Abstract The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of two different types of resistance training programming (linear and daily undulating) on submaximal strength and functional capacity in elderly women. Twenty-two participants (64 ± 3 years) were randomly assigned to 2 training groups: linear programming (LP; n=12) and daily undulating programming (DUP; n =10). Functional capacity and submaximal strength (10RM) were analyzed before and after 12 weeks of resistance training. The results demonstrated improvement on strength and functional capacity after the resistance training period (p ≤ 0.05), except for the Bench Press (p = 0.30), for both groups DUP and LP. The Effect Size was, respectively, high for DUP (timed up and go test = -2.07, and timed sit test= 4.69), and high for LP (horizontal leg press = 2.35). For all other results, the effect size was trivial or small. No statistical difference was observed between programming models. The LP and DUP trainnings have similar results in increasing submaximal muscle strength in elderly women inexperienced in RT after 12 weeks of intervention (p ≤ 0,05). However, DUP appears to be more effective in increasing functional capacity. In practice, the professional can use both the LP and the DUP to improve the level of fitness in the early stages of training in this population. However, when the goal of programming is to increase functional capacity, DUP can be prioritized.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de dois tipos diferentes de programação do treinamento de força (linear e ondulatório diário) na força submáxima e na capacidade funcional de mulheres idosas. Vinte e duas participantes (64 ± 3 anos) foram randomizados em 2 grupos experimentais: programação linear (PL; n=12) e programação ondulatória diária (POD; n=10). A capacidade funcional e a força submáxima (10RM) foram avaliadas antes e depois das 12 semanas de treinamento de força. Os resultados demonstraram melhora da força submáxima e da capacidade funcional após o período de treinamento (p ≤ 0,05), exceto para o exercício supino (p = 0,30), para ambos os grupos POD e PL. Foi encontrado um tamanho de efeito grande para a POD nos testes de sentar e caminhar = -2,07 e teste de sentar e levantar = 4,69, bem como na PL para o exercício leg press horizontal = 2,35. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os modelos de programação. As programações LP e DUP têm resultados semelhantes no aumento da força muscular submáxima em mulheres idosas inexperientes em TR após 12 semanas de intervenção (p ≤ 0,05). No entanto, o DUP parece ser mais eficaz para aumentar a capacidade funcional. Na prática, o profissional pode usar tanto o LP quanto o DUP para melhorar o nível de condicionamento físico nos estágios iniciais do treinamento nessa população. Porém, quando o objetivo da programação é aumentar a capacidade funcional, o DUP pode ser priorizado.

Abstract Using data from SCAR observations, ERA5 reanalysis, and regional climate model simulations (RACMO), we examined the influence of large- and regional-scale climate forcing on temperature and precipitation variations in the South Shetland Islands (SSI). Specifically, we focused on understanding how regional climate indices influence the temporal variability of temperature and precipitation on the SSI. Our findings indicate that both large- and regional-scale climate indices significantly impact the interannual and seasonal temperature variability in the SSI. For instance, the Amundsen Sea Low, characterised by low-pressure systems over the Amundsen Sea, and sea ice extent in the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea, exert a strong influence on temperature variability (r from -0.64 to -0.87; p < 0.05). In contrast, precipitation variability in this region is primarily controlled by regional climatic indices. Particularly, anomalies in atmospheric and surface pressure over the Drake Passage region strongly regulate the interannual variability of precipitation in the SSI (r from -0.46 to -0.70; p < 0.05). Large-scale climatic indices demonstrate low but statistically significant correlations, including the Southern Annular Mode and deep convection in the central tropical Pacific. Given the importance of temperature and precipitation in the glacier changes, we recommend assessing the impact of the Drake region on SSI glaciers.

