ABSTRACT This work is an updated checklist of Mexican Pycnogonida species for both oceans, the Mexican Pacific (PA) and the Gulf of Mexico (GMx). This research was carried out based on the first historical records by Schimkewitsch in 1893 up to the present day. The number of recorded species increased in this study. The total number of species in Mexican oceans is 58, distributed among 19 genera and 10 families. All records were cross-referenced with the original literature, and those found to be questionable were deleted from the checklist. With the data reported in this checklist, an extrapolation of the total number of species was performed using rarefaction curves, thus demonstrating that the recorded species fell well below the projected diversity. The curves showed an estimate of 80 species in the Pacific, whilst 100 species were projected for the Gulf of Mexico. These data indicate that collection efforts and species occurrences nationwide and by waterbody (PA and GMx) are insufficient to describe the diversity of Mexican pycnogonids.

RESUMEN Este trabajo representa un listado actualizado de especies de Pycnogonida para ambos océanos, el Pacífico mexicano (PA) y el Golfo de México (GMx). La investigación se realizó a partir de los primeros registros históricos de Schimkewitsch en 1983 hasta la fecha. El número de especies registradas se incrementó en este listado. El número total de especies en los océanos mexicanos fue de 58, distribuidas en 19 géneros y 10 familias. Todos los registros se verificaron con la literatura original, y aquellos que eran cuestionables fueron eliminados de la lista. Con la información rescatada a través del presente listado, se realizó una extrapolación del número de especies totales con curvas de rarefacción, demostrando que las especies registradas cayeron por debajo de la diversidad proyectada. Las curvas mostraron un estimado de al menos 80 especies en el Pacífico, mientras que para el Golfo de México se proyectaron 100 especies. Esta información sugiere que son insuficientes los esfuerzos de colecta y los registros a nivel nacional y por océano (PA y GMx) para describir la diversidad de picnogónidos mexicanos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mushroom meal supplementation, Pleurotus djamor var. roseus (Pd), on the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), on hematological parameters and growth performance for 60 days. Nile tilapia fingerlings (3.23 ± 0.19 g) were fed with three experimental diets based on the mushroom meal in different percentages: diet 0% control (MM0), diet 15% (MM15), diet 20% (MM20) and diet 25% (MM25). Blood samples from the fish of all treatments were collected at the start of the experiment (day 0), 30 and 60 days. The weight and size of the fish were determined every 15 days (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The results showed a significant dose-dependent increase in the levels of erythrocytes count and leukocytes count. The groups that showed significant differences in the basal value and the final control result were hematocrit, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte. An increase in lymphocytes proportion and a decrease in neutrophils were found, which was related to the immune response of fish fed the diet. The highest levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and low neutrophils were presented in the diet with 15 and 20% (P < 0.05). The growth (weight gain and specific growth rate) of fish fed MM15 and MM20 of Pd in the diet was higher than the control group (P > 0.05). Dietary supplementation (15 and 20%) improved hematological and defense blood cells, as well as the growth of tilapia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Training based on generic competencies has led Higher Education institutions to submit to market criteria, and to generate study plans that respond to these demands. Objective: To know the opinion of the fourth-year students of the Nutrition and Dietetics career of the University of Atacama, regarding the development of generic competences during their academic training. Methods: Qualitative research by cases study was carried out. The population was made up of 10 students 2017-2018 academic year, after signing an informed consent authorized by the school's management. Data collection was done through a focus group and analysis through reduction. Scientific rigor was determined by rigorous criteria: credibility, transferability, dependence and confirmability, and also triangulated by researchers. Results: Level 1, 334 units of meaning were identified, which generated 4 descriptive categories, Level 2, 3 meta-categories emerged, originating in Level 3 a qualitative domain: contribution of the students with respect to the development of Generic Competences during their process of training considering the current Study Plan. Conclusions: The majority of students do not recognize what generic competences are, nor those declared by the career and University. The generic ones that best identify are ethical commitment, teamwork, ability to learn and adapt to new situations, oral and written communication. Among the aspects that facilitate its development are methodological strategies with a constructivist approach, while those that hinder it are mainly focused on the lack of practical applicability, lack of student-centered teacher training, and immaturity and demotivation as personal conditions of the student.

