A demonstração do nódulo atrioventricular e do feixe de His, no coração humano, não oferece dificuldade especial, uma vez que seja seguida a técnica consagrada. A negação da sua existência, feita há cêrca de 20 anos atraz, é atribuível à não observância dêsse cuidado. A documentação apresentada refere-se a um paciente do sexo feminino, de côr branca, com 36 anos de idade, não infectado pelo Schizotrypanum cruzi, cujo coração pesava 310 g, sendo considerado macro e microscòpicamente, normal. Destina-se ela a servir de têrmo de comparação para a que será publicada, oportunamente, sôbre a cardiopatia crônica na doença de Chagas. Confirmamos o que dizem muitos autores quando assinalam a ausência completa de células ganglionares e de nervos, no nódulo atrioventricular, no tronco comum do feixe His e em seus dois ramos, quando observados no homem. Contrasta isso, fortemente, com o que existe, nas mesmas estruturas, no coração dos ungulados. Verificamos, não raramente, continuidade entre fibras musculares do tecido específico, no ramo esquerdo do feixe de His e fibras musculares ventriculares, sendo o ramo esquerdo constituído, em certa proporção, por fibras com caracters intermediários entre fibras musculares ordinárias e fibras de Purkinje (fibras de transição). Algumas vêzes fibras com características das de Purkinie aparecem em grupos musculares do septo ventricular imediatamente adjacentes ao ramo esquerdo, dificultando a demarcação exata daquele ramo. Reproduzimos, textualmente, pontos de mior interêsse, na literatura consultada, quando receavamos que a tradução não pudesse traduzir o pensamento exato do autor ou pudesse dar tal impressão.

No particular difficulty was met in the demonstration of the atrioventricular node and bundel of His in the human heart when standard methods such as that described by RÉNON and GÉRAUDEL (posteriorly referred as MAHAIM's method) was followed. The figures here presented refer to a white female 36 years old, not infected by Schizotrypanum cruzi, whose heart was apparently normal, macro and microscopically. They will be useful for comparison with similar structures to be latter reported in patients with chronic Chagas's disease. Our results confirm the total absence of ganglion-cells and nerves in the atrioventricular node and bundle of His of the human heart as opposed to what is found in the ungulates as well as the continuity between muscular fibers of the left branch and ordinary muscle fibers, and the presence of Purkinjke fibers in the musculature of the left ventricle lying immediately beneath the left branch which renders sometimes difficult to demarcate such a structure. A comprehensive survey of the literature was given, and the text transcribed whenever if was felt that a translation would perhaps distort the real meaning of the author.

A fibrose do miocárdio foi, primitivamente, atribuída á cicatrização de infartos e á miocardite intersticial. Em data relativamente recente maior atenção veio despertar a miocitólise como outra causa capaz de produzi-la (SCHLESINGER & REINER, MAGARINOS TORRES). Descrevemos, neste trabalho, a miocitólise difusa do miocárdio como diversa da miocitólise focal, estudada por SCHLESINGER & REINER. Na cardiopatia crônica chagásica, a fibrose do miocárdio é aparentemente, o resultado da miocitólise difusa em menor escala associada á da miocaedite específica. Embora não patognomônica da doença de Chagas, a miocitólise difusa, em sua fase crõnica (figs. 3 a 11), por vêzes distinguida, devidamente, da miocardite intersticial, é constante e, não raro, extensa na cardiopatia crônica chagásica, fato a ser levado em conta quando tentado o seu diagnóstico microscópico. A raridade, porém com que é surpreendida a sua fase aguda (figs. 13 e 14) indica que ela se processa de maneira lenta, atingindo, apenas, raras fibras musculares, em cada momento concreto, circunstãncia essa que, de certo modo, virá dificultar o seu estudo pelo microscópio electrônico. A lesão de C. Magarinos torres (figs. 15, 16 e 17) não parece relacionada com a miocitólise, embora reconheça, provàvelmente, uma patogenia semelhante: anemia local condicionando perturbações no metabolismo das células musculares cardíacas. A destruição de células musculares, discreta em cada campo microscópico, porém difundida, exige evidentemente menos afluxo de sangue arterial, nas zonas em que a miocitólise é mais acentuada, fato que não poderia explicar o colapso das finas ramificações arteriais ocasionalmente encontrado (figs. 18, 20 e 22). A conservação de capilares sanguíneos do primitivo estroma do miocárdio distingue a fibrose resultante da miocitólise difusa (figs. 8, 9, 11 e 12) da que produz a miocardite intersticial crõnica. A acentuada congestão dos capilares (fig. 12) atesta o intenso grau de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva presente nos pacientes com cardiopatia crõnica chagásica autopsiados, assim como a existência de um círculo vicioso: congestão crônica, anóxia, perturbações do metabolismo nas células musculares, miocitólise. Os fatos aqui referidos reforçam a hipótese segundo a qual a forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas estaria sempre condicionada a lesões vasculares do coração além da miocardite específica ìntimamente associada.