Abstract Background: Forests of Pinus pinceana in the Eastern Sierra Madre of Tamaulipas grow in dry environmental conditions. It is important to know the composition and floristic diversity, as well as the useful structural parameters for future conservation programs. Questions: What is the structure, composition and floristic diversity of the vegetation associated with the Pinus pinceana forest in Tamaulipas? Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Pinus pinceana, structural parameters, diversity, and linear regression models. Study site and dates: State of Tamaulipas, Mexico. March 2016 to March 2017. Methods: At each site (A and B) three strata were analyzed, ten 100 m2 plots for high stratum, 25 m2 for medium stratum and 1 m2 for low stratum, for a total of 30 plots per site. Results: A total of 48 species, 39 genera and 24 families of vascular plants were recorded. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Asparagaceae were the most representative families. Pinus pinceana had the highest Importance value index (IVI), whereas Flourensia laurifolia and Acacia roemeriana had the highest IVI values for the medium stratum. For the low stratum Croton ciliatoglandulifer and Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii had the highest IVI value. Significant differences were also found in the structure of the middle and upper stratum between the two study sites. Conclusions: The vegetation of the Pinus pinceana forests in Tamaulipas are similar in composition and diversity of species between sites, but the structure of the middle and upper stratum between the two study sites is different.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los bosques de Pinus pinceana en Tamaulipas crecen en condiciones de aridez en la Sierra Madre Oriental. Es importante conocer la composición y diversidad florística, además de los parámetros estructurales útiles para futuros programas de conservación. Preguntas: ¿Cómo es la estructura, composición y diversidad florística de la vegetación asociada al bosque de Pinus pinceana en Tamaulipas? Especies de estudio / Descripción de datos / Modelo matemático: Pinus pinceana, parámetros estructurales, diversidad y regresiones lineales. Sitio y años de estudio: Tamaulipas, México. Marzo de 2016 a Marzo de 2017. Métodos: En cada sitio (A y B) se establecieron 10 parcelas de 100 m2 para el estrato alto; 10 de 25 m2 para el medio y 10 de 1 m2 para el bajo. Un total de 30 parcelas por sitio. Resultados: Un total de 48 especies, 39 géneros y 24 familias de plantas vasculares fueron registradas. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Asparagaceae fueron las familias dominantes. Pinus pinceana mostró el mayor Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) en el estrato alto, Flourensia laurifolia y Acacia roemeriana en el estrato medio y Croton ciliatoglandulifer y Hechtia hernandez-sandovalii en el estrato bajo. También, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la estructura del estrato medio y superior entre los dos sitios de estudio. Conclusiones: La vegetación de los bosques de Pinus pinceana en Tamaulipas son semejantes en composición y diversidad de especies entre sitios, pero la estructura del estrato medio y superior entre los dos sitios de estudio es diferente.

Resumen El objetivo fue contrastar la Teoría de la Conducta Planeada (TCP) y los modelos de contagio social de la trasgresión entre diferentes normas. Se midieron los componentes de la TCP hacia la norma de no mentir, y la trasgresión percibida de otras normas sociales en el vecindario (e. g., tirar basura en la calle) en 385 participantes. Regresiones lineales y modelos de trayectorias muestran un funcionamiento adecuado de la TCP, aunque con baja capacidad predictiva de la conducta de mentir. La trasgresión de diferentes normas en el vecindario incrementó la predicción de la trasgresión a la norma de no mentir, apoyando la hipótesis del contagio entre diferentes normas. Se discuten la vigencia de la TCP, la necesidad de una extensión experimental y las implicaciones sociales del contagio de la trasgresión de normas.

Abstract The objective of this research was to contrast Planned Behavior Theory (PBT) and the models of social contagion of transgression between different norms. The components of the TCP were measured towards the norm of not lying, and the perceived transgression of other social norms in the neighborhood (e.g., littering) in a sample of 385 participants. Linear regressions and trajectory models show an adequate functioning of the TCP, although with low predictive capacity of the lying behavior. The transgression of different norms in the neighborhood increased the prediction of the transgression of the norm of not lying, supporting the hypothesis of contagion between different norms. The discussion focuses on the validity of the TCP, the need for an experimental extension, and the social implications of the contagion of the transgression of norms.

