ABSTRACT This study investigated the effectiveness of using the X-ray technique to assess the viability of papaya seeds. The X-ray images were performed in eight replicates of 25 seeds, placed on transparent acrylic plates on double-sided adhesive tape, previously identified, and then submitted to radiation in X-ray equipment "HP Faxitron". After exposure to X-ray radiation, the seeds were submitted to the germination test in rolls of germitest paper and kept in a germination chamber at 20-30 °C for 30 days. Seedlings were photographed and evaluated as normal seedlings, abnormal and non-germinated seeds. Afterward, the X-ray images and the seedlings from the same seeds were visually compared, and the X-ray images clearly showed seeds with and without internal filling. All abnormal seedlings were full seeds; therefore, X-ray images were not able to separate normal and abnormal. A 100% accuracy was verified by comparing the X-ray images and their respective seedlings, full seeds originated normal or abnormal seedlings, and empty seeds corresponded to non-germinated seeds. Therefore, using X-ray images is a promising technique to identify the viability of papaya seeds. The automated analysis of X-ray images is a simple, fast, and efficient technique to provide information on seed viability and generate parameters related to their germination capacity.

Abstract Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a deleterious expansion phenomenon affecting concrete structures worldwide. It occurs when a susceptible chemical composition of concrete components is present, and it is particularly rampant in inherently humid environments. This phenomenon is exacerbated when found in mass concrete structures such as dams and foundations. The amount of volumetric ASR strain used to be deemed as nearly constant, however, recent advances have shown that it is actually affected by the distribution of volumetric stresses. Therefore, this behavior demands an update in the numerical models that have been devised to simulate the anisotropic ASR-driven expansion. This paper deals with Saouma & Perotti’s thermo-chemo-mechanical coupled model, which has been applied in a solely mechanical manner, and updated to account for a varying volumetric strain. A simulation of the experiment that shed new light on the variation of ASR volumetric strain was then carried out with the finite element method package COMSOL. As a result, significantly smaller errors in predicted strains were attained by the updated model in comparison to the original one, and consequently, the new model poses a promising tool for a more accurate simulation of ASR expansion.

Resumo A reação álcali-agregado é um fenômeno expansivo e deletério que afeta estruturas de concreto em todo o mundo. Ela ocorre quando existe uma composição quimicamente susceptível de componentes do concreto, e é particularmente pronunciada em ambientes inerentemente úmidos. Este fenômeno é exacerbado em estruturas de concreto-massa, como represas e fundações. Anteriormente a deformação volumétrica das reações álcali-agregado era tida como quase constante, entretanto, avanços recentes mostraram que esta é, de fato, afetada pela distribuição das tensões volumétricas. Portanto, este comportamento demanda uma atualização nos modelos numéricos que foram desenvolvidos para simular a expansão anisotrópica induzida pela RAA. Este artigo lida com o modelo termo-quimo-mecânico de Saouma e Perotti, o qual foi aplicado em maneira puramente mecânica, e atualizado para uma deformação volumétrica variável. Uma simulação do experimento que que trouxe uma nova luz sobre a variação da deformação volumétrica foi então empreendida com o pacote do método de elementos finitos COMSOL. Como resultado, erros significativamente menores nas deformações preditas foram obtidos pelo modelo atualizado, em comparação com o modelo original, e, consequentemente, o novo modelo posta-se como uma simulação mais acurada da expansão devida à RAA.

ABSTRACT Among the main problems that compromise the development of forest species are water and salt stresses, especially in the early stages of development, when seedlings are more sensitive. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological and biochemical changes in Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings subjected to abiotic stresses. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks (RCB), composed of five treatments, with four replicates, and the experimental plot consisted of twenty plants. From the 31st day after sowing, when the seedlings reached approximately 15 cm in height, they began to receive the treatments, which consisted of different levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.3; 2; 4; 6; 8 dS m-1) for salt stress and periods of water restriction (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16 days without irrigation) for water stress. The traits evaluated were: plant height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, total dry matter, Dickson quality index, height/shoot dry matter ratio, total soluble sugars, starch, total amino acids and proline. An increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water and days without irrigation compromised the development of E. contortisiliquum seedlings, which was intensified from 2 dS m-1 and four days without irrigation for salt and water stresses, respectively. The mechanism of survival of E. contortisiliquum to abiotic stresses involves reduction in the growth and quality of seedlings, with activation of biochemical defense mechanisms of the species.

