Essential oils (EO) have diverse applications, such as antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, they are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of air, light, and moisture. In addition, they are thermally unstable. In this sense, it is necessary to develop techniques to increase the lifespan of EO. In this work, EO was obtained from cloves and characterized by different techniques. The major compounds found were eugenol (83%), eugenol acetate (9%), and β-caryophyllene (8%). The EO was encapsulated by extrusion using a microfluidic device. The sodium alginate was used as wall material, and the CaCl2 solution was used as a crosslinking agent. The microcapsule presented sizes of 164.7 ± 0.3 μm, with an encapsulation yield of 64 ± 14%. Functional characteristic groups of EO were observed in the microcapsule by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The microcapsule increased the thermal decomposition of the EO from 162 to 230 °C. Release kinetics of the capsule was performed, with an equilibrium time of 72 h and release of 54% of the EO. Finally, the pure EO and encapsulated EO-microcapsules were applied in the Aedes aegypti larvae control, showing mean lethal concentration necessary to eliminate 50% (LC50) values of 74.4 and 96.9 μg mL-1 and lethal concentration necessary to eliminate 90% (LC90) of 106.2 and 133.3 μg mL-1 for pure EO and encapsulated EO, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that these microcapsules have the potential for application in the Aedes aegypti larvae control.

ABSTRACT Gall-inducing insects are highly specialized herbivores as they have the ability to control and redirect the development of host plants to obtain food and shelter. The distribution of galls on plants can be influenced by seasonality and phenological events, which determines the reproductive success of these insects. The species Manihot caerulescens Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) has a great diversity of gall-inducing insects in the Cerrado of Western Bahia. Our study aimed to (1) study the fauna associated with M. caerulescens Pohl (Euphorbiaceae) and (2) evaluate the phenological events of this host plant species. We performed gall collections between July 2018 and June 2020 and monitored 30 individuals of the host species to study the phenology in the Serra da Bandeira, Bahia, Brazil. The emerged insects in the laboratory were mounted on permanent slides and identified. We found galls on the stems, leaves and inflorescences. Stem galls were induced by lepidopterans (Alucitidae), and leaf and inflorescence galls by Iatrophobia brasiliensis Rübsaamen, 1915 (Cecidomyiidae). Further, we showed that I. brasiliensis preferentially induced galls on the leaves, however during the dry season, galls were induced on the inflorescences. Although the induction of galls on the leaves by I. brasiliensis has already been reported in the literature, here for the first time we record the presence of galls on the inflorescences induced by the same gall-inducing species. Our study constitutes an important contribution towards the knowledge of the insect-plant interaction between M. caerulescens and I. brasiliensis in the Cerrado of Bahia.

Abstract Water stress limits the initial growth and development of maize mass and grain, as well as the physiological process for absorbing the amount of mineral elements. The objective was to evaluate the effect of silicon on germination and growth of corn seedlings submitted to water deficit. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory and the experimental design was completely randomized (factorial 3 × 4), with three concentrations of calcium silicate (0.0; 1.0 and 2.0 mM) and 4 solutions of PEG-6000 to simulate different osmotic potentials (0, 0; -0.3; -0.6; -0.9 MPa). Germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI), mean germination time (MGT), percentage of non-germinated and abnormal germinated, length and dry matter of shoot, root and total seedlings were evaluated. Water deficiency reduced the parameters TG, GSI and MGT. The water deficit reduce the MSPA, MSR and MST with more than 80% reduction in mass from seedlings without deficiency to seedlings with deficiency. For CPA, CR and CT there was a reduction of at least 87%, 70% and 77%, respectively, among seeds without deficiency compared to seeds submitted to deficiency. The use of silicon in corn seeds did not attenuate the stress caused by water deficit simulated by PEG-6000.