Resumen. El Pacífico central mexicano (PCM) presenta una dinámica oceanográfica compleja, con un patrón de variación estacional bien definido e influencia de anomalías interanuales de la temperatura de la superficie del mar. El presente estudio investigó la relación entre la distribución/abundancia de delfines moteados y las condiciones ambientales del PCM. Los datos de avistamiento de delfines se recopilaron entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2015; la distancia a la costa, la temperatura de la superficie del mar y la clorofila a (Cla) se obtuvieron para cada lugar de avistamiento a través de mapas georreferenciados e imágenes de satélite. Se obtuvieron un total de 746 avistamientos de delfines moteados con un esfuerzo de prospección de 31,695 km. Los delfines moteados en el PCM mostraron una distribución predominantemente costera independientemente de las condiciones ambientales. Se observaron diferencias significativas entorno a la variación estacional de la región, con una tasa media de avistamiento más alta durante los periodos estratificados y estimaciones de densidad/abundancia más altas durante los periodos de mezcla. Los delfines moteados mostraron una preferencia por las condiciones más cálidas, con una mayor tasa media de avistamiento, abundancia y distancia a la costa durante los periodos interanuales neutrales y cálidos. Durante las condiciones más frescas (periodos fríos), la tasa media de avistamiento y la abundancia disminuyeron, y los delfines moteados se ubicaron más cerca de la costa, donde aumentó la concentración de Cla. Estos resultados sugieren que los cambios en la distribución/abundancia de estos delfines podrían estar asociados con fenómenos oceanográficos tropicales (El Niño/Oscilación del Sur) y extra tropicales (“El Blob”), que podrían estar modulando sus actividades de alimentación.

Abstract. The Mexican Central Pacific (MCP) has complex oceanographic dynamics, with a well-defined seasonal pattern and influence of interannual sea surface temperature anomalies. The present study investigated the relationship between the distribution/abundance of spotted dolphins and the environmental conditions in the MCP. Dolphin sighting data were collected during January 2010-December 2015; distance to coast, sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll a (Chla) were obtained for each sighting location through georeferenced maps and satellite images. A total of 746 spotted dolphin sightings were obtained with a survey effort of 31,695 km. Spotted dolphins in the MCP showed a predominantly coastal distribution regardless of environmental conditions. Significant differences were detected concerning regional seasonal variation, with higher mean sighting rate during the stratified periods and higher density/abundance estimates during the mixed periods. Spotted dolphins showed preference for warmer conditions, with higher mean sighting rate, abundance, and distance to coast during the neutral and warm interannual periods. During the coolest conditions (cold periods), mean sighting rate and abundance decreased and spotted dolphins were located closer to the coast, where Chla concentration increased. These results suggest that changes in the distribution/abundance of these dolphins could be associated with habitat quality related to tropical (El Niño/Southern Oscillation) and extratropical (The Blob) oceanographic phenomena, which could be modulating their foraging activities.

Resumen. El ruido generado por el tránsito de embarcaciones ha ido en aumento a nivel mundial, por lo que se requiere evaluar objetivamente los niveles de ruido antropogénico en los hábitats marinos. En este estudio, se evaluó la contribución de las embarcaciones a los niveles de ruido en el complejo de bahías Santiago-Manzanillo, en la costa del Pacífico central mexicano. Este complejo de bahías semicerradas es uno de los puertos comerciales más importantes de México y, a su vez, un área con alta riqueza biológica y demanda turística, incluida la demanda de la industria informal de avistamiento de ballenas jorobadas. Desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016, se obtuvieron registros acústicos mensuales de sistemas de grabación fijos colocados en la entrada a la bahía, cerca del puerto comercial (bahía de Manzanillo) y dentro del área turística (bahía de Santiago). Los barcos avistados durante las grabaciones se asociaron a sus señales acústicas y se agruparon por categoría. De acuerdo con su rango diagnóstico de frecuencia, el ruido de los barcos se clasificó en barcos grandes (50-220 Hz) y pequeños (290-500 Hz). Los barcos grandes siempre se detectaron en ambas estaciones, mientras que, como se esperaba, los barcos pequeños fueron más comunes en las zonas turísticas. El ruido de embarcaciones en toda la zona osciló entre 130 y 170 dB (RMS re 1 μPa) y estuvo presente en una mediana de hasta el 81.8% del tiempo a lo largo del año, con mayor prevalencia entre las 1200 y 1600 horas. Las actividades del tráfico marítimo fueron constantes en el área, pero el contenido de frecuencias y los niveles de presión sonora no se distribuyeron por igual a lo largo de la bahía, por lo que se deben diferenciar los posibles impactos sobre la fauna marina que habita en el área.

