ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selective feeding habits on the quality of the ingested diet and the effect of feed restriction on the selectivity and behavior of goats in feedlots. Differences were found only in the amount of feed given to the animals, with a difference in the amount of feed rejected as a function of the nutritional level. Higher levels of orts were measured for those animals that received the ad libitum diet. For the composition of orts, differences were measured only in the ether extract fraction. Animals fed the ad libitum diet increased their intake of ether extract and energy, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Thus, they had a preference for consuming the fibrous and energetic portions of the diet to the detriment of the mineral matter. The granulometry influenced the leftovers for the male and female treatments only in the diet that contained the 2.00- and 0.063-mm sized particles, with larger leftovers for the females. There were statistical differences as a function of feeding level for time spent in rumination, with stereotypical behavior, and in time spent standing up or lying down. As a function of sex, the differences were the same variables, including the time spent with agonistic behavior. Animals that received the ad libitum diet had a greater gain and final weight, whereas the animals that received the 60% restricted diet had the lowest performance, as did the females. Feed restriction changed the natural feeding behavior of goats, with smaller feed particles preferred. The feed restriction and sex also influenced the time spent on nonproductive activities, and the animals became more restless, with females having a higher social behavior than males.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in Saanen goats of different sexes (castrated males, females, and intact males) using canonical correlation analysis. Individual records of 274 Saanen goats combined from 10 studies was used. Two sets of body constituents were established: the first one contained variables related to body protein or fat (canonical variate U) and the second contained variables related to body calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, or potassium (canonical variate V). Two canonical pairs were identified for each sex. However, irrespective of sex, first canonical pairs accounted for more than 87% of variance of the dependent variables, these only being used for the analysis. For canonical variate U1, canonical weights for protein were greater than that for fat (in castrated males, protein = 0.62 and fat = 0.41; in females, protein = 0.96 and fat = 0.039; and in intact males, protein = 0.81 and fat = 0.20). For canonical variate V1, in males, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest were for calcium (in castrated males, potassium = 0.485 > phosphorus = 0.259 > magnesium = 0.206 > sodium = 0.129 > calcium = 0.081, and in intact males, potassium = 0.499 > phosphorus = 0.459 > sodium = 0.105 > magnesium = 0.024 > calcium = 0.001). On the other hand, in females, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and calcium, whereas the lowest was for magnesium (potassium = 0.539 > calcium = 0.201 > phosphorus = 0.178 > sodium = 0.088 > magnesium = 0.081). The current results may help to understand the role of sex on strength and nature of the association among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in growing Saanen goats.

RESUMO. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar métodos para estimar a composição corporal de caprinos, baseando-se em água tritiada (AT) e gravidade específica (GE) da carcaça e da 9 à 11ª costela. Dez cabritos Toggenburg x Alpine machos não castrados, de 5,3 ± 0,4 para 25,9 ± 1,3 kg de peso corporal (PC), foram utilizados para estimar a composição corporal por: 1) método direto; 2) espaço de AT; 3) GE da carcaça e 4) GE da 9 à 11ª costela. Além disso, equações lineares para predizer a composição corporal foram desenvolvidas, usando dados do método direto. O espaço AT superestimou a composição corporal em água em 31%, em média. A GE da carcaça e a da 9 à 11ª costela subestimaram a composição corporal percentual de água (%), em média, em 21 e 12%, respectivamente. Apesar da sua superestimativa, a determinação do espaço AT pode ser usado como uma técnica de campo viável para estudar alterações relativas na composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento. O uso da GE é possível na maioria das circunstâncias e não requer equipamentos caros. No entanto, a GE da carcaça e a da 9 à 11ª costela ainda não possuem uma equação de predição válida para estimar adequadamente a composição corporal de caprinos em crescimento.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to compare methods for estimative of body composition of goats based on tritiated water space technique (TOH), specific gravity (SG) of carcass and 9-11th ribs. Ten Toggenburg x Alpine intact male goat kids, from 5.3±0.4 to 25.9±1.3 kg of body weight (BW), were used to estimate body composition by: 1) direct method, 2) TOH method, 3) SG of the carcass and 4) SG of the 9-11th whole ribs. In addition, update linear equations for predicting body composition were developed using data from direct method. The TOH space overestimated water body composition on average 31%. The SG of the carcass and 9-11th ribs underestimated water empty body composition (%) on average 21 and 12%, respectively. In spite of its overestimate, the determination of TOH space can be used as a reliable field technique to study relative changes in body composition of growing goats. Specific gravity is practicable in most circumstances and does not require expensive equipment. However, the SG of the carcass and 9-11th ribs has not a valid equation to predict body composition of growing goats.