Resumo O estresse hídrico limita o crescimento inicial e o desenvolvimento da massa e do grão de milho, assim como no processo fisiológico para a absorção da quantidade de elementos minerais. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do silício na germinação e no crescimento de plântulas de milho submetidas a deficiência hídrica. O experimento foi desenvolvido em laboratório e o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) (fatorial 3 × 4), sendo três concentrações de Silicato de cálcio (0,0; 1,0 e 2,0 mM) e 4 soluções de PEG-6000 a simular diferentes potenciais osmóticos (0,0; -0,3; -0,6; -0,9 MPa). Foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), o tempo médio de germinação (TMG), a porcentagem de não germinadas e de germinadas anormais, o comprimento e matéria seca da parte aérea, raiz e total das plântulas. A deficiência hídrica diminuiu os parâmetros TG, IVG e TMG. O déficit hídrico reduz a MSPA, MSR e MST com mais de 80% de redução da massa das plântulas sem deficiência para as plântulas com deficiência. Para CPA, CR e CT houve redução de, no mínimo, 87%, 70% e 77%, respectivamente entre as sementes sem deficiência em comparação as sementes submetidas a deficiência. A utilização de silício em sementes de milho não atenuou o estresse causado pela deficiência hídrica simulada por PEG-6000.

In this work, it is reported a comparison between solid microspheres produced from glass having conventional industrial sand (IS) and glasses made with rice husk ashes (RHA) as a source of silica. The same composition was used to fabricate both glasses. The focused was the production of glass microspheres for road horizontal marking, which would attend the type classification called Premix. The microspheres were obtained by the horizontal flame method. The results showed that characteristics such as production yield, morphology, granulometry and, mainly, retroreflectivity measurements are not altered when rice husk ash is present in the glass composition, showing that this can be a sustainable alternative material for this important application. work IS (IS RHA (RHA silica marking Premix method yield morphology mainly application

RESUMO A reconstrução da histórica econômica do Brasil desde a independência por Portugal (1822) pode levar a uma nova compreensão do seu crescimento econômico. A ideia enraizada de que o Brasil podia ter feito mais implica a necessidade de se analisar cada fase do seu desenvolvimento. Neste artigo, nós fornecemos uma perspectiva do crescimento econômico brasileiro e seu processo de real convergência no muito longo prazo (1822-2019). Por um lado, esta revisão indica que as mudanças estruturais observadas na metade do século XX foram cruciais em promover o crescimento e a real convergência do país ante países tecnologicamente avançados. Por outro lado, as condições institucionais precárias e a deficiência na formação de capital humano são fatores críticos subjacentes a inabilidade do Brasil em estabelecer um crescimento econômico robusto e sustentável desde tempos coloniais.

ABSTRACT The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil’s economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country’s growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil’s inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth.

Abstract Titanium dioxide is a widely studied material with well-known applications for anatase and rutile phases. Moreover, brookite, another polymorph, which is more difficult to obtain, has caught scientific community interest, especially for photocatalysis applications. Among many methodologies for TiO2 synthesis, the hydrothermal method stands out, with the possibility of controlling different parameters that lead to a specific phase composition, allowing selective polymorphic obtainment. This method was used to synthesize TiO2 with different anatase/brookite ratios, by the use of different synthesis conditions as pH of the suspension, sodium salt concentration, and temperature, resulting in anatase-brookite photocatalyst with brookite composition ranging from 0 to 35%. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, particle size measurement, and scanning electron microscopy. Photocatalysts with the highest brookite amount showed the best photocatalytic results for Remazol golden yellow (RNL) dye decolorization. Moreover, the short-range disorder also played an important role in photocatalytic behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o conhecimento de professores sobre a Fonoaudiologia Educacional e sobre a importância das habilidades auditivas e linguísticas para aprendizagem, comparando as respostas dos docentes entre escola pública e privada. Métodos: estudo exploratório de abordagem mista, quantitativa e qualitativa, realizado com 25 professores que lecionam na Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental I. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante um questionário composto por 19 perguntas fechadas, que exploraram a relação entre linguagem, audição e aprendizagem e 01 pergunta aberta, que abordou o conhecimento sobre a Fonoaudiologia Educacional. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais e os qualitativos por meio de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: os professores reconhecem, de modo geral, a importância da audição e linguagem para a aprendizagem, embora não se sintam preparados para lidar com isso na escola e não possuam conhecimentos mais específicos sobre o processamento auditivo. Os resultados obtidos na pergunta aberta também revelaram um conhecimento limitado sobre a Fonoaudiologia Educacional e a principal fonte de conhecimento foi a experiência prévia de alguns professores com trabalho do fonoaudiólogo inserido no contexto educacional. Não foram observadas diferenças importantes entre as repostas dos docentes de escolas pública e privada. Conclusão: os conhecimentos dos professores acerca da Fonoaudiologia Educacional e da importância da audição e linguagem para a aprendizagem ainda são limitados, sendo necessários maiores investimentos em formações nesta área.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the teachers’ knowledge on educational speech-language-hearing pathology and the importance of auditory and linguistic skills to learning, comparing the answers of public-school teachers with those of private ones. Methods: an exploratory study with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach, conducted with 25 teachers working in kindergarten and elementary school. Data were collected with a questionnaire comprising 19 closed-ended questions (which dealt with the relationship between language, hearing, and learning) and one open-ended question (which approached their knowledge on educational speech-language-hearing pathology. The quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, and the qualitative ones, with theme modality content analysis. Results: in general, the teachers recognize the importance of hearing and language to learning, although they do not feel prepared to deal with it at school, neither do they have more specific knowledge of auditory processing. The results obtained in the open-ended question revealed an also limited knowledge on educational speech-language-hearing pathology. In this sense, their greatest source of information was some teachers’ previous experience with the work of a speech-language-hearing pathologist within the educational setting. No important differences were observed between the answers given by public school teachers and those by private ones. Conclusion: the teachers’ knowledge on educational speech-language-hearing pathology and the importance of hearing and language to learning is still limited, which requires more investment in the training in this field.

This study shows a preparation and evaluation of a new non-expensive TiO2 based photocatalyst built over sand grains surfaces as an alternative green technology for water treatment. The semiconductor covalently bonded to the silica sand grains (sand@TiO2) prepared by hydrolysis of isopropoxide orthotitane over sand grains, showed a high surface area 296 m2 g-1 and a high reaction rate for methylene blue (MB) photodegradation (0.064 min-1), on steady state condition by using 3 g of sand@TiO2 and an MB solution (20 mL, 3 × 10-5 mol L-1) or ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) solution (20 mL, 1.9 × 10-3 mol L-1). Under UV irradiation with a medium pressure Hg lamp, the total MB removal reached 70% after 7 min and 45% for CIP in 60 min. Further, the photocatalyst showed to be a promising reusable material for removal of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride antibiotic (CIP) on wastewater. This new material appears as a new promising low cost and low impact reusable catalyst for water treatment.

The neutrophil is an important cell in host defense against infections, acting as the first line of microorganism control. However, this cell exhibits dysregulated activity in sepsis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. This systematic review aimed to highlight the major scientific findings regarding neutrophil activity in sepsis reported in clinical and experimental research published in the last 10 years. The search was conducted in the Virtual Health Library of PAHO-WHO (BVS) and PubMed databases, and articles published between January 2007 and May 2017 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were eligible. Article selection was carried out independently by two reviewers (CB and IB). A total of 233 articles were found, of which 87 were identified on PubMed and 146 on BVS. Eighty-two articles were duplicates. Of the remaining 151 articles, 19 met the inclusion criteria after title, abstract, and full-text analysis. Overall, research in clinical samples and animal models of sepsis showed reduced capacity of neutrophils to migrate and delayed apoptosis, but there was no consensus on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in sepsis. Molecules, such as pentraxin 3 (PTX3), have been analyzed as potential diagnostic markers in sepsis but the diversity of soluble molecules detected in blood samples of sepsis patients did not enable further understanding of the correlation of these circulating molecules with neutrophil activity during sepsis. Optimal understanding of the function of neutrophils in sepsis remains a challenge that, if overcome, would eventually allow targeted therapeutic interventions in patients affected by this severe syndrome.

RESUMO O manejo floral com a utilização do regulador de crescimento paclobutrazol pode ser uma alternativa para promover a uniformização do florescimento e frutificação em aceroleiras (Malpighia emarginata D.C.). No entanto, os efeitos de seu uso na qualidade dos frutos ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de doses de paclobutrazol na qualidade de frutos de M. emarginata. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela, com os fatores estudados consistindo de duas cultivares de aceroleira ('Junko' e 'Flor Branca') e cinco doses de paclobutrazol (0; 0,4; 0,8; 1,2; e 1,6 g i. a. m-1 de diâmetro de copa). As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: massa dos frutos, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal dos frutos, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e teor de vitamina C. O uso de paclobutrazol, até certa medida, promoveu o aumento da massa, diâmetro longitudinal e teores de sólidos solúveis dos frutos. A cultivar 'Junko' apresentou teor de vitamina C superior ao da 'Flor Branca', e os máximos teores de vitamina C foram obtidos com as doses de paclobutrazol de 0,64 e 0,81 g i.a. m-1, respectivamente para as cultivares 'Junko' e 'Flor Branca'. Nenhum dos fatores estudados promoveu diferenças para pH e acidez dos frutos.

ABSTRACT Floral management using the growth regulator paclobutrazol may be an alternative for promoting the uniformity of flowering and fruiting in West Indian cherry (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) plants. However, the effects of its use on fruit quality are still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol doses on the fruit quality of M. emarginata. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with three replications and three plants per plot, with the studied factors consisting of two M. emarginata cultivars ('Junko' and 'Flor Branca') and five paclobutrazol doses (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g a.i. m-1 of canopy diameter). The following variables were evaluated: fruit mass, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters, pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio and vitamin C content. The use of paclobutrazol, to some extent, promoted the increase of fruit mass, longitudinal diameter and soluble solids contents. The 'Junko' cultivar presented a higher vitamin C content than that for 'Flor Branca', and the maximum vitamin C contents were obtained with the paclobutrazol doses of 0.64 and 0.81 g a.i. m-1, respectively for the 'Junko' and 'Flor Branca' cultivars. None of the studied factors promoted differences for pH and fruit acidity.

Resumo Objetivo O objectivo foi analisar a incidência de microplásticos na dieta dos peixes no meio do Rio Uruguai. Métodos O presente trabalho analisou o conteúdo gastrointestinal de duas espécies: Astyanax lacustris e Iheringichthys labrosus. Resultados Uma amostra de sessenta e um indivíduos de A. lacustris e vinte e nove indivíduos de I. labrosus foi examinada para destacar a ingestão de microplásticos na seção média do rio Uruguai no Brasil. Em A. lacustris, foram encontradas onze fibras e dois fragmentos em seu conteúdo gastrointestinal, correspondendo a 18,1% das amostras, enquanto no I. labrosus foram encontradas doze fibras e um fragmento, correspondentes a 34,5% das amostras analisadas. A coloração azul também foi prevalente na ocorrência de microplásticos. Conclusões Esses dados são o primeiro registro de microplásticos nessa zona e representam uma linha de base para essa contaminação para estudos futuros.

Abstract Aim The aim was to analyze the incidence of microplastics in the diet of fish in the middle Uruguay River. Methods The present work analyzed the gastrointestinal content of two species: Astyanax lacustris and Iheringichthys labrosus. Results This study provides the first evidence of synthetic materials, such as fibres and plastics in the gastrointestinal tract of fish species in the Middle Uruguay River basin. A sample of sixty-one A. lacustris and twenty-nine I. labrosus were examined to highlight the ingestion of microplastics in the middle section of the Uruguay River in Brazil. In the A. lacustris, eleven fibres and two fragments were found in their gastrointestinal contents, corresponding to 18.1% of the specimens, while in the I. labrosus, twelve fibres and one fragment were found, corresponding to 34.5% of the specimens analyzed. Blue staining was also prevalent in the occurrence of microplastics. Conclusions These data are the first record of microplastics in this zone and represent a baseline for this contamination for future studies.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of subdoses of 2,4-D + picloram on the emergence and initial growth of Hymenaea stigonocarpa. Three experiments were carried out. In the first one, the seeds were planted in sand with residues of 2,4-D + picloram (0; 0.02; 0.10; 0.20 and 0.40 L ha -1 ). The second experiment was conducted with seedlings, using the same treatment of experiment I. In experiment III, the seeds were planted in Red Latosol contaminated with subdoses of 2,4-D + picloram (0; 0.02; 0.08; 0.24; 0.48 and 0.96 L ha-1). The contamination of the sand substrate with subdoses of 2,4-D + picloram inhibits the emergence and senescence of Hymenaea stigonocarpa plants. Moreover, when seeds of this species were cultivated in Red Latosol with residual doses between 0.04 and 0.96 L ha-1, emergence and emergence speed index declined.

Abstract This study assessed the effect of non-thermal plasma (NTP) on Nannochloropsis gaditana cell rupture and subsequent lipid extraction. Micrograph images showed that the surface of original N. gaditana cells appeared smooth and had no apparent holes, whereas after NTP the cells showed a non-uniform apparently fractured surface with many pores and large splits. Maximum lipid recovery from N. gaditana cells (~19%) for NTP-assisted rupture was observed at 10 min, similar to extraction after 10 min sonication (19.0%). The lipid recovery after both pretreatments (average 19.0%) was 2-fold higher than the control treatment (no pretreatment 9.5%). In addition, lipids from unruptured algal cells were mainly composed of ω-3polyunsaturated fatty acids (~31% of total fatty acids), while lipids after NTP were predominantly composed of saturated fatty acids (36.0% of total fatty acids), which could be advantageous for biodiesel production. This study demonstrates an alternative approach based on NTP-technology for algal cell rupture prior to lipid extraction with potential uses for algal biodiesel production.

Resumo As necessidades de financiamento das guerras no século XVII levaram a Inglaterra a realizar inovações financeiras importantes, que deram lugar à Revolução Financeira. Esse conjunto de mecanismos - dívida pública de longo prazo, banco central e mercados secundários relevantes - permitiram à Grã-Bretanha desempenhar um papel central no sistema financeiro internacional até a 1ª Grande Guerra. Entretanto, esse ganho não proporcionou aos ingleses um poder monetário estrutural, apesar do papel central que seu mercado financeiro e sua moeda tiveram durante o padrão ouro. Diferentemente, os Estados Unidos usaram seu poder monetário estrutural tanto para implantar o regime de taxas fixas de Bretton Woods quanto para rompê-lo e substituí-lo pelo atual sistema monetário e financeiro internacional, baseado do dólar flexível. A crise de 2008 mostra que o poder estrutural americano está intacto e sem competidores potenciais relevantes.

Abstract The need to finance wars led England to introduce important financial innovations in the late seventeenth century that gave rise to the Financial Revolution. This set of mechanisms - long-term public debt, central bank and deep secondary markets - provided Britain with a dominant position in the international monetary system until World War I. However, this gain did not provide the British with structural monetary power despite the central role their financial market and their currency held during the gold standard. In contrast, the United States used its structural monetary power not only to implement the Bretton Woods fixed-rate regime but also to break and replace it with the current flexible international dollar-based monetary and financial system. The crisis of 2008 shows that American structural power is intact and faces no relevant potential competitors.