Abstract. Noise generated by ship traffic is increasing around the world. Hence, there is need to effectively evaluate anthropogenic noise levels in marine habitats. In this study, the noise contribution of ships in the Santiago-Manzanillo bay complex, on the Pacific coast of central Mexico, was assessed. The semienclosed bay complex is one of the most important commercial ports in Mexico, and it is an area with high biological richness and tourism demand, including demand by the informal humpback whale watching industry. Bottom-fixed recording systems were deployed at the entrance to the bay, near the commercial port (Manzanillo Bay), and within the tourist area (Santiago Bay). Monthly acoustic records were obtained from September 2015 to August 2016. Boat categories confirmed by visual sightings were associated with their acoustic signals. According to the diagnostic frequency range, vessel noise was classified into noise coming from large ships (50-220 Hz) or from small vessels (290-500 Hz). Large ships were always detected at both stations, while, as expected, small vessels were more common in tourist areas. Vessel noise in the entire area ranged from 130 to 170 dB (RMS re 1 μPa) and was present up to a median of 81.8% of the time throughout the year, with higher prevalence from 1200 to 1600 hours. Marine traffic activities were constant in the area, but frequency content and sound pressure levels were not equally distributed across the bay. Therefore, it is important to consider the possible differential impacts on marine fauna inhabiting the area.

Los síndromes coronaries crónicos son infrecuentes en mujeres jóvenes, quienes suelen presentar una lenta progresión de enfermedad coronaria aterosclerótica, tienen presentación clínica atípica y son menos sujetas a exploración diagnostica. Se deben considerar causas no ateroscleróticas de enfermedad coronaria en mujeres jóvenes con angina. Informamos una paciente de 25 años que consultó por cinco meses de angina con esfuerzos moderados. Al examen físico presentaba un soplo carotideo derecho y pulsos asimétricos de extremidades superiores. La exploración de laboratorio inicial y posterior evaluación multimodal permitió evidenciar la presencia de aortitis y estenosis de ambos ostium coronarios, concordante con el diagnóstico de una arteritis de Takayasu. Inició terapia medica con respuesta clínica aparentemente favorable. No obstante, la evaluación cardiológica no invasiva en el seguimiento permitió corroborar la persistencia de isquemia significativa y necesidad de revascularización miocárdica. Se realizó una intervención coronaria percutánea de ambos ostium, con una evolución favorable.

Chronic coronary syndromes are usually considered uncommon in young women, related to slower progression of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, have atypical clinical presentations, and experience less diagnostic investigation. Non-atherosclerotic causes of coronary artery disease should be considered in young women experiencing angina. We report a 25-year-old woman who consulted for five months of moderate exertion angina. Physical examination revealed a right carotid bruit and asymmetrical upper extremity peripheral pulses. Initial work-up and imaging allowed to diagnose aortitis with bilateral coronary ostial stenosis secondary to Takayasu's arteritis. The patient experienced an apparent clinical response to initial medical therapy. However, follow-up evaluation revealed persistence of significant ischemia and requirement for myocardial revascularization. A percutaneous coronary intervention was performed.

Resumen La existencia de condiciones de trabajo adecuadas ayuda a la prevención de riesgos a la salud mental, como el desgaste organizacional, entendido como la combinación de agotamiento, despersonalización e insatisfacción de logro. El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en una dependencia de gobierno mexicana dedicada a la atención al público para la solución pacífica de problemas entre particulares. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre las diferentes dimensiones de las condiciones de trabajo y las dimensiones de desgaste ocupacional para identificar potenciales riesgos y estresores que pudieran llevar al desgaste ocupacional. Se utilizó el cuestionario desarrollado por Blanch et al. (2010) para las condiciones de trabajo y la escala desarrollada por Uribe (2010) para el desgaste ocupacional. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson, análisis de varianza de una vía y análisis de trayectorias con los datos obtenidos. Se confirmó la hipótesis, en la que se propuso una correlación negativa (β=-.57) entre los componentes de las condiciones de trabajo y el desgaste ocupacional (r2=.33), identificando además una covariación negativa entre el componente desarrollo de las condiciones de trabajo y el agotamiento del desgaste ocupacional (β=.48), obteniendo un modelo de trayectorias con índices aceptables de bondad de ajuste (Chi 2 =52.09, gl=24, p=.001; RMR=.052; GFI=.91; CFI=.94; RMSEA=.09, IC 90% [.06, .13]). Se discute la importancia de fomentar condiciones de trabajo favorables, procurando un equilibrio entre el impulso al desarrollo de los colaboradores y sus responsabilidades cotidianas, a fin de evitar un desgaste que pudiera afectar su salud, bienestar y desempeño.