ABSTRACT A comparative slaughter trial was conducted to estimate the body composition and net requirements of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Co for growth of castrated Moxotó goat kids, with15.69±0.78 kg initial body weight (BW), grazing in the semiarid region of Brazil. The baseline group consisted of four randomly selected kids (15.37±0.30 kg BW). Thirty-two kids were randomly allocated into eight groups (considered as block), distributed among four levels of concentrate supplementation (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% BW). Animals in a group were slaughtered when the 1.5% BW treatment kids in the group reached approximately 25 kg BW. The trace element content (mg/kg of empty body weight) ranged from 23.68 to 27.81 mg Zn, 35.70 to 47.29 mg Fe, 0.86 to 1.09 mg Mn, 1.45 to 1.75 mg Cu, and 0.83 to 0.87 mg Co for Moxotó kids at 15 and 25 kg BW, respectively. The net requirements (mg/kg of empty body weight gain) ranged from 30.43 to 35.74 mg Zn, 53.48 to 70.84 mg Fe, 1.22 to 1.54 mg Mn, 1.93 to 2.32 mg Cu, and 0.91 to 0.95 mg Co for animals with BW ranging from 15 to 25 kg, respectively. Indigenous goats grazing in the semiarid region of Brazil have different requirements from those values recommended by international committees for dairy and meat goats.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to to evaluate how feed restriction and different forage:concentrate ratios affect digestibility, methane emission (using the SF6 technique), and energy utilization of Anglo-Nubian goats. Fifteen (15) dry and non-pregnant Anglo Nubian goats, averaging 30±2.9 kg body weight, were used. The experiment was divided into two trials, the first of which was designed to study the effects of feed restriction (0% or ad libitum; 15% of feed restriction or equivalent to 85% of ad libitum intake; and 40% of feed restriction or equivalent to 60% of ad libitum intake) and the second, to study the effects of forage:concentrate (F:C) ratios (75:25, 54:46, and 25:75) in the diet. The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas method was used to collect and estimate methane (CH4) emissions. Feed restriction level did not affect apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Methane emission (g d−1) decreased linearly as intake level decreased. However, energy loss in methane proportional to organic matter intake was similar among levels of feed restriction; consequently, dietary metabolizability did not differ among treatments. Methane gas (g d−1) as a function of F:C ratio revealed a quadratic response, showing the highest values when animals were fed the 46:54 F:C ratio diet (18.2 g d−1), suggesting that the decrease in absolute CH4 occurred when the level of concentrate inclusion in the diet surpassed approximately 50%. The results presented herein may be relevant for the ongoing and future efforts towards completion of an IPCC inventory regarding the contribution of goats to the greenhouse gas effects on the planet.