Myocardial fibrosis was formerly chiefly ascribed to healed infarcts and to interstitial myocarditis. Recently, however, more attention has been paid to myocytolysis as another possible source of fibrosis (SCHLESINGER & REINER, MAGARINOS TORRES). Besides focal myocytolysis of the myocardium well recognized in later years, another type-diffuse myocytolysis-is reported in this paper. In Chagas' heart disease fibrosis of the myocardium is largely the consequence of diffuse myocytolysis. In its chronic stage (figs. 3-11) which has been often mistaken for interstitial myocarditis, diffuse myocytolysis while not specific is always found and often extensive in Chagas' heart disease and this circumstance should be taken into account when attempted the micorscopic diagnosis of such condition. Its acute stage (figs. 13 and 14), is seldom found suggesting a slow progress for this process, as only a few myocardial fibers are attained at the same time. This point is worth considering when performing its study with the electron microscope. C. Magarinos Torres' lesion (figs. 15, 16 and 17) is likely not related to myocytolysis although both changes probably recognize identical pathogeny: metabolic disturbances in myocardial fibers induced by local anemia. The need for arterial blood supply is likely diminished in the areas of marked diffuse myocytolysis on account of extensive destruction of myocardial cells and this possibly accounts for collapse of small arterial branches (figs. 18, 20 and 22) occasionally found. The original stroma with preserved blood capillaries in the areas of the so-called "fibrosis" (figs. 8, 9, 11 and 12) distinguishes diffuse myocytolysis from chronic interstitial myocarditis. Marked dilatation of such capillaries (fig. 12) demonstrates the high degree of congestive cardiac insufficiency found in fatal cases of Chagas's heart disease and is indicative of a vicious circle: passive hyperemia, local anemia, metabolic disturbances in myocardial fibers, myocytolysis. Data here reported reinforce the concept that in Chagas' heart disease vascular changes intimately associated to a specific myocarditis are at work.

Transmission of Chagas disease is realized through contamination of ocular conjunctiva, mucosa or skin with infected dejections eliminated by the insect vectors of Schizotrypanum cruzi (Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus and Rhodnius prolixus). The triatomid bugs live in holes and craks in the walls, in beds, behind trunks, etc. Found in primitive mud huts covered with thatched roofs, and so the human dwellers have many chances to contract the disease, reinfections being reasonably more to expect than a single inoculation. Experimental work reproducing those natural conditions is welcomed as some important features in the pathologic picture of the disease such as the extensive myocardial fibrosis seen in chronic cases are still incompletely known. Microscopic changes were studied in the heart muscle of seven Cebus monkeys infected by S. cruzi. This animal survives the acute stage of the disease and so is particularly suited to experiments of long duration in which several inoculations of S. cruzi are performed. Three different strains of S. cruzi isolated from acute cases of Chagas' disease were employed. One monkey was injected in the skin with infected blood and necropsied after 252 days. Two monkeys were three times, and one, eight times infected in skin, one of them with contaminated blood, and two with contaminated blood and dejections from infected bugs. The necropsies were performed after 35, 95 and 149 days. One monkey was three times inoculated through the intact ocular conjunctiva (one time with infected blood, two times with dejections from infected bugs), and one time through the wounded buccal mucosa, and necropsied after 134 days. Another monkey was six times inoculated, four times through the intact ocular conjunctiva (one time with contaminated blood, three times with dejections from infected bugs) and two times injected in the skin with infected blood, and necropsied after 157 days. Finally, another monkey was nine times inoculated, four times through the intact ocular conjunctiva (one time with infected blood, and three times with dejections from infected bugs), and five times injected in the skin (four times with contaminated blood, and one time with dejections from infected bugs), and necropsied after 233 days. The microscopic picture was uniform presenting, however, considerable individual variations, and was represented by diffuse interstitial myocarditis, frequently more (marked in the right ventricle base of the heart), accompanied by lymphatic stasis. The infiltration consists of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, the cellular reaction having sometimes a perivascular distribution, involving the auriculo-ventricular system of conduction, endocardium, epicardium and cardiac sympathetic gangliae. The loss of cardiac muscle fibers was always minimal. Leishmanial forms of S. cruzi in myocardial fibers are scanty and, in two cases, absent. Fatty necrosis in the epicardium was noted in two cases. Obliterative changes of medium-sized branches of coronary arteries (hypersensitivity reaction?) and multiple infarcts of the myocardium was found in one instance. The diffuse myocarditis induced by S. cruzi in several species of monkeys of the genus Cebus observed after 233 days (several inoculations) and 252 days (single inoculation) is not associated with disseminated fibrosis such as is reported in chronic cases of Chagas' disease. Definite capacity of reversion is another characteristic of the interstitial myocarditis observed in the series of Cebus monkeys here studied. The impression was gained that repeated inoculation with S. cruzi may influence the myocardial changes differently according to the period between the reinoculations. A short period after the first inoculation is followed by more marked changes, while long periods are accompanied by slight changes, which suggests an active immunisation produced by the first inoculation. More data are required, however before a definite statement is made on this subject considering that individual variations, the natural capacity of reversion of the interstitial myocarditis and the employement of more than a species of Cebus monkeys probably exerts influence also in the results here reported.