Abstract Good working conditions help prevent mental health risks, such as organizational burnout, which is understood as the combination of exhaustion, depersonalization, and dissatisfaction with achievement. This research work was developed in a Mexican government agency dedicated to mediation to solve problems between individuals. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the different dimensions of working conditions and occupational burnout to identify potential risks and stressors that could lead to occupational burnout. The working conditions questionnaire (Blanch et al., 2010) and the scale for occupational burnout (Uribe, 2010) were used. Spearman correlations, one-way analysis of variance, and path analysis were performed to test the hypothesis. Results (r2 = .33) confirmed a negative correlation between the components of working conditions and occupational burnout (β = -. 57), also identifying a positive covariation between the development component of the working conditions and the exhaustion of occupational burnout (β = .48), obtaining a model of trajectories with acceptable goodness of fit (Chi2 = 52.09, df = 24, p = .001; RMR = .052; GFI =. 91; CFI = .94; RMSEA = .09, 90% CI [.06, .13]). The importance of promoting favorable working conditions is discussed, seeking a balance between promoting the development of employees and their daily responsibilities to avoid the stress that could affect their health, well-being, and performance.

Resumen Introducción: Las alteraciones epigenéticas y genómicas de la región improntada 11p15.5 producen crecimiento excesivo o deficiente, que se manifiesta como síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann o síndrome de Silver-Russell, respectivamente. Objetivo: Evaluar la técnica de análisis de metilación MLPA (MS-MLPA, methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) en el diagnóstico de los síndromes de Beckwith-Wiedemann y de Silver-Russell. Métodos: Se evaluó la metilación y las variantes de 11p15.5 en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann y síndrome de Silver-Russell mediante la técnica MS-MLPA en ADN de sangre periférica. Resultados: Se identificó disomía uniparental paterna y pérdida de metilación del IC2 materno en dos pacientes con síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann, quienes presentaron onfalocele y macroglosia, respectivamente. Se registró hipometilación paterna del IC1 en dos pacientes con síndrome de Silver-Russell de fenotipo clásico. Conclusiones: Se observó adecuada correlación genotipo-fenotipo con los defectos de metilación encontrados, lo que confirma la utilidad del MLPA como estudio de primera línea en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann y síndrome de Silver-Russell.

Abstract Introduction: Epigenetic and genomic imprinting alterations of the 11p15.5 region cause excessive or deficient growth, which result in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) or Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), respectively. Objective: To evaluate the methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) methylation analysis technique in the diagnosis of BWS and SRS. Methods: 11p15.5 methylation and variants were evaluated in patients with clinical diagnosis of BWS and SRS using the MS-MLPA technique in peripheral blood DNA. Results: Paternal uniparental disomy and loss of maternal IC2 methylation were identified in two patients with BWS who had omphalocele and macroglossia, respectively. Paternal IC1hypomethylation was recorded in two patients with SRS of classic phenotype. Conclusions: Adequate genotype-phenotype correlation was observed with the methylation defects that were identified, which confirms the usefulness of MLPA as a first-line study in patients diagnosed with BWS and SRS.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical rest is a legal figure granted to rest in the presence of an incapacitating injury, without depriving the worker of receiving the incomes from work. Objective: To characterize the days of medical rest according to the type of diagnosis in patients treated at the social security in Trujillo, Peru. Material and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study involving secondary data, and using the basis of medical breaks (measured in days) due to temporary incapacity from 2009 to 2015 in a social security hospital in northern Peru. Characterization was obtained according to the type of pathology, and analytical statistics was performed using linear regression. Results: Of the 145077 rest days granted, false labor was the most frequent condition. However, common accidents such as external malleolus fracture, radius fracture, and intervertebral disc disorder had more days of rest, being above average for other disabilities. On the other hand, those that generated fewer days of rest were diarrhea, pharyngitis and dehydration, being below average for other pathologies. In terms of sex, in general, men were granted more medical rest. All this was statistically significant. Conclusions: There are marked differences in the allocation of days of rest according to the characteristics of the persons to whom they were given; this should be evaluated in further studies to find standard values.