The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements for the growth of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats weighing 30 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) and to compare estimates of the protein requirements for maintenance (NPm) by the comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance techniques. To determine the maintenance requirements, 55 goats were assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (three sexes and three dry matter intake (DMI) levels). A linear regression of retained N (as measured by the slaughter technique and estimated from the nitrogen balance) on N intake on a daily basis was used to calculate the net protein for maintenance. The net protein requirement for weight gain (NPg) was obtained using 65 goats fed ad libitum in a completely randomized design. The first derivative of the allometric equation of protein content in the empty BW with respect to the empty BW yielded estimates of the NPg. According to the comparative slaughter technique, the estimated NPm was 1.46 g/kg of metabolic weight, which is 50% lower than the estimate from the nitrogen balance technique. When evaluating the variance of the error, the nitrogen balance also showed greater values, indicating less precision compared with that of the comparative slaughter technique. The daily NPg ranged from 155.7±10.9 to 153.4±13.5 g/kg of EBW gain for growing Saanen goats. The protein requirements (NPm and NPg) of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats are similar, from 30 to 45 kg BW, in accordance with current feeding systems. Moreover, the results of the present study indicate that the estimate of NPm using the comparative slaughter technique is more precise and lower than that using the N balance technique.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mobilization of nutrients in goats of different gestation types and pregnancy stages. Forty-four Saanen and Oberhasli goats were studied. The goats of each breed and gestation type (single or twin) were slaughtered at different gestational ages (80, 110, and 140 days of pregnancy), forming a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (two breeds, three gestational ages, and two types of pregnancy). The slaughter procedure involved separating the empty body, mammary glands, uterus with membranes and fetal fluid, and fetus(es). For the females slaughtered at 140 days of pregnancy, blood was collected to analyze metabolites and hormones every 15 days during gestation. The dry matter (DM) intake was lower in goats with twin pregnancies. The relative daily retention rate of the nutrients in the body was positive at 100 days of pregnancy but became negative at 140 days (-0.18±0.25 g DM kg-1 of maternal body d-1) and did not differ with breed or number of fetuses. Fetal growth in twin pregnancies was 66% higher than in single pregnancies. The highest levels of ß-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids were observed beginning at 100 days of gestation. Serum total protein and albumin levels decreased after 125 days of gestation. Serum urea levels were reduced after 80 days of gestation. Plasma 17ß-estradiol levels increased with the advance of pregnancy, and IGF-1 was highest between 60 and 80 days of gestation. The maternal metabolism throughout pregnancy does not vary with the type of pregnancy, and pregnant goats need greater nutritional intake during the final third of the gestational period regardless of the breed or type of pregnancy.

The present study was conducted to determine the body composition and the mineral requirements for growth of wool and hair lambs. A total of 34 castrated lambs with an initial body weight (BW) of 19.9±0.8 kg were used; 17 of these lambs were of the genotype Ideal × Ile de France and 17 were Santa Inês. Ten lambs (5 of each genotype) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to establish their initial body composition. The remaining lambs were assigned to one of three diets (40% roughage and 60% concentrate, 60% roughage and 40% concentrate, or 80% roughage and 20% concentrate) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. All of the diets were provided ad libitum. When the group under 40% roughage and 60% concentrate reached 35 kg BW, all of the animals were slaughtered. Linear regressions were used to determine the relationship between the shrunk BW and the empty body weight (EBW) for each genotype. These equations were compared and revealed differences between the genotypes. The allometric equations were calculated using the relationship between the amount of minerals and the EBW. The equations of a given mineral for each genotype were compared to verify if they were statistically different. The equations for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium differed between genotypes. The same equations were used to estimate the major body mineral composition per kilogram of EBW. The net requirement for gain of the fleece-free Ideal × Ile de France lambs ranged from 7.77 to 6.80 g Ca, 4.54 to 4.14 g P, 0.30 to 0.27 g Mg, 1.18 to 1.07 g K and 0.84 to 0.76 g Na per kg BW gain, and the requirements of the Santa Inês animals ranged from 9.57 to 8.37 g Ca, 5.39 to 4.91 g P, 0.36 to 0.33 g Mg, 1.18 to 1.07 g K and 0.90 to 0.81 g Na per kg BW gain for the lambs weighting 20 to 35 kg. Santa Inês lambs showed higher requirements for Ca, P, Mg and Na.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite acumulada até os 305 dias (P305) de cabras das raças Saanen e Alpina. Foram utilizadas as duas primeiras parições de cabras pertencentes a rebanhos participantes do programa de controle produtivo e reprodutivo de caprinos (PROCAPRI) da UNESP-FCAV-Jaboticabal-SP. A P305 foi analisada por meio de modelos de repetibilidade e bicaracterísticas. Para verificar a influência dos efeitos fixos sobre a característica analisada foram realizadas análises preliminares, pelo método de quadrados mínimos. Os componentes de covariâncias foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML), utilizando o programa Wombat. A duração da lactação, a idade da cabra ao parto, o rebanho, o ano de parto e a estação de parto foram importantes fontes de variação para a P305. Não houve diferença significativa entre as raças estudadas. As estimativas de herdabilidade e repetibilidade para a P305, obtidas com o modelo de repetibilidade, foram de 0,29 e 0,36, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidade, obtidas pelos modelos de repetibilidade e bicaracterísticas foram semelhantes. Sendo assim, um modelo de repetibilidade poderia ser indicado para avaliar a P305 pela sua simplicidade.