Abstract Fiber Reinforced Soils (FRS) are mixtures of discrete fibers with the soil to create a composite with improved mechanical properties compared to unreinforced material that depends on several soil and fiber properties. Therefore, comparative studies are needed to better understand their influence on FRS mechanical response. This paper analyzes the results of a comprehensive triaxial testing program performed on specimens of two different sands at the same relative density focusing on how the grain size distribution affects the composite behavior in terms of shear strength and dilatancy. It is shown that the grain size curve's uniformity coefficient (Cu) is one of the critical variables controlling FRS's dilatancy. Dune sand specimens (Cu = 1.79) presented dilatancy even for confining stresses as high as 300 kPa. The shear gains due to reinforcement were controlled by fiber length (L) and percentage (Pf), and size and shape of soil particles. River sand specimens with L = 51 mm and 1% fiber addition (dry mass) presented increments of 47.7 kPa in soil cohesion and a 5.2o increase in the soil friction angle compared to unreinforced material.

ABSTRACT The objective was to verify if the primary root emission can be recommended as a vigor test for soybean seeds. For this, five lots of varieties ANTA 82, NA7337 and BRS1074IPRO were evaluated by first count, germination, emergence, emergence speed index and tetrazolium tests. In the root protrusion test at 20, 25 and 30 ºC, two evaluation criteria were adopted: primary root emission precocity index (PREPI) and percentage of seeds that emitted the primary root (PRE). The seeds counted were those with a primary root equal to or greater than 2 mm, every 12 h from the installation of the test until 120 h. The design was completely randomized and means were compared, within each evaluation time, using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Pearson’s linear correlation was performed for PREPI and PRE with emergence. PREPI was not considered efficient. For the PRE, at 20 ºC, there was a correlation at 72 h, for the three varieties. At 25 ºC there was a correlation for a period of 36 h for ANTA 82 and NA7337 and 60 h for BRS1074IPRO. At 30 ºC there was a correlation in the time of 36 h for the three cultivars. Considering that speed in obtaining results is important in vigor tests, it is concluded that primary root emission for 36 h after installing the test at 30 ºC is recommended as a vigor test in the quality control of soybean seeds.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric disease characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. This review aims to address the different nutrients that can be included in the diet of patients with ASD to reduce the different signs and symptoms present in this disorder. Different bibliographic sources such as PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Embase, and SciELO were reviewed, using the keywords "Probiotics", "Vitamin B", Vitamin C", "Gluten", "Omega 3" and "Autism Spectrum Disorder". It was found that probiotics and gluten improve gastrointestinal symptoms, and vitamins B6, B9, B12, and C, as well as omega 3, help improve neurobehavioral symptoms, language, and social behavior of children with ASD.

RESUMEN Introducción: El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es una enfermedad neuropsiquiátrica, caracterizada por déficits en la comunicación social y la presencia de intereses restringidos y conductas repetitivas. La presente revisión tiene por objetivo abordar los diferentes nutrientes que pueden incluirse en la dieta de los pacientes con TEA con el fin de disminuir los diferentes signos y síntomas presentes en este trastorno. Se revisaron diferentes fuentes bibliográficas como PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Embase, y SciELO, empleando las palabras claves “Probióticos”, “Vitamina B”, Vitamina C”, “Gluten”, “Omega 3” y “Trastorno del Espectro Autista”. Se encontró que los probióticos y el gluten mejoran los síntomas gastrointestinales y, además, al igual que las vitaminas B6, B9, B12 y C, así como el omega 3, ayudan al mejoramiento de síntomas neuroconductuales, lenguaje y conducta social del niño con TEA.