RESUMEN Introducción: El descanso médico es una figura legal otorgada para reposar ante una lesión que incapacite, sin necesidad de que el trabajador se vea privado de sus haberes o remuneraciones laborales. Objetivo: Caracterizar los días de descanso médico según el tipo de diagnóstico en los pacientes atendidos en la seguridad social de Trujillo, Perú. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico de datos secundarios, a partir del uso de la base del otorgamiento por incapacidades temporales laborales se obtuvieron las características de los descansos médicos (medido en días), de 2009-2015 en un hospital de la seguridad social del norte del Perú. Se realizó la caracterización según el tipo de patología y la estadística analítica mediante la regresión lineal. Resultados: De los 145 077 descansos otorgados, el falso trabajo de parto fue la condición más frecuente. Los accidentes comunes, la fractura de maléolo externo, la fractura de radio y el trastorno de discos intervertebrales tuvieron más días de descanso, con un promedio superior en relación con otras incapacidades. La diarrea, la faringitis y la deshidratación generaron menos días de descanso con un promedio menor en comparación con otras patologías. En cuanto al sexo, en general, a los hombres se les otorgó más descansos laborales. Todo esto fue estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias marcadas en la asignación de días de descanso según las características de a quién se le dio, esto debería ser evaluado con estudios que permitan encontrar valores estándar.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Exercícios de alongamento estão presentes em programas de treinamento físico e reabilitação muscular. Dentro do contexto da reabilitação de indivíduos com dor na região lombar (lombalgia), ainda existe uma lacuna sobre os mecanismos pelos quais esses exercícios reduzem dor e incapacidade nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os possíveis mecanismos pelos quais o exercício de alongamento pode reduzir dor em indivíduos com lombalgia crônica. CONTEÚDO: A dor na região lombar é uma das dores mais incapacitantes quando se trata de limitações para as funções no cotidiano. Por isso, é necessário investigar alternativas que possam proporcionar o seu alívio nesses pacientes. Considerando que a causa da lombalgia crônica não específica é multifatorial, o tratamento desta doença ocorre principalmente na tentativa de reduzir a sensação dolorosa. Como alternativa, o treinamento da flexibilidade por meio de exercícios de alongamento pode agir reduzindo a dor lombar por gerarem alterações biomecânicas e sensoriais que resultam em efeito analgésico. Adicionalmente, ainda é possível que esses dois efeitos possam atuar em conjunto para explicar a redução da dor lombar após a realização de exercícios de alongamento. CONCLUSÃO: Existe suporte teórico na literatura para sustentar a realização dos exercícios de alongamento como estratégia não farmacológica para o tratamento da dor lombar crônica. Mecanismos biomecânicos e neurofisiológicos poderiam ser apontados para explicar tais benefícios.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stretching exercises are present in physical training and muscle rehabilitation programs. Within the context of rehabilitation of patients with low back pain (lombalgy), there is still a gap about the mechanisms that these exercises should reduce pain and disability in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate what are the possible mechanisms through which muscle stretching exercise could reduce pain in individuals with chronic low back pain.CONTENTS: Pain in the lumbar region is one of the most disabling pains when it comes to limitations for daily functions, so it’s necessary to investigate alternatives that provide relief for these patients. As the cause of non-specific chronic low back pain is multifactorial, the treatment of the pathology occurs mainly to reduce the sensation of pain. As an alternative, the flexibility training through stretching exercises can be efficient because they generate biomechanical and sensory changes, which would result in an analgesic effect. Additionally, it’s still possible that these two effects occur together to explain the reduction in low back pain after performing stretching exercises. CONCLUSION: There is theoretical basis in the literature to support the performance of stretching exercises as a non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of chronic low back pain. Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms can be pointed out to explain these benefits.