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for 305 days milk yield (M305) in Saanen and Alpina breed goats. Data consisted of records from first to second lactations of goats belonging to herds participating in the program control productive and reproductive goats (PROCAPRI) from UNESP-FCAV-Jaboticabal-SP. The M305 was analyzed by repeatability and bi-trait models. The influence of fixed effects on the traits was analyzed preliminary analysis by the method of least squares. Variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method (REML), using the package Wombat. The duration of lactation, age of dam at calving, the herd, calving year and season of birth were important sources of variation for the M305. There was no significant difference between the breeds. Heritability and repeatability estimates obtained by repeatability model were 0.29 and 0.36, respectively. The repeatability estimate was 0.32. The heritability estimates obtained by the bi-trait models were similar and repeatability. Thus, a repeatability model might be indicated for its simplicity.

O interesse pelos pequenos ruminantes aumentou nos últimos anos sob os aspectos produtivo e científico. No Brasil, caprinos e ovinos são os que despertam maior interesse econômico. Assim, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de discutir o progresso científico com caprinos e ovinos nos últimos dez anos. Foram pesquisadas várias bases de dados, entre elas as do Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), da Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO, da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE e da Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO. Na última década, os pequenos ruminantes têm merecido especial atenção dos pesquisadores, o que pode ser comprovado pelo aumento de 41% nas publicações mundiais envolvendo estas espécies, o que foi acompanhado por aumento ainda mais expressivo, 219%, em âmbito nacional. A evolução também foi observada sob os aspectos metodológicos dos projetos, ressaltando a abordagem multidisciplinar nas pesquisas mais atuais. Nos últimos dez anos, houve crescimento do aporte de recursos para editais temáticos demandados pela sociedade e pela cadeia da carne e do leite, além da preocupação com qualidade, competitividade e sustentabilidade.

Worldwide interest in small ruminants has increased in recent years in both, the productive and scientific aspects. In Brazil, the same trend has been observed, however, among all small ruminants, goats and sheep can be highlighted. Thus, this review aimed to discuss scientific progress in goat and sheep in the last decade. Data were collected in different databases, such as Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO. In the last decade, goat and sheep have received particular attention from researchers, which can be proved by the number of publications involving these species, which increased 41% worldwide, and nationwide increase was even more expressive, 219%. Methodological aspects applied in researches have also improved, emphasizing multidisciplinary approach. Much of the scientific progress was due to increasing financial support through thematic calls demanded by society and by the productive chain of meat and milk. In these calls is noticeable the concern with product quality, competitiveness and sustainability.

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo de três espécies forrageiras tropicais: capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.), capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) e capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon spp), em duas épocas do ano (janeiro-março e abril-junho) e em três idades de rebrota (28, 35 e 42 dias), por meio da composição química, do fracionamento de proteínas e carboidratos e da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e da matéria orgânica (DIVMO). O capim-marandu destacou-se no período de janeiro-março, com menores conteúdos de parede celular e fração B2 dos carboidratos e maiores valores de proteína bruta, fração A + B1, DIVMS e DIVMO, em comparação aos capins tanzânia e tifton 85, independentemente da idade de corte. O aumento da concentração de parede celular em detrimento ao conteúdo celular com o avanço da maturidade das plantas foi evidente no capim-marandu no período de janeiro-março, quando foram observados maior valor da fração B2, maior conteúdo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e menor concentração da fração carboidratos não-fibrosos. No período de abril-junho, a composição em parede celular não apresentou diferenças evidentes com aumento da idade, devido às condições ambientais observadas. O capim-tanzânia apresenta, de modo geral, baixos valores de parede celular e altos valores de carboidratos não-fibrosos, DIVMS e DIVMO nesse período, seguido pelos capins marandu e tifton 85, respectivamente.