Two rare anomalies of the face are presented, cheiloschisis inferior (a white brazilian boy, two years old) and cheilognatoschisis inferior (a colored Brazilian boy, two years old).

Heterotranplantability of myxoma of rabbits was formely demonstrated when grafts from subcutaneous tissue in skin were used (MARGARINOS TÔRRES & RITA CARDOSOS, 1949). Better results are reported in this paper when grafts from the spleen of infected rabbits were employed. While grafts from normal spleen are almost completely absorbed in sixteen days, those from infected rabbits give origin to full-grown and vascularised tissue in which typical myxoma cells are predominant elements. Progressive growth of heterotransplantated myxoma cells is another similarity between infectious myxoma and malignant tumors. Formation of clear areas of circular contour (interference of a diffusible substance?) associated to myxomatous degeneration is very conspicuous. Peculiar changes of the ground substance, reticular and collagenous fibers (globular swelling, rosary and bulb formation) apparently related to myxomatous degeneration are described. An unexpected finding was the presence of typical intranuclear inclusion bodies in five among forty-eight grafts examined in the sixth day.

A lesão inicial na erupção do sarampo parece ser a necrose hialina de células epidérmicas, quer isoladas, quer em pequenos grupos. A associação das lesões epidérmicas a alterações do derma é, contudo, precoce, ocorrendo já na erupção com 12 horas de duração. No período compreendido entre a 12ª e a 36ª horas de duração da erupção, são geralmente encontradas, no mesmo fragmento de pele, lesões em fases diversas de evolução, ìntimamente associadas, constando de minúsculas vesículas evoluindo para vésico-pústulas que sofrem, posteriormente, dessecamento e descamação. É considerada como alteração patognomônica da erupção do sarampo, embora incostante, a presença de células paraqueratósicas com as inclusões intranucleares descritas por TORRES & TEIXEIRA (1932 b). As lesões do derma, bem conhecidas, constam de edema das papilas e infiltração da pars papillaris e da reticullaris por grandes mononucleares, alguns encerrando numerosos grânulos irregulares, intensamente corados (células de MALLORY-MEDLAR-LIPSCHÜTZ). São apresentados argumentos segundo os quais tais células seriam macrófagos que fagocitaram grânulos de queratoialina, em consequência de desordens no processo de cornificação determinadas pelo vírus. A formação de vesículas e pústulas, cuja devida apreciação exige o exame microscópico, caracterizada a erupção do sarampo. Tal característica aproxima esta doença, geralmente incluída no grupo das doenças exantemáticas, do grupo das doenças pustulosas (varicela, zoster, varíola e alastrim). As lesões epidérmicas não foram mais achadas, 72 horas após o início da erupção, ao passo que as dérmicas persistiam sob a forma de manguitos perivasculares bem definidos, associados à moderada proliferação de fibrócitos.