Resumo: Atrás do catolicismo, o segmento evangélico constitui o segundo maior do país, prosseguindo em grande crescimento devido ao pentecostalismo. Com tamanho dez vezes menor, mas estando também em expansão, o espiritismo kardecista ocupa a terceira colocação, sendo caracterizado, atualmente e em boa medida, por um conjunto de percepções, valores e práticas próprias dos evangélicos pentecostais. Essas abarcam, por um lado, a valorização da Bíblia, sobremaneira o Novo Testamento, que é chamado nesse meio de “Estudos do Evangelho”, ressaltando a identidade religiosa e cristã do espiritismo. E, por outro, envolvem um controverso ativismo político-ideológico conservador, algo que tem consequências significativas. Este artigo, decorrente de pesquisa de campo e de análise dirigida à circulação de notícias relevantes, discute tais semelhanças específicas entre o espiritismo e o pentecostalismo.

Abstract: Behind Catholicism, the Evangelical segment is the second largest in Brazil, continuing with great growth due to Pentecostalism. With a size ten times smaller, but also expanding, the Kardecist Spiritism occupies the third position, being characterized, currently and to a great extent, by a set of perceptions, values and practices typical of Pentecostal Evangelicals. These include, on the one hand, the appreciation of the Bible, especially the New Testament, which is called in this context “Gospel Studies”, emphasizing the religious and Christian identity of Spiritism. And, on the other hand, they involve a controversial conservative political-ideological activism, something that has significant consequences. This article, resulting from field research and analysis aimed at circulating relevant news, discusses such specific similarities between Spiritism and Pentecostalism.

Abstract : OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare all cases with central nervous system defects evaluated prenatally with structural ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case series, retrolective, based on the records of the Structural Defects Clinic. Inclusion criteria: fetuses with central nervous system defects. Structural revisions were collected from the clinical record and reported MRI findings. Comparisons between the findings of the two methods were established, considering the final diagnoses established after birth. RESULTS: Fifty-eight cases were analyzed; in 34 cases the MRI and ultrasound findings were the same. In 12 cases the MRI provided additional information and in another 12 cases the diagnosis changed. Neural tube defects and midline malformations had the highest incidence (n = 13 of each). Ultrasound had the highest failure rate for cortical formation anomalies and destructive lesions (29 and 33, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal MRI is a complementary tool to ultrasound that is useful in the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities, primarily cortical alterations. Ultrasound and MRI have strengths and limitations; each performs better in different aspects of the structural evaluation of the central nervous system. So far there is insufficient evidence to pinpoint the superiority of one over the other.

Resumen: OBJETIVO: Describir y comparar todos los casos con defectos en el sistema nervioso central evaluados prenatalmente con ultrasonido estructural y con resonancia magnética. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Serie de casos, retrolectiva, basada en los registros de la Clínica de Defectos Estructurales. Criterios de inclusión: fetos con defectos en el sistema nervioso central. Las revisiones estructurales se recolectaron del expediente clínico y de los hallazgos reportados de la resonancia magnética. Se establecieron las comparaciones entre los hallazgos de los dos métodos, tomando en cuenta los diagnósticos finales establecidos después del nacimiento. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 58 casos; en 34 los hallazgos en la resonancia magnética y en el ultrasonido fueron exactamente los mismos. En 12 casos la resonancia magnética aportó información adicional y en otros 12 casos cambió el diagnóstico. Los defectos del tubo neural y las malformaciones de la línea media fueron los de mayor incidencia (n = 13 de cada uno). El ultrasonido tuvo la mayor tasa de falla para las anomalías de la formación cortical y las lesiones destructivas (29 y 33, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: La resonancia magnética prenatal es una herramienta complementaria al ultrasonido que resulta útil en la evaluación de las anomalías del sistema nervioso central, principalmente en las alteraciones corticales. El ultrasonido y la resonancia tienen fortalezas y limitaciones; cada uno se desempeña mejor en distintos aspectos de la evaluación estructural del sistema nervioso central. Hasta el momento no existe evidencia suficiente para precisar la superioridad de uno en comparación con el otro.

ABSTRACT Introduction: On certain occasions work exposes us to common risks, such as food poisoning; This may be due to exposure to unhealthy places of sale, especially in Peru, which still has a poor health system. Objective: To determine whether the type of employment is a risk factor for the diarrhea among workers in fourteen cities in Peru. Materials and Methods: Retrospective and multicenter cohort study. Investigated diarrhea among workers attending their occupational appointments in fourteen cities in Peru. This was associated with the type of work performed. Statistical association was obtained using the generalized linear models. Results: Of the 4057 respondents, 39% had at least one episode of diarrhea in the past year. There was an increased risk of diarrhea in the last year among workers; on the other hand, the risk of employees of mining companies decreased, trade, outsourced transport or the education sector; adjusted for age, type of instruction and daily hygiene. Conclusion: Some types of work generate different risks for the diarrhea, this must be monitored and controlled, since it could have repercussions for the worker and the labor institution.

RESUMEN. Introducción: En ciertas ocasiones el trabajo nos expone a riesgos comunes, como el de una intoxicación alimentaria; esto puede ser por la exposición a lugares de venta no saludables, y más en Perú, que tiene un sistema sanitario aún deficiente. Objetivo: Determinar si el tipo de empleo es un factor de riesgo para el padecimiento de diarrea entre los trabajadores de catorce ciudades del Perú. Material y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva y multicéntrico. Se encuestó acerca del padecimiento de diarrea a trabajadores de catorce ciudades del Perú; esto se asoció según el tipo de trabajo que realizaban, se obtuvo datos estadísticos de asociación mediante los modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: De los 4057 encuestados, el 39% tuvo al menos un episodio de diarrea en el último año. Existía mayor riesgo de padecer diarrea en los trabajadores operarios; por el contrario, disminuían el riesgo los empleados de empresas mineras, comercio, trasporte o el sector educación; ajustado por la edad, tipo de instrucción y por su higiene diaria. Conclusión: Algunos trabajos generan riesgos para el padecimiento de diarrea, esto debe ser vigilado, ya que, puede afectar a los trabajadores y al centro de trabajo.

ABSTRACT This study reports for the first time the content of trace elements and light-absorbing particles (LAPs) in snow samples collected from a Peruvian glacier (Huaytapallana). The sampling campaign was carried out monthly from November 2015 to March 2019. The trace elements content was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, while LAPs were analyzed using the light absorption heating method. The chemical composition dataset was assessed by descriptive statistics and t-test for assessing dry season and wet season differences. In addition, enrichment factor (EF) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible emission sources. The snow, ice, and aerosol radiative (SNICAR) model was used to measure the effect of LAPs on snow albedo and radiative forcing (RF). Based on analysis of EF and HCA, it was shown that Al, Ti, Si, Co, Ce, Sr, Mn, Mg, Ba and Na have mainly natural sources; K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Pb and As have a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources, and Zn has anthropogenic source. SNICAR model results indicated that LAPs reduced the snow albedo by up 4.5 % in the dry season with RF values as high as 33 W/m2. Therefore, we conclude that the presence of these particles substantially increases melt or sublimation rates of Peruvian glaciers.

RESUMEN Este estudio informa por primera vez el contenido de elementos traza y partículas absorbentes de luz (PAL) en muestras de nieve colectadas de un glaciar peruano (glaciar Huaytapallana). La campaña de muestreo se realizó mensualmente desde noviembre de 2015 hasta marzo de 2019. El contenido de elementos traza se cuantificó mediante espectrometría de masa de plasma acoplado inductivamente, mientras que las PAL se analizaron utilizando un método de calentamiento por absorción de luz. El conjunto de datos de los elementos químicos se sometió a pruebas estadísticas para evaluar cambios entre las épocas seca y húmeda. Además, se emplearon análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico (AAJ), el factor de enriquecimiento (FE) y trayectorias inversas calculadas con el modelo HYSPLIT para identificar posibles fuentes de emisión. Se utilizó el modelo de transferencia radiativa SNICAR para estimar el efecto de los PAL sobre el albedo de nieve y el forzamiento radiativo (FR). De acuerdo con el análisis del FE y el AAJ, los elementos Al, Ti, Si, Co, Ce, Sr, Mn, Mg, Ba y Na están influenciados por fuentes naturales, en tanto que el K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Pb y As sugieren una mezcla de origen de fuentes naturales y antrópicas, y el Zn presenta una fuente significativamente antrópica. Por otro lado, según el modelo SNICAR, la presencia de las PAL redujo el albedo de la nieve hasta un 4.5 % en la estación seca con valores de FR de hasta 33 W/m2. Por lo tanto, concluimos que la presencia de estas partículas provenientes de fuentes antrópicas aumenta sustancialmente las tasas de fusión o sublimación de los glaciares peruanos.