RESUMEN Introducción: La formación basada en competencias genéricas ha llevado a las instituciones de Educación Superior a someterse a los criterios del mercado y a generar planes de estudio que respondan a estas demandas. Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de los estudiantes de cuarto año de la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Atacama, respecto al desarrollo de las competencias genéricas durante su formación académica. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante estudio de casos. La población la conformaron 10 estudiantes curso 2017-2018, previa firma del consentimiento informado autorizado por dirección de la escuela. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un grupo focal y el análisis a través de reducción. La rigurosidad científica estuvo determinada por los criterios de rigor: credibilidad, transferibilidad, dependencia, confirmabilidad y además triangulada por investigadores. Resultados: Nivel 1 se identificaron 334 unidades de significado, las que generaron cuatro categorías descriptivas, Nivel 2, emergieron tres metacategorías, lo que originó en el Nivel 3 un dominio cualitativo: contribución del estudiantado con respecto al desarrollo de las competencias genéricas durante su proceso de formación al considerar el actual plan de estudio. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes en su mayoría no reconocen lo qué son las competencias genéricas, ni las declaradas por la carrera y Universidad. Las genéricas que mejor identifican son compromiso ético, trabajo en equipo, capacidad de aprender y de adaptarse a nuevas situaciones, comunicación oral y escrita. Entre los aspectos que facilitan su desarrollo se encuentran las estrategias metodológicas con enfoque constructivista, en tanto los que la obstaculizan se centran en la falta de aplicabilidad práctica, falta de formación docente centrada en el estudiante, la inmadurez y desmotivación como condiciones personales del estudiante.

ABSTRACT Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is an endemic disease in several Mexican States with the main endemic areas located in the South-Southeast region of the country, where 90% of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana cases are registered. The Southeast region is located in the Yucatan Peninsula, including Campeche, Quintana Roo and Yucatan States. Campeche and Quintana Roo register more than 60% of the cases in the country each year, while in Yucatan the reports are of imported cases due to residents traveling to endemic areas. However, since 2015, autochthonous cases have been diagnosed by health authorities in municipalities with no previous transmission records. We aimed to identify Leishmania parasite species involved in autochthonous cases by means of the PCR technique. The present study included 13 autochthonous cases of LCL with clinical and parasitological diagnoses during 2018 and 2019 by health authorities, without specific identification of the causal agent. Tissue samples were taken by scraping the margins of active lesions and then they were spotted onto an FTATM Elute Microcard. Next, DNA was eluted and used for PCR amplification of specific Leishmania genus and L. (L.) mexicana species-specific fragments. Molecular analysis showed evidence that L. (L.) mexicana was the causal agent of LCL in 12 of the 13 patients; in one patient, PCR was not performed due to the patient’s refusal to participate in the study. Identifying Leishmania species that cause LCL is necessary to define efficient treatment schemes and control strategies for the disease in vulnerable and susceptible areas of the Yucatan State’s municipalities.

Resumen Este artículo aborda el análisis del récord crediticio y su importancia de mantenerlo en excelentes condiciones en época de pandemia por efecto del Covid19. El estudio tiene un enfoque mixto, mediante análisis descriptivo y transversal, con base en un estudio de campo efectuado a una muestra de 250 personas como clientes de las más importantes instituciones financieras de la ciudad de Riobamba (Chimborazo Ecuador), para exponer y ejemplificar los resultados del diagnóstico, apoyado en revisión bibliográfica-documental. Los resultados revelan que el 74% de los encuestados conocen su récord crediticio, la falta de pago de sus obligaciones en época de pandemia afectarán su historial crediticio pues el 82% lo afirman y el 70% de los encuestados confirman que es importante tener un excelente récord crediticio. Se concluye por tanto que es importante disponer de un excelente récord e historial crediticio en las entidades financieras y comerciales, si se desea obtener futuros beneficios crediticios, para sus actividades empresariales y personales.