Hyaline necrosis of epidermal cells either single or in clumps represents apparently the primary change in the measles eruption. Lesions occur, however, very soon in the corium and could be demonstrated twelve hours after the onset of the eruption. The early lesions (twelve to thirty-six hours) in the epidermis show usually different stages in a single slide examined. They are described as minute vesicles and pustules; in older lesions the pustules have dried up forming thickened plaques in and beneath cornified layer. Parakeratotic cells with intranuclear bodies first described by TORRES & TEIXIERA (1932 b) while inconstant are regarded as a pathognomonic change in measles eruption. Edema of the papillary layer and perivascular infiltrations in the reticular layer by large mononuclears some of them containing small irregular deeply stained granules (MALLORY-MEDLAR-LIPSCHÜTZ' cells) are well known changes largely referred in the literature. Evidence is here submitted in support of the opinion that such cells correspond to macrophages with keratohyaline granules phagocited as a consequence of changes in cornification determined by the virus itself. Microscopic examination is necessary for the demonstration of the minute vesicles and pustules which are such an important detail in the histology of the measles eruption as it establishes connections between measles usually considered in the group of exanthematous diseases with chicken-pox, zoster, small-pox and alastrim (pustulous diseases). Epidermal changes are no more found seventy-two hours after the onset of the eruption while well-defined mantles of cells about the vessels and a moderate proliferation of fibrocytes is noticed in the corium.

The autopsy of a case of CHAGAS'S disease or American tryponosomiasis (a girl, 5 years old), dead in the 22nd day of illness is reported. The anatomic diagnosis was a follows: Acute diffuse chagasic nyocarditis. Chagasic encephalitis. Chagasic lymphadenitis of the right posterior auricular node. Tuberculosis of the bronchial and pulmonary nodes. Chronic passive hyperemia and atelectasia of the lungs. Chronic passive congestion and hemorrhages of the spleen. Serous hepatitis. Parotiditis. Edema of the right eyelids. Bilateral hydrothorax. Hydropericardium. Hydroperitoneum. The morphology of Schizotrypanum cruzi in the myocardium is considered. Besides agglomerates with typical small oval or round intracellular bodies, pre-flagellate and flagellate organisms, others are found in which the great amount of parasites and marked pressure exerted by them against each other render very difficult their identification; sometimes the similitude of such agglamerates to Toxoplasma is striking (Fig. 1 and 1 A). In such a case, the structure of the blepharoplast (Fig. 1 and IA), usually preserved, is profitable and allows the identification of the pre-flagellate and flagellate forms of Schizotrypanum cruzi. Most of the small sensitive nerves in the epicardium shows mononuclear infiltration of the perineurium (perineuritis, Figs. 12-14). Microscopically there is extensive Zenker's degeneration (Figs. 6-8) and parasitism of the heart muscle fibers, marked cellular infiltration of the interstitial connective tissue, which are found in the ordinary musculature of every chamber of the heart (Figs. 10-11) as well as in Tawara's node (Fig. 9), main bundle (Fig. 2) and right (Fig. 4) and left (Fig. 5) septal divisions of the bundle of His, and perineuritis. Those anatomic changes are associated to an abnormal electrocardiogram presenting some similitude to that of an anemic infarct of the anterior wall of the heart and which will be discussed elsewhere (unpublished paper by Dias, Nobrega & Laranja).

Mammalian cancer as well as the Rous chicken sarcoma has been successfully transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eyes of guinea pigs. It was of interest, therefore, to see if the infectious myxomatosis of rabbits, another representative of the infectious tumors, could be grown in the anterior chamber of the guinea pig eye, and, if growth occurred, to compare the tumor's behaviour with that of growths of the above mentioned etiology. Forty-three full-grown guinea pigs from mixed stocks were used throughout, and seventy-eight heterologous transplantation experiments were performed. The grafts measuring less than 2 mm. in diameter were cut from the subcutaneous tissue in skin lesions of rabbits with infectious myxomatosis recently killed. The transfer to the anterior chamber was performed after the usual technique. Some degree of partial survival was found in 23,8% of the grafts, in which typical myxoma cells could be demonstrated fifteen days after the transplantation. The transplant apparently does not increase in size, differing in that respect from that of the Rous chicken sarcoma, which increases in size by 2 or 3 diameters in 2 weeks (Shrigley, Greene & Duran-Reynals, 1945). The virus was still alive in 26% of the grafts 21 days after transplantation, and was able to induce a typical disease when injected to normal rabbits. No alteration in the properties of the virus after growth in the guinea pig was noticed, and this also is different from what happens with the Rous chicken sarcoma.