This trial was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nutritive value of three tropical forage species: tanzania grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha) and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp) in two different periods of the year (January-March and April-June) and in three cutting ages (28, 35 and 42 days), based on the chemical composition, protein and carbohydrate fractions, and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and organic matter (OMD). Marandu grass, in the period January-March, had the lowest cellular wall contents and B2 fraction of carbohydrates, and higher values of crude protein, A + B1 fraction, DMD and OMD in comparison to tanzania grass and Tifton 85 bermudagrass, regardless of the cutting age. The increase of concentration of the cell wall in detriment to the cell content as plant maturity advanced was evident in marandu grass during January-March when higher values of B2 fraction, higher content of neutral detergent fiber and lower concentrations of non fibrous carbohydrate fractions were observed. In April-June period, the cellular wall contents did not show evident differences as age increased due to environmental conditions. The tanzania grass presents, in general, lower values of the cell wall and higher values of non fibrous carbohydrate, DMD and OMD during this period, followed by marandu grass and Tifton 85 bermudagrass, respectively.

Conhecer o aspecto e as dimensões de olhos de cabras facilita o uso da ultrassonografia na avaliação de doenças oculares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar os achados ultrassonográficos e ecobiométricos em olhos de cabras adultas. Ultrassonogramas nos modos A e B foram realizados em 30 caprinos adultos (60 olhos) (n=15 fêmeas intactas e n=15 machos castrados). O exame ultrassonográfico foi realizado após a instilação de colírio anestésico. Gel a base de água foi utilizado sobre o transdutor de 20 MHz posicionado-o de forma longitudinasobre a córneal, até que imagens no modo B estivessem de acordo com os ecos gerados pelo modo A. Utilizou-se análise estatística para se comparar os achados ecobiométricos entre os sexos (p<0,05). As médias com seus respectivos desvios padrões das estruturas oculares em machos e fêmeas foram, respectivamente, 3,46±0,55, 3,33±0,46mm (profundidade da câmara anterior); 8,60±0,34, 8,65±0,39mm (espessura da lente); 11,34±0,61, 11,39±0,66mm (profundidade da câmara vítrea) e 23,43±0,92, 23,39±0.86mm (comprimento axial do bulbo ocular). Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os olhos direito e esquerdo, assim como entre machos e fêmeas (p>0,05). O aspecto ultrassonográfico de olhos de cabras se assemelha com o de outras espécies domésticas e silvestres.

The knowledge of the normal appearance and ocular dimensions of goat eyes facilitates the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular disease. The objective of the present study was to determine ultrasonographic and ecobiometric findings in the eyes of adult goats. B- and A-mode ultrasonography was performed in 30 healthy adult goats (60 eyes) (n=5 intact females and n=15 castrated males). Ultrasonography was performed after instillation of a topical anesthetic. Lubricating jelly was placed on the 20MHz transducer tip as a stand-off pad. The transducer was placed in a longitudinal position until optimal B-scan images, according to echoes of the A-mode images, were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the ecobiometric readings among genders (P<0.05). Means and standard deviations of the ocular structures for male and female goats, respectively, were, 3.46±0.55, 3.33±0.46mm (anterior chamber depth); 8.60±0.34, 8.65±0.39mm (lens thickness); 11.34±0.61, 11.39±0.66mm (vitreous chamber depth); and 23.43±0.92, 23.39±0.86mm (axial globe length). Ocular measurements between right and left eyes, as well as between males and females were not significantly different (P>0.05). The ultrasonographic appearances of goat eyes were very similar to those of other domestic and wild species.

Avaliaram-se a cinética de fermentação e taxas de degradação de três espécies forrageiras tropicais (capins tanzânia, marandu e tifton 85), com três idades de corte (28, 35 e 42 dias) nos períodos de janeiro-março e abril-junho, mediante o uso da técnica de produção de gases in vitro. No período de janeiro-março, o capim-marandu apresentou os maiores valores de fração solúvel, degradabilidade potencial e degradabilidade efetiva a taxa de passagem de 2%/hora. No período de abril-junho, os capins marandu e tanzânia apresentaram resultados semelhantes para essas mesmas variáveis. Independentemente do período, o capim-tifton 85 apresentou os menores valores de fração solúvel, degradabilidade potencial e degradabilidade efetiva a 2%/hora e valores superiores de fração não-degradável. Em abril-junho, a idade de corte influenciou a fração solúvel e a produção de gases após 96 horas de incubação, cujos menores valores foram observados, de modo geral, aos 28 dias. As menores taxas de fermentação foram observadas para o capim-tifton 85 no período de abril-junho, independentemente da idade de corte.

Fermentation kinetics and degradation rates of three tropical forage species (Tanzania grass, Marandu grass and Tifton 85 grass) were evaluated by the in vitro gas production technique. The forages were harvested at 28, 35 and 42 days of regrowth during two periods, January-March and April-June. In the January-March period, Marandu grass presented the greatest values of fraction A, potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability for a passage rate of 2 %/hour (ED2). In the April-June period, Marandu and Tanzania grasses presented similar results for the variables tested above. In both periods, Tifton 85 had the lowest values of fraction A, PD and ED2, and the greatest value of fraction C. In the April-June period, there was an age effect in relation to gas production potential and 96 hours of incubation with the lowest value was found for 28 days of regrowth. The lowest fermentation rates were observed in general for Tifton 85 grass in the April-June period, regardless of the regrowth age.

Objetivando avaliar o desenvolvimento relativo dos componentes do peso vivo (PV), dos cortes comerciais e dos tecidos da carcaça, utilizaram-se 40 cabritos Saanen. Os animais foram abatidos ao atingir 5,0; 12,5; 20,0; 27,5 e 35,0 kg de PV e a carcaça foi seccionada em paleta, pescoço, 1ª a 5ª costelas, 6ª a 13ª costelas, peito/fralda, lombo e perna. A perna foi dissecada em ossos, músculos e gordura. Utilizou-se a equação alométrica Y=aXb para estimar o desenvolvimento relativo. O crescimento do tecido ósseo foi precoce, o do tecido muscular intermediário e o da gordura crescimento tardio, uma vez que a gordura subcutânea é depositada mais tardiamente. Os cortes comerciais apresentaram coeficiente de alometria isogônico, com exceção do corte da 6ª a 13ª costelas e do peito/fralda. O desenvolvimento da carcaça e dos não-componentes da carcaça acompanhou o peso de corpo vazio. Cabritos com 35 kg de PV possuem proporção de músculos e relação músculo:osso adequadas, mas apresentam proporção de gordura maior que a observada nos animais abatidos com 20 kg de PV.

With the objective of evaluating the relative development of live weight (LW) components, commercial meat cuts and carcass tissues, 40 Saanen male kids were used. These animals were slaughtered when they reached 5.0, 12.5, 20.0, 27.5 and 35.0 kg of LW. The carcass was sectioned as follows: shoulder, neck, 1st to 5th rip, 6th to 13th rip, brisket, chump and leg. The leg was dissected into bones, muscle and fat. An allometric equation was used Y=aXb for relative development estimation. Osseous tissue showed a precocious growth, intermediary muscle and adipose tissues had a late growth, being the subcutaneous fat the latest. All commercial meat cuts showed an isogonic allometric coefficient, with exception for the 6th to 13th rip, and brisket. Carcass development and non-carcass components followed the empty body weight. Goats with 35 kg of LW showed adequate muscle proportion and muscle:bone ratio, but higher fat proportion than kids slaughtered at 20 kg of LW.

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes relações flúor:fosforo na alimentação sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.000 pintos de corte de 1 dia distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de 50 aves por boxe. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro fontes de fósforo com relações flúor:fósforo de 1:40, 1:60, 1:80 e 1:100. O experimento foi dividido em três fases experimentais: 1 a 21, 22 a 42 e 43 a 49 dias de idade. Em cada fase, avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Ao final do experimento, foram abatidas duas aves de cada repetição para coleta da tíbia e de músculos do peito para análise das concentrações.