Abstract This article addresses the analysis of the credit record and its importance of keeping it in excellent condition in times of a pandemic due to Covid19. The study has a mixed approach, through descriptive and cross-sectional analysis, based on a field study carried out on a sample of 250 people as clients of the most important financial institutions in the city of Riobamba (Chimborazo Ecuador), to expose and exemplify the results of the diagnosis, supported by bibliographic-documentary review. The results reveal that 74% of respondents know their credit record, failure to pay their obligations in times of a pandemic will affect their credit history as 82% affirm it and 70% of respondents confirm that it is important to have an excellent credit record. It is therefore concluded that it is important to have an excellent record and credit history in financial and commercial entities, if you want to obtain future credit benefits for your business and personal activities.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillium geni. These fungi contaminate cereals and several other types of food. The pathophysiologic effects of aflatoxins in humans include liver cancer, cirrhosis, and accumulation in human tissues. The study aimed to quantify carcinogenic aflatoxins in unprocessed food sold in the foodstuff markets of 13 districts of the city of Lima, Perú, and to discuss their effects for public health. Methods: in order to so, we performed an immunoenzymatic assay using a Veratox®: kit for total aflatoxin to detect aflatoxins in food for human consumption, and the implications of our findings for public health. Results: the most contaminated foods we found included peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) (149.7 ppb) from the Limoncillo market at the Rimac district, and "ají panca" or Peruvian red chili pepper (Capsicum chinense) (56.4 ppb) from the central market at the Comas district. Peanuts may be eaten raw in pasta or creams, and Capsicum chinense is also eaten sometimes raw, always in a sustained manner over time as part of typical Peruvian cuisine. Conclusions: we demonstrated a high risk to public health due to the link between aflatoxins in these foods and mainly liver cancer, in a city where the hepatic cancer and gastric cancer are prevalent.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: las aflatoxinas son metabolitos secundarios producidos por hongos de los géneros Aspergillus y Penicillium. Estos hongos contaminan los cereales y varios otros tipos de alimentos. Los efectos fisiopatológicos de las aflatoxinas en los seres humanos incluyen el cáncer de hígado, la cirrosis y la acumulación en los tejidos humanos. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar las aflatoxinas cancerígenas en alimentos no procesados vendidos en los mercados de alimentos de 13 distritos de la ciudad de Lima, Perú, y discutir el efecto sobre la salud pública. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un ensayo inmunoenzimático —utilizando el kit Veratox® para la aflatoxina total— a fin de detectar aflatoxinas en los alimentos de consumo humano, mencionándose además la implicación de los hallazgos para la salud pública. Resultados: los alimentos más contaminados que se encontraron fueron el cacahuete o maní (Arachis hypogaea) (149,7 ppb) del mercado Limoncillo del distrito de Rímac y el ají panca o chile rojo peruano (Capsicum chinense) (56,4 ppb) del mercado central del distrito de Comas. El cacahuete se puede consumir crudo en pastas o cremas y el ají panca también se consume a veces crudo, siempre de forma sostenida en el tiempo al formar parte de la gastronomía típica de Perú. Conclusiones: se demuestra un alto riesgo para la salud pública debido al vínculo entre las aflatoxinas de estos alimentos y el cáncer de hígado, principalmente, en una ciudad donde el cáncer hepático y el gástrico son prevalentes.

Abstract Chagas disease, a parasitic infection caused by the protist Trypanosoma cruzi, affects the poorest populations, living in remote, rural areas and urban slums. Although this drug is effective against Chagas disease it presents a number of serious side effects. In residents of high Andean areas with megacolon it can lead to cardiomyopathies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with L-glutamine may alleviate some of these symptoms because of its previously observed anti-inflammatory properties. We studied two groups of T. cruzi-infected mice receiving treatment with nifurtimox. One group was fed the standard diet, while the other group’s diet was supplemented with Glutamine. We found that Glutamine supplementation increases body weight (p<0.001), decreases heart-mass-to-body-mass ratio (p<0.001), and decreases the number of amastigotes present in cardiac tissue. Additionally, histopathological analysis showed less heart tissue damage in the group that received Glutaminne in their diet. Therefore, our findings suggest that Glutamine supplementation improves nifurtimox treatment outcomes of T. cruzi infection.

Resumen La enfermedad de Chagas, una infección parasitaria causada por el protista Trypanosoma cruzi, afecta a las poblaciones más pobres, que viven en áreas rurales remotas y barrios marginales urbanos. Aunque este fármaco es eficaz contra la Enfermedad de Chagas presenta una serie de efectos secundarios graves. En residentes de zonas altoandinas con megacolon puede conducir a miocardiopatías. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la suplementación dietética con L-glutamina puede aliviar algunos de estos síntomas debido a sus propiedades antiinflamatorias previamente observadas. Estudiamos dos grupos de ratones infectados por T. cruzi que recibieron tratamiento con nifurtimox. Un grupo recibió la dieta estándar, mientras que la dieta del otro grupo se complementó con glutamina. Encontramos que la suplementación con glutamina aumenta el peso corporal (p <0,001), disminuye la proporción de masa cardíaca a masa corporal (p <0,001) y disminuye el número de amastigotes presentes en el tejido cardíaco. Además, el análisis histopatológico mostró menos daño en el tejido cardíaco en el grupo que recibió glutamina en su dieta. Por lo tanto, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la suplementación con glutamina mejora los resultados del tratamiento con nifurtimox de la infección por T. cruzi.

