no Chile. A transmissão interespécies do Map, do mesmo modo que de outros patógenos de ruminantes para o pudu, já foi demonstrada, assim os resultados deste estudo sugerem que essa espécie de vida extensiva, que habita a mesma região leiteira no sul do Chile, pode representar mais um caso de repercussão ao hospedeiro.

ABSTRACTMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis. In Chile, information about Map isolation from both domestic ruminant and wildlife species has been accumulating, but it has to be extended to other species. The present study focuses specifically on one wild grazing species, the pudu (Pudu puda), one of the less known South American deer considered an endangered species that shares pastures with cattle in southern Chile, where the greatest part of the country's dairy cattle population is located. Convenient samples from 3 pudus were collected from one dairy farm where Map infection had previously been confirmed in cattle. All three pudus shed the bacterium in feces and the isolates are the same type of Map as described for cattle. This study represents the first case report of Map isolation in the pudu captured from the wild. It is also the first documented association between a Map-infected dairy herd and free-ranging wildlife species, such as pudu in the Los Ríos region, Chile. Since interspecies transmission of Map and other pathogens from livestock to pudu has already been demonstrated, the results from this study suggest that this free-ranging wildlife specie, inhabiting a dairy district in southern Chile, might represent another case of spillover host.

This study evaluated the expression of defense compounds by the secondary metabolism of Eucalyptus globulus plants subjected to attacks by the insect Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid) and abiotic mechanical damage using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass detection (MS). The results show that both biological and mechanical attacks activated defense responses in the plants. We identified 34 compounds in the leaves of the treated plants. In the case of the plants damaged by C. eucalypti, four of the compounds differed from those of the control: three oxygenated monoterpenes (borneol, exo-2-hydroxy cineole and thymol) and one quinone (6-acethyl-flaviolin). In the case of the mechanical damage, five compounds differed from the control: three sesquiterpenes (alloaromadendrene, eremophilene, and caryophyllene-oxide), borneol, and 6-acethyl-flaviolin. According to the results, different compounds are biosynthesized when faced with biotic and abiotic inductions, indicating a certain level of specificity in the response of the plants to different types of damage.

PURPOSE: To determine if there are any differences in the zonal distribution and tumor volumes of familial and sporadic prostate cancers (PC) in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 839 patients underwent a radical prostatectomy in the absence of prior neoadjuvant therapy between 1987 and 1996. Telephone interviews were conducted to obtain an updated family history. A positive family history was defined as the diagnosis of PC in at least one first degree relative. Prostatectomy specimens were examined to determine the number of tumor foci, zonal origin of the dominant tumor focus, tumor volume of the largest cancer focus, total tumor volume, Gleason score and stage, and the surgical margin status. Results were stratified according to family history and ethnicity. RESULTS: We successfully contacted 437 patients (52%). Prostatectomy specimens from 55 patients were excluded from review due to a history of prior transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 26) or uncertain pathological stage (n = 29). Of the remaining 382 patients, 76 (20%) reported having a first-degree relative with PC. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the pathologic variables between the two groups of patients with or without a family history of PC. CONCLUSIONS: Familial and sporadic PC share similar characteristics. No histopathological differences account for the increased positive predictive value of PC screening tests among patients with a family history of PC.

One of the most important elements in the development of discontinuous urban systems is accessibility; nonetheless, this concept has been limited to indicator based on time, distance and cost in order to go from one point to another inside the urban system. Accessibility is not only determined by transport networks, but mainly by mobility, a physical reflection of peoples will to move across city. This investigation proposes an alternative way to compute accessibility, called urban functionality. This indicator is based on mobility analysis, and so on the social nature of accessibility. To prove the efficiency of urban functionality to explain residential distribution, two metropolitan areas were studied: Barcelona and Santiago de Chile. The results suggest that urban functionality has a better capacity to explain than traditional methods based on time and distance. In addition, it can be observed that non mandatory mobility has a more rigid demand if it's compared to obligatory mobility (i. e. travel-to-work). Barcelona is more rigid on mobility if is compared with Santiago.

Uno los factores clave en el desarrollo de los sistemas urbanos discontinuos es la accesibilidad, sin embargo, este se ha limitado a generar medidas basadas en el análisis de tiempo, distancia y coste para acceder desde un punto al resto del sistema urbano. La accesibilidad no solo está determinada por las redes de transporte, sino, sobre todo, por la movilidad, reflejo físico de las voluntades de las personas para moverse a través de la ciudad. En esta investigación se propone un enfoque basado en la movilidad; se trata de un indicador (funcionalidad urbana) superador del enfoque físico y más próximo a su naturaleza social. Una vez construido, tanto para Barcelona como para Santiago, se analiza, mediante un modelo econométrico, su eficiencia para explicar la distribución de la población. Los resultados sugieren que la funcionalidad tiene una capacidad explicativa superior a las medidas tradicionales. Asimismo, la elasticidad de la demanda para realizar viajes comerciales más largos es superior a la de los laborales, más rígida. En Barcelona la demanda tiene mayor rigidez ante el incremento de la distancia respecto de Santiago.

Gladiolus rust caused by Uromyces transversalis (Thümen) G. Winter is listed as a major quarantine disease in Mexico. In Mexico, this fungus is controlled by continuous fungicide applications, which can result in fungus resistance, risk to human health and environmental pollution. The objectives of this research were to identify the most adequate method of artificial inoculation of U. transversalis on gladiolus plants under laboratory conditions and in vivo, to identify the main isothiocyanates of the extracts from plants of the Brassicacea family, and to determine their fungicidal potential together with the isothiocyanates of benzyl and phenyl to control this fungus under field and greenhouse conditions. Experiments were carried out in the regions of Yautepec and Ayala, Morelos, Mexico, and at the Center for Development of Biotic Products (CEPROBI) at the Instituto Politecnico Nacional. The main parameters evaluated in the field were disease severity, affected area, percentage infection and disease progress. In the greenhouse only percentage of infection and disease progress were studied. The results associated with artificial inoculation by the methods of spraying and steaming resulted in infection of 2 to 3 plants. The main isothiocyanates identified in the extracts applied were phenyl, benzyl, 2phenylethyl, alyl and propyl. In the experiments carried out in Yautepec and Ayala, plants treated with the extract at the concentration of 0.1 % had a lower percentage infection than those treated at 0.2 % and 0.5%. Under greenhouse conditions, the isothiocyanates of phenyl and benzyl exerted good control of the fungus. In plants treated with extracts and isothiocyanates under greenhouse and field conditions no phytotoxicity was observed.

La roya del gladiolo causada por Uromyces transversalis (Thümen) G. Winter, es una enfermedad de importancia cuarentenaria para México. Este hongo se controla mediante continuas aplicaciones de fungicidas químicos lo cual puede provocar resistencia, así como daños a la salud humana y contaminación al medio ambiente. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: identificar métodos adecuados de inoculación de U. transversalis en plantas de gladiolo en condiciones de laboratorio e in vivo, identificar los isotiocianatos principales presentes en los extractos provenientes de plantas de la familia Brassicacea y conocer su potencial fungicida junto con el de los isotiocianatos de bencilo y fenilo sobre U. transversalis en condiciones de campo e invernadero. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en los municipios de Yautepec y Ayala, Morelos y en el Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Las variables evaluadas en campo fueron índice de severidad, área afectada, porcentaje de infección y progreso de la enfermedad, en invernadero sólo las dos últimas. Los métodos de inoculación por aspersión y nebulización permitieron la infección en tres y dos plantas, respectivamente. Los principales isotiocianatos presentes en los extractos alcohólicos aplicados fueron el fenilo, bencilo, 2feniletilo, alilo y propilo. En los experimentos realizados en Yautepec y Ayala, se determinó que las plantas tratadas con los extractos a la concentración de 0.1 %, tuvieron un porcentaje de infección menor que las tratadas con las concentraciones al 0.2 y 0.5 %. En condiciones de invernadero, los isotiocianatos de fenilo y bencilo ejercieron un buen control del hongo. No se observó fitotoxicidad en las plantas tratadas con los extractos e isotiocianatos en condiciones de invernadero y en campo.

Zero tolerance to bacterial contamination means considering the acceptance of "radiation on the table". The process of food irradiation has been extensively studied, nevertheless its use remains a matter of some controversy. Despite unanimous agreement within the medical community of the safety of this procedure, occasional concerns arise from the consumers. Acommon consumer misconception is that irradiationmay turn the food "radioactive". A significant number of scientific studies on the topic were analyzed. We found no scientific study demonstrating that consumption of irradiated food might pose a risk to consumers. All studies conclude that food irradiation at the appropriate dose required to reduce contamination is safe and does not affect its nutritional valué. In order to emphasize the issue we discuss the potential benefit vs harm of irradiation of food contaminated with E. coli 0157: H7. The association of this bacteria with severe disease and death has been clearly established in contrast with the lack of a demonstrated risk due to meat irradiation. We conclude that the risks of food irradiation remains "unknown" simply because, after four decades of research, none has been identified. In contrast to the risks of acquiring a food transmitted bacterial disease, the risk of irradiation is negligible.

Tolerancia cero a la contaminación bacteriana implica considerar la inclusión de "la radiación a la mesa". La irradiación es uno de los métodos de procesado de alimentos que se han estudiado de forma más extensa y estricta; sin embargo, su aplicación sigue siendo materia de discusión. Incluso si la inocuidad está bien establecida (hay acuerdo unánime entre la comunidad científica), de vez en cuando surgen preguntas de los consumidores. Es importante destacar que no hay ningún estudio científico consistente y reproducible, que demuestre o sugiera que el consumo de un alimento irradiado podría suponer un riesgo para la salud de los consumidores. Creemos que esta revisión es un aporte importante al conocimiento. Es necesario desmentir los errores generalizados sobre la irradiación, especialmente la idea de que los alimentos se tornan radioactivos. Se analizó una cantidad considerable de investigaciones científicas difundidas en publicaciones especializadas. De ellas surge que los alimentos irradiados con la dosis necesaria para alcanzar el objetivo mi-crobiológico deseado, se consideran inocuos y saludables para el consumo y adecuados desde un punto de vista nutricional. Para ser más claros, nadie pondría en duda que Escherichia coli 0157: H7 puede causar la muerte, la carne irradiada no. En definitiva, los riesgos de la irradiación de los alimentos son desconocidos, simplemente porque después de cuatro décadas de investigaciones, no se ha encontrado ninguno. Este es un argumento de suficiente peso, contra los riesgos conocidos de contraer una enfermedad bacteriana transmitida por alimentos.

Background and objective: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of Atorvastatin 10 mg in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Method: A deterministic and retrospective model by a decision analysis based on CARDS study (Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study) was performed. In the CARDS study, a significant reduction in cardiovascular morbimortality by the use of Atorvastatin 10 mg versus placebo (5.8 vs. 9.0%, p=0.001) in DM2 patients with an additional condition, had previously been demonstrated. In the present cost-effectiveness analysis, effectiveness units were life years gained (LYG) and quality adjusted life years (QALY), obtained from differences in morbimortality and life expectancy in DM2 patients, with and without previous cardiovascular events. Costs of the evaluated alternatives were obtained from the CARDS results. Results: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of using Atorvastin 10 mg versus placebo was 5,886 € per LYG and 8,046 € per QALY. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the model stability. Conclusions: In the primary prevention of the cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients, the use of Atorvastatin 10 mg is cost-effective, with a cost per LYG and per QALY below that of other alternatives widely used in the Spanish National Health System, and also below a value considered as a reasonable threshold for our country, which might unofficialy be around 30,000 €/ QALY.

Fundamento y objetivo: Efectuar un análisis coste-efectividad del uso de Atorvastatina 10 mg en la prevención primaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular en el paciente con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Método: Se elaboró un modelo retrospectivo y determinístico basado en un análisis de decisión a partir del estudio CARDS (Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study). En el estudio CARDS se había demostrado que Atorvastatina 10 mg versus placebo en prevención primaria en pacientes con DM2 y alguna patología asociada, reduce la morbimortalidad cardiovascular (5,8 vs. 9,0%, p = 0,001). En el presente análisis coste-efectividad, las unidades de efectividad utilizadas fueron años de vida ganados (AVG) y años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC), obtenidos a partir de las diferencias de morbimortalidad y de la esperanza de vida de los diabéticos, con y sin eventos previos, obtenidos de la literatura. El consumo de recursos de las alternativas en evaluación se ha extraído del estudio CARDS aplicando costes españoles. Resultados: El cociente coste-efectividad incremental derivado de utilizar Atorvastatina 10 mg versus placebo fue 5.886 € por AVG y de 8.046 € por AVAC. Los análisis de sensibilidad confirmaron la estabilidad del modelo. Conclusiones: En la prevención primaria del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, el uso de Atorvastatina 10 mg es coste-efectivo, con un coste por AVG y por AVAC por debajo de otras alternativas empleadas ampliamente en el Sistema Nacional de Salud español, y también por debajo de un valor que podría considerarse como un umbral razonable para nuestro país, situado oficiosamente en torno a los 30.000 € por AVAC.

Considerado um dos principais paises produtores de sucos de frutas, o Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor de frutas tropicais. A diversidade de frutas no mercado é cada vez maior e, a cada dia, se introduz uma nova fruta tropical, cujas propriedades e características ainda não foram totalmente estudadas. O governo brasileiro tem apoiado o comércio exterior, investindo em feiras que promovem e inserem novos produtos em dezoitos países do mercado Europeu, como a "Brazilian Fruit Festival" que tem por objetivo divulgar frutas in natura, polpas congeladas e sucos processados. A cada dia se publicam novas pesquisas, associando o consumo de frutas com os efeitos benéficos à saúde humana. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (FT), estimar as antocianinas totais (AT) e a capacidade antioxidante de polpa de frutas comercializadas congeladas, aplicando os métodos espectrofotométricos mais citados para determinar a atividade antioxidante (ABTS, DPPH e DMPD). Determinou-se a atividade antioxidante das polpas de frutas de maior consumo no mercado sul brasileiro (amora, uva, açaí, goiaba, morango, acerola, abacaxi, manga, graviola, cupuaçu e maracujá), aplicando método ABTS com medidas em dois tempos (1 e 7 minutos), DPPH (30 e 60 minutos) e DMPD (10 minutos). Os valores TEAC (atividade antioxidante equivalente ao Trolox) obtidos oscilam entre valores mínimos e máximos de 2,0 e 67,2 µmol/g aplicando método ABTS, 1,02 e 67,0 µmol/g aplicando DPPH e 4,2 e 46,6 µmol/g aplicando DMPD. A capacidade antioxidante obtida para os métodos ABTS e DPPH está correlacionada com o teor de compostos fenólicos e antocianinas.

El Brazil es considerado un de los principales países productores de zumos de frutos, ocupando en concreto la tercera posición respecto a esto. La diversidad de frutos en el mercado es cada vez mayor, introduciéndose diariamente nuevos frutos tropicales cuyas propiedades y actividades no están aún totalmente determinadas. El gobierno brasileño apoya el comercio exterior de frutos, invirtiendo fondos en exposiciones que promueven y sitúan a los nuevos productos en los países de la Unión Europea, tal como la "Brazilian Fruit Festival" que promociona frutos in natura, pulpas congeladas y zumos procesados. Se publican cada vez en mayor número nuevas investigaciones que asocian el consumo de frutas con efectos beneficiosos para la salud humana. Este trabajo tiene por objeto la determinación del índice de fenoles totales (FT), antocianos totales (AT) y la capacidad antioxidante de las pulpas de frutos comerciales congelados, aplicando los métodos espectrofotométrico químicos mas en boga para la determinación de la actividad antioxidante (ABTS, DPPH y DMPD). Se ha determinado la capacidad antioxidante de las pulpas de los frutos tropicales de mayor consumo en el mercado del sur de Brazil (mora, uva, açaí, guayaba, fresa, acerola, piña, mango, graviola, cupuaçu y maracuyá) aplicando el método ABTS con medidas a dos tiempos (1 y 7 minutos), DPPH (30 y 60 minutos) y DMPD (10 minutos). Los valores TEAC (capacidad antioxidante equivalente al Trolox) obtenidos de las pulpas oscilan entre mínimos y máximos de 2,0 y 67,2 µmol/g aplicando el ensayo ABTS, 1,02 y 67,0 µmol/g aplicando DPPH y 4,2 y 46,6 µmol/g aplicando DMPD. La capacidad antioxidante obtenida por los métodos ABTS y DPPH se encuentra correlacionada con el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y antocianos.