RESUMO O sorgo é uma importante cultura que pode absorver e acumular Si em abundância, melhorando a tolerância do tecido aos estress hidríco e salino e reduzindo a absorção de sódio. Objetivou-se verificar a indução de resistência na germinação e no crescimento de mudas de sementes de sorgo ao sal e ao estresse hídrico durante a germinação devido ao tratamento com silício.Foram realizados dois experimentos com sementes de duas cultivares de sorgo (EA03 e EA955) em soluções de silicato de potássio na concentração de 0, 0,3 , 0,6, 0,9 e 1,2 g L-1, no primeiro experimento e as sementes foram submetidas ao estresse hídrico utilizando PEG 6000 (0, -0,2, -0,4, -0,6 e -0,8 MPa) no segundo experimento foram submetidas ao estresse salino usando e NaCl (0, 75, 150 e 225 mM). Foram analisados a germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e raiz, proporção parte aérea/raiz e massa seca de plântulas. Os genótipos estudados apresentaram comportamento semelhante quando tratados com silicato de potássio. A presença do silício no tratamento de sementes quando expostas ao estresse salino não tem efeito sobre a germinação, mas atenua a salinidade relacionada ao crescimento das mudas. O silício atenua os efeitos do estresse hídrico nas sementes de sorgo, mantendo a germinação até o potencial de -0,6 Mpa, e proporcionando melhor desenvolvimento radicular. No entanto, o tratamento com silicato de potássio não evita os danos causados pelos altos níveis de estresse hídrico e salino, apenas atenua seus efeitos, assim mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer melhor os efeitos do Si nas sementes.

ABSTRACT Sorghum is an important crop that can absorb and accumulate abundant Si ranging, improving tissue tolerance to the water and salt stress and reducing sodium absorption. T hus, the objective was to verify the induction of resistance in germination and seedling growth of sorghum seeds to salt and water stress during germination due to treatment with silicon. Two experiments were carried out with seeds of two sorghum cultivars (EA03 and EA955) were solution of potassium silicate solutions at concentrations of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g L-1, in the first experiment and seeds were submitted to water stress using PEG 6000 (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa) in the second experiment were submitted to salt stress using NaCl (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM). Were analysed, germination, first germination count, shoot and root length, shoot to root ratio and seedling dry weight. The studied genotypes showed similar behavior when treated with potassium silicate. The presence of silicon in the treatment of seeds when exposed to salt stress has no effect on germination, but attenuates salinity damage related to seedling growth. Silicon attenuates the effects of water stress on sorghum seeds, by maintaining germination up to the potential of -0.6 Mpa, and providing better root development. However, the treatment with potassium silicate does not prevent the damage caused by high levels of water and salt stress, only attenuating its effects, thus, more studies are needed to better clarify the effects of Si on seeds.

Resumo O fenômeno da Reação Álcali-Agregado (RAA) em estruturas de concreto é percebido via expansão e fissuração, inchando o gel como material, causando danos e rupturas nos elementos estruturais. Apesar da extensa padronização, casos de RAA ainda ocorrem persistentemente em todo o mundo. A literatura sobre suscetibilidade de concreto a RAA relatou exemplos de resultados falso negativo e positivo. Portanto, previsão a longo prazo é um problema que ainda representa um grande desafio para os engenheiros. A severidade da RAA sobre a integridade estrutural pode ser principalmente elucidada pela avaliação do histórico das propriedades elásticas. Existe consenso de que RAA causa diminuição da capacidade de carga do concreto, refletida pela redução do módulo de elasticidade devido ao progresso dos danos. Técnicas não destrutivas são frequentemente usadas como primeira abordagem, pois podem fornecer uma avaliação relativamente rápida in situ, bem como em grandes elementos estruturais. A interpretação dos dados carrega certo grau de complexidade devido às características intrínsecas de muitos desses métodos. Este é o caso de Velocidade de Pulso Ultrassônico (VPU), que foi considerado como apresentando várias limitações para esse propósito. Este artigo trata o potencial uso do método de Frequência de Ressonância Longitudinal (FRL) como ferramenta para avaliar o histórico elástico de elementos propensos a RAA. A FRL possui maior energia que VPU. Além disso, usando modulação de frequência no sinal de entrada combinada à geometria de teste, a FRL permite aplicação em amostras maiores, bem como extrair informações complementares ao lado do módulo elástico dinâmico. Dessa forma, a FRL foi aplicada para estudar vigas de concreto testadas sob condições controladas por cerca de 1,5 ano. As variáveis independentes para os testes são: tempo, frequência, tipo de agregado, teor de cimento, teor de álcalis e relação água/cimento. As variáveis dependentes são: amortecimento, fator de perda e módulo de elasticidade. A análise associa dano com amortecimento da vibração, confirmando a redução de elasticidade através do dano com validação experimental e predição de RAA sob modelo reológico.