Abstract Macusanite is a volcanic glass extracted from the volcanic field Macusani – Peru, formed by the fast cooling of magma. This study shows physical and chemical characterization of Macusanite samples to better understand its molecular structure, elemental composition as well as to investigate the presence of natural inclusions. The characterization of the natural glass can give valuable geological information about the magma composition, the eruption intensity and age of volcanism activity. Moreover, the use of different characterization techniques can help in mineral prospecting. Macusanite was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction/Fluorescence (XRD/XRF), Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The latter suggests the presence of andalusite mineral incorporated in the glass structure, while the Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates the presence of some rich calcium inclusion. Moreover, XRD shows the glass characteristic amorphous band and that the sample is in the glassy stage.

Resumen Objetivo: Examinar el papel desempeñado por cuatro afecciones psicosociales: sexo forzado, iniciación sexual temprana, uso inadecuado de alcohol y drogas ilícitas en el riesgo de VIH e infecciones de transmisión sexual, en Cali-Colombia entre 2013-2015. Métodos: Utilizando datos de una campaña de consejería y pruebas de VIH en Cali, Colombia, probamos el efecto de la acumulación e interacciones de las cuatro condiciones psicosociales en la positividad al VIH y la positividad a otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Resultados: 604 participantes de las principales comunidades afectadas: hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, mujeres transgénero y trabajadoras sexuales. 733 participantes mujeres y hombres heterosexuales. Solo, abuso de drogas se asoció con positividad VIH (Razón de prevalencia = 2.3, IC 95%: 1.3-4.1), mientras que, todas las condiciones psicosociales se asociaron con historia de infecciones de transmisión sexual. La acumulación de condiciones sindémicas se relacionó con mayor probabilidad de historia de infecciones de transmisión sexual. Ninguna interacción probada fue significativa. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la importancia de intervenciones integrales de salud mental para abordar la epidemia de VIH en Colombia.

Abstract Objective: We examined the role played by four psychosocial conditions: forced sex, early sexual initiation, and misuse of alcohol and illicit drugs on the risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Cali-Colombia between 2013 and 2015. Methods: Using data from an HIV counseling and testing campaign in Cali, Colombia, we tested the effect of the accumulation and interactions of the four psychosocial conditions on both outcomes. Results: A total of 604 participants were representative subjects from key affected communities: men who have sex with men, transgender women and female sex workers. A total of 733 participants were heterosexual women and men. Only drug abuse was associated with HIV positivity (Prevalence ratio=2.3, CI 95%: 1.3-4.1), while all psychosocial conditions were associated with sexually transmitted infection history. The accumulation of the syndemic conditions was related to a higher likelihood of sexually transmitted infection history. None of the interactions tested was significant. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of comprehensive mental health interventions in addressing HIV epidemics in Colombia.

Resumo Objetivo: Examinar o papel desempenhado por quatro afeções psicossociais: sexo forçado, iniciação sexual precoce, uso inadequado de álcool e drogas ilícitas no risco de VIH e infeções de transmissão sexual, em Cali-Colômbia entre 2013-2015. Métodos: Utilizando dados duma campanha de aconselhamento e testes de VIH em Cali, Colômbia, testamos o efeito da acumulação e interações das quatro condições psicossociais na positividade ao VIH e a positividade a outras doenças de transmissão sexual. Resultados: 604 participantes das principais comunidades afetadas: homens que tem sexo com homens, mulheres transgênero e trabalhadoras sexuais. 733 participantes mulheres e homens heterossexuais. Só, abuso de drogas se associou com positividade VIH (Razão de prevalência = 2.3, IC 95%: 1.3-4.1), enquanto que, todas as condições psicossociais se associaram com história de infeções de transmissão sexual. Acumulação de condições sindémicas (palavra que reúne o social e o biológico) se relacionou com maior probabilidade de história de infeções de transmissão sexual. Nenhuma interação provada foi significativa. Conclusões: Nossos descobrimentos ressaltam a importância de intervenções integrais de saúde mental para abordar a epidemia de VIH na Colômbia.