Tendo a oportunidade de estudar fragmentos de pele retirados de diversas regiões, algumas providas de abundante revestimento capilar, em um caso de autopsia de doente com sindromo bolhoso do grupo pênfigo, chamaram a nossa atenção as alterações histologicas dos folículos pilo-sebaceso, sôbre as quais não encontramos referencia especial na literatura que nos foi dado consultar.

Several skin fragments were available for histological study some of them from hairy regions in a case of pemphigus vulgaris observed in Asunción, Paraguay, which came to autopsy. The lesions on the skin are similar to those described in "fogo selvagem", a subtype of pemphigus which is endemic and sometimes epidemic in South America. The hair follicle shows hyperplasia of the outer sheath (acanthosis), acantholysis, dyskeratosis as well as necrosis of epithelial cells, dilatation of its mouth, loosening and loos of the hair. The first changes mentioned are more or less similar to those described in the epidermis. The striking finding, however, is the presence in some of them of intranuclear inclusion bodies in most cells of the outer sheath. The enlarged nuclei show thickening of the nuclear membrane and condensation of most intranuclear structures in acidophilic corpuscles of irregular shape, sometimes single, other times multiple, always separated from the nuclear membrane by a clear space apparently deprived of structure. Remaining portions of the linin reticulum are sometimes recognised besides the inclusion bodies. Minute granules suggestive of elementary corpuscles appear scattered in other nuclei faintly blue stained (advanced stages of the intranuclear inclusion bodies?). Intranuclear inclusion bodies could be demonstrated also in the epithelial cells of sebaceous glands which presented changes similar to those found in the hair follicles, but never in the cells of the epidermis. The histological changes in the epidermis however were quite similar to those just mentioned in the above structures.

Histopathological changes strikingly similar were found in the spleen of four cases (young female subjects) of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura hemorrhagica in which splenectomy was performed. The chief changes reported are enlargement of the marginal zone of the malpighian corpuscles, proliferation and mobilization of the reticulo-endothelial cells, myeloid metaplasia, local (tissue) eosinophilia, and stoppage of the circulation or stasis of platelets from which results a filling of the spelenic sinuses by such elements. The latter phenomenon will possibly present some bearing with thrombocytopenia which is such a characteristic feature in this disease and will perhaps account for the rapid increase in blood platelets which usually follows splenectomy and or the finding of increased megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Definite hyperplasia of cells occurs in the skin lesions of the infectious myxoma of rabbits, more visible in such stages in which the intercellular basophilic substance is rather scanty (fig. 2). The increase in number of cells is the result of simplified forms of mitosis (modified type of mitosis, pseudoamitosis) which might readily be mistaken for amitosis in their final stages. Budding (figs. 20, 28, 29, 30) as well as constriction of the nucleus (figs. 18, 31, 32), and the formation of giant-cells (figs. 33, 34) are not rare. During the entire process the nuclear membrane does not desintegrate as in typical mitosis. Division of the cytoplasm following division of the nucleus has been demonstrated (fig. 17). Typical mitosis is practically absent. The cells which undergo hyperplasia present remarkable changes in their dimension, shape, and structure. The nucleus and cell-body are considerably enlarged (figs. 6, 7, 8). The shape of the nucleus is modified (figs. 8, 10, 15). Hypertrophy of nuclein, either as an intranuclear network (spireme?, figs. 9, 23), or in the form conspicuous, deeply staining masses which appear not to be homogeneous but to be composed of small particles closely clumped ("mulberries"?, figs. 12, 13, 14, 25, 26) occurs in most cells. While some of these pictures are probably related to necrosis of the cells as started by most of the previous workers, it is lekely that some of them may represent developmental stages of the modified mitosis (pseudoamitosis) here reported. In fact, fine cytological details not ordinarily preserved in necrotic cells (figs. 35, 36, 37) may be demonstrated in the socalled myxoma-cells subtted to approved cytological methods of study (fixation in B-15 and P. F. A.-3, staining in iron-hematoxylin).

Slight acute catarrhal gastritis associated with fungi of the genus Geotrichum LINK was found to occur in apparently healthy white mice. This is of practical importance considering that the mouse is extensively employed in experimental work on nutrition.