Abstract The Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR) phenomenon in concrete structures is perceived via expansion and cracking, swelling of gel like material, causing damage and disruption in structural elements. Despite extensive standardization, AAR cases are still persistently occurring worldwide. The literature on susceptibility of concrete to AAR reported examples of false negative and positive results. Hence, long-term prediction is a problem still posing great challenge to engineers. The severity of AAR on the structural integrity can be mostly elucidated by the assessment of the historic of elastic properties. There is consensus that AAR causes decrease in the load capacity concrete, reflected by reduction of elasticity modulus due damage progresses. Non-destructive techniques are often used as first approach, as they can provide relatively fast assessment in situ as well as in large structural elements. Its data interpretation carries certain degree of complexity due intrinsic characteristic of many of these methods. This is the case of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), which have been considered to present several limitations for such purpose. This paper deals the potential use of the Longitudinal Resonance Frequency (LRF) method as tool to evaluate the elastic historic of AAR prone elements. The LRF possesses higher energy than UPV. Also, using modulation of frequency in input signal combined the test geometry, the LRF allow application to larger samples as well as to extract complementary information alongside the dynamic elastic modulus. This way, the LRF was applied to study concrete beams tested under controlled conditions for about 1.5 year. The independent variables to the tests are: time, frequency, aggregate type, cement content, alkali content and water to cement ratio. The dependent variables are: damping, loss factor and elasticity modulus. The analysis associate damage with vibration damping, confirming reduction of elasticity through damage with experimental validation and prediction of AAR under rheological model.

Resumo: Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae) é uma espécie neotropical de importância madeireira, farmacológica, apícola e ambiental. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se avaliar as respostas bioquímicas e fisiológicas em sementes de C. leprosum sob diferentes ambientes de armazenamento. O experimento foi conduzido em fatorial (2 x 7), sendo duas condições de armazenamento (ambientes natural e climatizado) e sete períodos de armazenamento (0; 60; 120; 180; 240; 300 e 360 dias), em quatro repetições por tratamento. No início do armazenamento e em intervalos de 60 dias, as sementes foram analisadas quanto ao teor de água, potencial fisiológico (germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimentos de raiz e parte aérea e massa seca de plântulas) e bioquímico (lipídios neutros, peroxidação de lipídios, açúcares totais e redutores, aminoácidos livres totais e amido). Os resultados indicaram que armazenar sementes de mofumbo por 360 dias reduziu a viabilidade, sendo mais acentuada a partir dos 180 dias, independente do ambiente de armazenamento. O armazenamento das sementes de mofumbo em ambiente natural manteve o vigor por 180 dias, proporcionado pela menor degradação de lipídios. Após esse período, a redução esteve associada ao ataque dos açúcares redutores aos aminoácidos. Com isso, conclui-se que as sementes de mofumbo devem ser armazenadas em ambiente natural por até 180 dias.

Abstract: “Mofumbo” (Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae) is a neotropical species of wood, pharmacological, beekeeping and environmental importance. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the biochemical and physiological responses in C. leprosum seeds under different storage environments. The experiment was carried out in a factorial (2 x 7), with two storage conditions (natural and climate-controlled environments) and seven storage periods (0; 60; 120; 180; 240; 300 and 360 days), in four replications per treatment. At the beginning of storage and at 60-day intervals, the seeds were analyzed for water content, physiological potential (germination, germination speed index, root and shoot lengths and seedling dry mass) and biochemical (neutral lipids, lipid peroxidation, total and reducing sugars, total free amino acids, and starch). The results indicated that storing “mofumbo” seeds for 360 days reduced viability, being more pronounced after 180 days, regardless of the storage environment. “Mofumbo” seeds were stored in a natural environment for 180 days, resulting in less lipid degradation. After this period, the reduction was associated with the attack of reducing sugars on amino acids. Thus, it is concluded that “mofumbo” seeds must be stored in a natural environment for up to 180 days.

Abstract Blends of zein and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAl) were processed in an internal mixer (150ºC, 50 rpm) for 5-8 minutes. Glycerol and oleic acid were used as plasticizers. The mixtures obtained were then compression molded and further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water-absorption experiments, mechanical tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis indicated the existence of hydrogen bonding interactions between zein and PVAl. Tensile tests showed that the addition of PVAl increased the flexibility of the blends. The tensile strength ranged from 1.7 to 5.7 MPa, elongation at break ranged from 2.7 to 32% and Young’s modulus ranged from 433 to 7371 MPa. Water absorption at equilibrium decreased with increasing zein content, which favored a brittle behavior in the zein/PVAl. The blends were immiscible in the composition studied and the presence of voids indicated poor interfacial interaction between the polymers.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas e o comportamento fisiológico de sementes de A. oleracea durante a embebição e germinação, sob diferentes temperaturas e fotoperíodos, bem como determinar a duração para a execução do teste de germinação. Para isso, realizaram-se a biometria das sementes (comprimento, largura e espessura) de 100 sementes e peso de mil sementes. Assim como, as descrições das estruturas externas das sementes e plântulas e o monitoramento da curva de embebição. Em seguida, realizou-se o teste de germinação sob temperaturas de 20, 25, 30, 35, 20-30, e 25-35 ºC, submetidas aos fotoperíodos de luz e escuro constantes e alternado (12 h), arranjados em fatorial 6 x 3, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. As sementes foram semeadas em caixas de plástico transparente, tendo como substrato o papel mata-borrão e colocadas para germinar em Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D), sendo avaliadas durante seis dias. As variáveis analisadas foram: germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântulas. O padrão de embebição, foi realizado com 4 repetições de 100 sementes, a 25 ºC, e avaliado até o surgimento de 50% de protrusão radicular. As sementes de A. oleracea apresentam características físicas uniformes e o modelo trifásico como padrão de absorção de água. As temperaturas de 25 e 30 °C e alternada de 20-30 °C, independente do fotoperíodo, proporcionaram maiores valores de germinação. As avaliações do teste de germinação de A. oleracea podem ser realizadas no quarto e sexto dia após a semeadura, como primeira e última contagem, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the physical characteristics and physiological behavior of A. oleracea seeds during imbibition and germination, under different temperatures and photoperiods, as well as to determine the duration of the germination test. For this, biometric parameters (length, width and thickness) were measured in 100 seeds and thousand-seed weight was determined. In addition, the external structures of seeds and seedlings were described and the imbibition curve was monitored. Subsequently, the germination test was conducted at temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 25-35 ºC, under constant and alternating light and dark photoperiods (12 h), arranged in 6 x 3 factorial scheme, with four replicates of 50 seeds. Seeds were sown in transparent plastic boxes with blotting paper as substrate, germinated in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D) incubator, and evaluated for six days. The following variables were analyzed: germination, germination speed index, seedling length and seedling dry mass. The imbibition pattern test was conducted at 25 ºC with 4 replicates of 100 seeds, evaluated until 50% root protrusion occurred. A. oleracea seeds exhibit uniform physical characteristics and the three-phase model as a water absorption pattern. Constant temperatures of 25 and 30 °C and alternating temperatures of 20-30 °C, regardless of the photoperiod, led to higher germination values. For A. oleracea, the germination test evaluations can be performed on the fourth and sixth day after sowing, as first and last counts, respectively.

RESUMO Introdução: Existem evidências de que a aldosterona exerça um papel na patogênese da calcificação vascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da espironolactona, um antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide, na progressão da calcificação coronariana (CC) de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, e identificar os fatores envolvidos nessa progressão. Métodos: Trinta e três pacientes com escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) ≥ 30, detectado por tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (TCMD) e expresso em unidades de Agatston, foram randomizados para um grupo que recebeu 25 mg de espironolactona por dia durante 12 meses (grupo espironolactona) e um grupo controle que não recebeu este medicamento. O desfecho primário foi a mudança percentual do ECC do início para o final do estudo (progressão relativa), quando uma nova TCMD foi realizada. Os pacientes que tiveram progressão de CC foram comparados com aqueles que não progrediram. Resultados: Dezesseis pacientes, sete no grupo espironolactona e nove no grupo controle, concluíram o estudo. A progressão relativa do ECC foi semelhante nos dois grupos, 17,2% e 27,5% nos grupos espironolactona e controle, respectivamente. Cinquenta e sete por cento dos pacientes tratados e 67% daqueles no grupo controle apresentaram progressão nos escores de CC (p = 0,697). Os pacientes progressores diferiram dos não progressores porque apresentaram níveis séricos mais elevados de cálcio e LDL-colesterol e menores níveis de albumina. Conclusão: Em pacientes em diálise peritoneal, a espironolactona não atenuou a progressão da CC. No entanto, estudos em grande escala são necessários para confirmar essa observação. Distúrbios do metabolismo mineral e dislipidemia estão envolvidos na progressão da CC.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is evidence that aldosterone plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on the progression of coronary calcification (CC) in peritoneal dialysis patients and to identify the factors involved in this progression. Methods: Thirty-three patients with a coronary calcium score (CCS) ≥ 30, detected through multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and expressed in Agatston units, were randomly assigned to a group receiving 25mg spironolactone per day for 12 months (spironolactone group) and a control group not receiving this drug. The primary outcome was a percentage change in CCS from baseline to end of the study (relative progression), when a further MDCT was conducted. Patients who had progression of CC were compared with those who did not progress. Results: Sixteen patients, seven in the spironolactone group and nine in the control group, concluded the study. The relative progression of the CCS was similar in both groups, 17.2% and 27.5% in the spironolactone and control groups respectively. Fifty-seven percent of the treated patients and 67% of those in the control group presented progression in the CC scores (p = 0.697). Progressor patients differed from non-progressors because they presented higher levels of calcium and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower levels of albumin. Conclusion: In peritoneal dialysis patients, spironolactone did not attenuate the progression of CC. However, large-scale studies are needed to confirm this observation. Disorders of mineral metabolism and dyslipidemia are involved in the progression of CC.

RESUMO Racional: Pancreatectomia distal laparoscópica (PDL) é a abordagem de escolha para ressecção de tumores no pâncreas distal devido a suas muitas vantagens sobre a abordagem laparotômica. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar os resultados em curto e longo prazo da PDL realizada por meio de duas técnicas diferentes: com esplenectomia vs. preservação esplênica e preservação dos vasos esplênicos. Método: Cinquenta e oito pacientes foram operados e subsequentemente divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1, PDL com esplenectomia (PDLE) e grupo 2, PDL com preservação esplênica e dos vasos esplênicos (PDLPEVE). Resultados: As características epidemiológicas foram similares entre os dois grupos (idade, gênero, IMC e tamanho da lesão). Ambas as médias de tempo operatório (p=0,04) e de sangramento intraoperatório (p=0,03) foram maiores no grupo 1. A média de linfonodos ressecados também foi maior no grupo 1 (p<0.000). Não houve diferença em relação a conversão, morbidade ou mortalidade pós-operatória precoce. A média de internação hospitalar foi similar entre os grupos. Fístula pancreática (graus B e C) foi similar entre os grupos. A média de seguimento global foi 37,6 meses (5-96). Complicações tardias foram similares entre os grupos. Conclusão: Ambas as técnicas foram superponíveis, entretanto a PDLE apresentou respectivamente maiores sangramento intraoperatório, tempo cirúrgico e número de linfonodos ressecados. Não foram observadas diferenças de infecções ou neoplasias relacionadas com esplenectomia durante o período de seguimento. Manutenção do baço evitou imunizações periódicas na PDLPEVE. Ela pode ser indicada em lesões pancreáticas pequenas com curso indolente.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) is the preferred approach for resection of tumors in the distal pancreas because of its many advantages over the open approach. Aim: To analyse and compare short and long-term outcomes from LDP performed through two different techniques: with splenectomy vs. spleen preservation and splenic vessel preservation. Method: Fifty-eight patients were operated and subsequently divided between two groups: Group 1, LDP with splenectomy (LDPS); and Group 2, LDP with spleen preservation and preservation of splenic vessels (LDPSPPSV). Results: The epidemiological characteristics were statistically similar between the two groups (age, gender, BMI and lesion size). Both the mean of operative time (p=0.04) and the mean of intra-operative blood loss (p=0,03) were higher in Group 1. The mean of resected lymph nodes was also higher in Group 1 (p<0.000). There were no statistic differences between the groups in relation to open conversion, morbidity or early postoperative mortality. The mean hospital stay was similar between groups. Pancreatic fistula (grade B and C) was similar between the groups. The mean of overall follow-up was 37.6 months (5-96). Late complications were similar between the groups. Conclusion: Both techniques were superimposable; however, LDPS presented, respectively, higher intra-operative bleeding, longer duration of the operation and higher number of lymph nodes resected. No differences were observed in the studied period in relation to the appearance of infections or neoplasm related to splenectomy during follow-up. Maintenance of the spleen avoided periodic immunizations in patients in LDPSPSV. It is indicated in small pancreatic lesions with indolent course.