Resumen: Este artículo intenta dar cuenta de algunos avances realizados en el marco de un proyecto de investigación llevado a cabo en la Universidad Nacional de San Luis que se propone articular los conceptos proceso de trabajo y saberes docentes. En etapas anteriores se ha procurado caracterizar y echar luz a aquellas prácticas que en un nivel microlaboral algunos docentes pudieran haber gestado en sus espacios de trabajo. Desde esta perspectiva, en la actualidad nos enfocamos en las prácticas de enseñanza de docentes de lenguas extranjeras cuyos cursos de comprensión de textos en inglés están destinados a alumnos de la Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas y Naturales. A partir de un relevamiento y análisis de documentos didácticos se observan posicionamientos teóricos y metodológicos respecto de concepciones pedagógicas sobre la lectura y la escritura, la integración del eje saber-poder, la pluri- y transdisciplinariedad, la construcción de alternativas que reflejen posibilidades de recuperar el control del proceso de trabajo por parte de los docentes. Se evidencian también las condiciones que configuran el trabajo cotidiano y las prácticas que dan origen a los saberes emergentes en el seno de este equipo docente.

Resumo: Este artigo tenta dar conta de alguns avanços feitos no âmbito de um projeto de pesquisa desenvolvido na Universidade Nacional de San Luis, e que visa articular os conceitos de processo de trabalho e saberes dos docentes. Em períodos anteriores, foram feitos esforços para caracterizar as práticas que alguns professores podem ter gestados em um nível de micro-espaços de trabalho. A partir dessa perspectiva, atualmente as práticas de ensino de professores de línguas estrangeiras passaram a ser foco de pesquisa. Os cursos ministrados por essas docentes referem-se à compreensão de textos em inglês e estão destinados a alunos da Faculdade de Ciências Físicas, Matemáticas e Naturais. Através de um levantamento e análise do material didático, as posições teóricas e metodológicas são observadas no que diz respeito às concepções de leitura e escrita, a correlação entre o saber e o poder, as ações pluri- e transdisciplinares, a construção de alternativas para recuperar o controle dos professores sobre os processos de seu trabalho. As condições que configuram o trabalho cotidiano e as práticas que dão origem ao conhecimento emergente dentro dessa equipe de ensino tornam-se visíveis.

Abstract: This paper attempts to share some preliminary results of a research project conducted at the National University of San Luis (Argentina) which seeks to articulate labour process and teachers’ knowledge concepts. In earlier stages, we made efforts to characterize and bring to light those practices that some teachers could have developed within their work spaces, at a micro-labour level. From this perspective, we focus on the teaching practices of foreign languages educators who teach language comprehension courses to students from the Faculty of Physico-Mathematical and Natural Sciences. A survey and analysis of the didactic material allowed us to observe teachers’ theoretical and methodological stances regarding their conceptions of reading and writing, the correlation knowledge-power, pluri- and trans-disciplinarity, and the construction of alternatives in order to recover the control over their labour process. Thus, the conditions that shape daily work and the practices that give rise to emerging knowledge within this teaching team become visible.

ABSTRACT This article aims to check the internal memory method for the explanation of industrial automatic systems that require the application of more than one memory state for their operation. The method gives solution, in a structured and methodical way, to industrial automatic systems of the electrical type. With it, it will be possible to understand, in a simple but standardized way, the operation of industrial systems, which is necessary to apply the results obtained both in the teaching field and in industrial practice.

RESUMEN Este artículo se propone la comprobación del método de memoria interna para la explicación de sistemas automáticos industriales que requieren la aplicación de más de un estado de memoria para su funcionamiento. El método da solución, de manera estructurada y metódica, a sistemas automáticos industriales del tipo eléctrico. Con él se podrá entender, de manera simple, pero estandarizada, el funcionamiento de los sistemas industriales, hecho necesario para aplicar los resultados obtenidos tanto en el ámbito docente como en la práctica industrial.

Abstract: This paper summarizes the thesis: ”Author Profiling in Social Media with Multimodal Information.” Our solution uses a multimodal approach to extracting information from written messages and images shared by users. Previous work has shown the existence of useful information for this task in these modalities; however, our proposal goes further, demonstrating the complementarity of the modalities when merging these two sources of information. To do this, we propose to transform images to texts, and with them, to have the same framework of representation for both kinds of information, which allow to achieve their fusion. Our work explores different methods for extracting information either from the text and the images. To represent the extracted information, different distributional term representations approaches were explored in order to identify the topics addressed by the user. For this purpose, an evaluation framework was proposed in order to identify the most appropriate method for this task. The results show that the textual descriptions of the images contain useful information for the author profiling task, and that the fusion of textual information with information extracted from the images increases the accuracy of this task.

En los últimos años, el desarrollo de la domótica ha aumentado gracias al uso de las capacidades de la Internet de las Cosas (IoT, por sus siglas en inglés) que proveen tecnologías emergentes como Raspberry Pi. Esto permite automatizar tareas en casa o monitorear parámetros específicos. Este artículo propone una mejora en la interacción entre el sistema domótico inteligente y el usuario final utilizando un asistente de voz inteligente en lugar de aplicaciones móviles o una plataforma web local. Además, se exploran otras fuentes de información para pronósticos meteorológicos, como las interfaces de programación de aplicaciones (API) que proporcionan este servicio.

During the last few years, the development of home automation has increased thanks to the use of Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities provided by emerging technologies such as Raspberry Pi. This allows us to automate tasks at home or monitor specific parameters. This article proposes an improvement in the interaction between the smart home automation system and the end-user using an intelligent voice assistant instead of mobile applications or a local web platform. Furthermore, other sources of information for weather forecasts are explored, such as application programming interfaces (APIs) that provide this service.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study is to determine the relationship among levels of bilingualism castellano-quechua and levels of reading comprehension, in a multilingual and multicultural educational context, one of the linguistic characteristics that predominate in the region of Ayacucho, most of the participants of the sample are located according to the use of language proficiency in the levels of bilingualism: incipient, subordinating and coordinated, in relation to the levels of reading comprehension: literal, inferential and critical value. The study is quantitative, descriptive cross-level and correlational level. The applied instruments is the checklist to determine the proficiency level of two languages and reading compression test to determine the level of comprehension in bilingual students. The results obtained show that a considerable percentage of students obtained passing grades, which indicates that the averages found in reading comprehension in general terms are located in the qualitative level of "good". In conclusion, there is a positive correlation among levels of bilingualism and levels of reading comprehension. Therefore, the condition of being bilingual is not an obstacle to the cognitive development of university students, but on the contrary allows to develop greater cognitive skills in the apprehension of two cultures and to see reality in holistic way.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio es analizar la correlación que existe entre los niveles de bilingüismo castellano-quechua y la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de la Escuela Profesional de Educación Secundaria en la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga. El estudio es cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo correlacional transversal. Los instrumentos aplicados es la lista de cotejo para determinar el nivel dominio en las dos lenguas y en la compresión lectora. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que un porcentaje considerable de estudiantes obtuvieron notas aprobatorias, lo que indica que los promedios hallados en la compresión de lectura en términos generales se ubicado en el nivel cualitativo de “bueno”. Se concluye que existe correlación positiva entre los niveles de bilingüismo y los niveles de la compresión lectora. De esta forma la condición de ser bilingüe no es obstáculo para el desarrollo cognitivo de los estudiantes universitarios, por el contrario, permite desarrollar mayores habilidades cognitivas en la aprehensión de dos culturas y ver la realidad de manera holística.

Objective: To establish the relationship among age, sex, body mass index, consumption of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes with the inadequate response to the vaccine against Hepatitis B in patients with HIV infection who were treated in the Clinical Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases of the Regional Hospital of Trujillo - Peru, from 2014 to 2015. Materials and methods: The study was observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, type cases and controls. Results: In the vaccinated patients, it was found that the age ≥ 50 years old; with OR = 3.4 and CD4 <200, with OR = 35.0, are the risk factors to get the inadequate response to the vaccine against Hepatitis B. Conclusions: There is a relationship between the re-count of cells CD4 <200 and the age over 50 years old with an Inadequate response to the vaccination against hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients in the Regional Hospital of Trujillo.

Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre la edad, sexo, Índice de masa corporal, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y consumo de cigarrillos con la respuesta inadecuada a la vacuna contra la Hepatitis B, en los pacientes con infección por VIH que fueron atendidos en la Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo - Perú, entre 2014-2016. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, tipo casos y controles. Resultados: De los pacientes vacunados se encontró que la edad ≥ 50 años; con OR=3,4 y el CD4<200, con OR=35,0, son los factores de riesgo para la respuesta inadecuada a la vacuna contra hepatitis B. Conclusiones: Existe asociación entre el recuento de células CD4 <200 y la edad mayor de 50 años con una respuesta Inadecuada a la vacunación contra hepatitis B en pacientes infectados por VIH en el Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo.