Resumo Dentre as espécies da família Zingiberaceae, o gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) é a espécie mais conhecida e estudada, com diversas propriedades ornamentais, medicinais e culinárias relatadas. Muitas espécies ornamentais do gênero Zingiber são comumente tratadas como gengibres por analogia. Este estudo fornece uma lista de espécies do gênero Zingiber, informações sobre sinônimos e comentários sobre aspectos ornamentais. Zingiberaceae Roscoe estudada relatadas analogia

Abstract Among the species of the Zingiberaceae family, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is the best known and studied species, with several reported ornamental, medicinal, and culinary properties. Many ornamental species of the genus Zingiber are commonly treated as gingers by analogy. This study provides a list of species of the genus Zingiber, information on synonyms and comments on ornamental aspects. family Roscoe medicinal properties analogy aspects

Resumo As bromélias são desejáveis como plantas de vaso devido as brácteas floridas e formato geralmente grande, colorido e exótico das folhas que formam uma cisterna. A principal função das raízes de bromélias epifíticas é a fixação no substrato, enquanto a captação de água e nutrientes é realizada principalmente pelas folhas. Porém, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que as raízes das bromélias epífitas também podem auxiliar na absorção de água e nutrientes, contribuindo para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do sistema radicular na nutrição mineral da bromélia ornamental epifítica Aechmea fasciata que ocorre no Brasil. Oitenta plantas foram cultivadas por 240 dias em vasos plásticos (900 mL) contendo casca de pinus compostada e foram submetidas a 5 tratamentos com 50 mL de 0% (controle), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da solução nutritiva de Hoagland & Arnon (HA ), aplicada duas vezes por semana somente sobre o substrato. Foram avaliadas as variáveis biométricas e de biomassa da raiz e da parte aérea, bem como o teor de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas de A. fasciata. Os resultados mostraram que todos os parâmetros biométricos e de biomassa aumentaram com a aplicação de concentrações crescentes da solução de HA, enquanto o conteúdo nutricional nas folhas apresentou diferentes respostas, com aumento de nitrogênio e potássio, diminuição de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, manganês, cobre, enxofre, ferro e zinco. Concluímos que A. fasciata cresce melhor quando fertilizada com solução de AH 75% ou 100% no substrato. Ressaltamos que as raízes da bromélia epifítica A. fasciata são funcionais e desempenham importante papel na sua nutrição e crescimento.

Abstract The bromeliads are desirable vase plants because of the flowering bract and the usually large, bold, colored and exotic format of the leaves that forms a cistern. The main function of epiphytic bromeliads roots is the fixation on the substrate, while water and nutrients uptake are performed mainly by leaves. However, recent studies have shown that the roots of epiphytic bromeliads can also help in the absorption of water and nutrients, contributing to plant growth and development. The present study aimed to evaluate the importance of the root system in the mineral nutrition of an epiphytic ornamental bromeliad silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata) that occurs in Brazil. 80 plants were cultivated for 240 days in plastic pots (900 mL) containing composted pine bark and were subjected to 5 treatments with 50 mL of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% Hoagland & Arnon (HA) nutrient solution, applied twice a week only onto the substrate. Biometric and biomass variables of root and shoots, as well as macro- and micronutrients content in silver vase bromeliad leaves were evaluated. Results showed that all biometric and biomass parameters increased with the application of increasing HA solution concentrations, while the nutritional content in leaves showed different responses, with increase in nitrogen and potassium, decrease in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, sulfur, iron and zinc. We conclude that silver vase bromeliad grows better when fertilized with 75% or 100% HA solution on the substrate. We emphasize that the roots of the epiphytic silver vase bromeliad are functional and plays important roles in its nutrition and growth.

ABSTRACT Tifway 419 Bermudagrass is widely used on athletic fields, requiring irrigation and fertilization for its maintenance; however, little information is available for Bermudagrass management in tropical countries, as Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation frequency and nitrogen (N) fertilization on the development of Tifway 419 Bermudagrass. The experiment was carried in 2019, applying two irrigation frequencies (daily and every two days) and five N concentrations of 0, 42.19, 63.28, 105.47 and 126.56 kg N ha-1 divided into three 30-day increments. Photosynthetic pigments, grass height, accumulated dry mass, relative chlorophyll index, regeneration rate, root length, and dry mass of root, rhizome and stolon were analyzed. The best result was observed in between 63.28 and 105.47 kg N ha-1 (15% N) and irrigated every two days. The treatment maintains the green color of the grass. Maximum Bermudagrass regeneration rate was observed within this interval, and the root length and dry mass of roots, rhizomes and stolons were higher compared to the highest concentration.

RESUMEN: El conocimiento sobre aspectos relacionados con la germinación de semillas es de fundamental importancia para la propagación y mantenimiento de especies de Passiflora silvestres. Hay varios factores que pueden interferir con la germinación de estas especies. La latencia de las semillas puede ser regulada por mecanismos de origen embrionario, del tegumento, por la presencia de inhibidores químicos o por el comportamiento fisiológico causado por el equilibrio hormonal. Teniendo en cuenta la gran diversidad de especies del género Passiflora y la necesidad de estudios que puedan dilucidar el proceso de germinación de las semillas de maracuyá, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los métodos para superar la latencia de las semillas de dos especies de Passiflora (Passiflora morifolia y Passiflora cincinnataj. Los tratamientos prévios a la germinación pueden ser la escarificación física, la inmersión en ácido giberélico (GA 3 ) y Promalin® (GA 4 + 7 + N- (fenilmetil) -aminopurina). Para superar la latencia, los tratamientos pregerminativos fueron: escarificación de papel de lija; inmersión en agua a 50 °C durante 5 minutos; remojo en GA 3 a 400, 1000, 2000 y 3000 mg L -1 durante 5 horas; escarificación en papel de lija + imbibición en GA 3 a 400, 1000, 2000 y 3000 mg L -1 durante 5 horas; y remojo en Promalin® a 0.03, 0.45, 0.90 y 2% por 6 y 12 horas. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones de 25 semillas. Los datos obtenidos para P. morifolia y P. cincinnata fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y la comparación de medias por la prueba de Tukey y Scott-Knott, respectivamente, con un 5% de probabilidad utilizando el programa informático SISVAR. Se evaluaron la germinación, tiempo promedio, velocidad promedio, incertidumbre y sincronía de la germinación. Los resultados revelaron que Promalin® a 0.45, 0.90 y 12% durante 6 y 12 horas fueron efectivos para superar la latencia de las semillas de P. cincinnata. Para las semillas de P. morifolia, el tratamiento con GA 3 a 1000 mg L -1 tuvo un resultado superior para superar la latencia.

ABSTRACT: The knowledge about aspects related to seed germination are extremely important to the propagation of Passiflora species. Considering the diversity of Passiflora species and the need of studies that can elucidate the germination process of Passiflora seeds this study aimed was to evaluate methods to overcome seed dormancy in two Passiflora species (P. morifolia and P. cincinnata) by pre-germinative treatments as physical scarification, immersion in gibberellic acid (GA3) and Promalin® (GA4+7 + N- (phenylmethyl) -aminopurine). To dormancy overcoming, the pre-germinative treatments were: scarification in sandpaper; immersion in water at 50 °C for 5 minutes; imbibition in 400, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L-1 GA3 for 5 hours; scarification in sandpaper + imbibition in 400, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L-1 GA3 for 5 hours; and imbibition in 0.03, 0.45, 0.90 and 2% Promalin® for 6 and 12 hours. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions of 25 seeds. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the averages compared by Tukey test and Scott-Knott, respectively, at 5% of probability using the software SISVAR. Germinability, germination time, germination velocity, uncertainty and germination synchrony were evaluated. The results showed that 0.45, 0.90 and 2% Promalin® for 6 and 12 hours were effective to overcome the seed dormancy in P. cincinnata. The treatment 1000 mg L-1 GA3 achieved the highest result to overcome the dormancy in P. morifolia seeds.

Resumo As espécies de Heliconia com inflorescências pendentes e brácteas coloridas são uma boa opção para o mercado de flores de corte, mas apenas algumas espécies de Heliconia, por exemplo. H. rostrata, H. rauliniana e H. chartacea, são comercialmente produzidas no Brasil. Este estudo foi realizado para caracterizar 36 acessos de diferentes espécies, com inflorescências pendentes para serem utilizadas como flor de corte, visando a aumentar o conhecimento e a utilização destas plantas excepcionais pelos consumidores e entusiastas das flores tropicais. As avaliações foram realizadas em plantas da Coleção de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC) Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil, crescendo em condição de sombra, sombra parcial ou pleno sol. Foram analisadas características qualitativas e quantitativas relacionadas ao crescimento da touceira e características da haste floral. Um sistema de pontuação foi usado para determinar as espécies mais adequadas para a utilização de flores de corte. Todos os genótipos avaliados foram adequados para serem usados como flores de corte, mesmo as de inflorescências grandes e brácteas dispostas em vários planos, fatos que afetam ou dificultam o manuseio, embalamento e transporte. H. mariae, H. fernandezii, H. platystachys, H. rauliniana, H. rostrata, H. standley, H. necrobracteata e H. laxa foram considerados excelentes. Esta caracterização e sistema de pontuação foram importantes para facilitar a seleção de genótipos de helicônias como flores de corte.

Abstract The Heliconia species with pendent inflorescences and colorful bracts are a good option as a cut flower for floriculture market, but only a few species of this type of Heliconia eg. H. rostrata, H. rauliniana and H. chartacea are commercially produced in Brazil. This study was carried out to characterize 36 Heliconia accessions, with pendent inflorescences, to be used as cut flower, intending to increase knowledge and use of these exceptional plants among tropical flower enthusiasts and consumers. The evaluations were performed on plants of the Germplasm Collection of the Instituto Agronômico (IAC) growing in shade, partial shade or full sun conditions. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics, related to clump growth and flower stem aspects were analyzed. A point scoring system was used to determine the species most suitable for cut flower utilization. All evaluated genotypes reached enough points to be considered suitable for use as cut flowers, even those with large inflorescences and bracts arranged in different planes, facts that affect and limit handling, packaging and transportation. H. mariae, H. fernandezii, H. platystachys, H. rauliniana, H. rostrata, H. standley, H. necrobracteata and H. laxa were considered outstanding. This characterization and scoring system were important to facilitate the selection of heliconia genotypes for use as cut flowers.

ABSTRACT Phenology, bunch morphology, and must quality are essential factors to the selection of grapevine cultivars for winemaking. This study aimed to evaluate five grapevine hybrids grafted onto two rootstocks, looking for fruit with the best characteristics for producing wine. The hybrids studied were ‘BRS Lorena’, ‘IAC 21-14 Madalena’, ‘Moscatel de Jundiaí’, ‘Moscato Embrapa’ and ‘SR 0.501-17’ grafted onto ‘IAC 572 Jales’ and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ rootstock. Phenology was evaluated weekly, and the number of days from pruning to sprouting, flowering, and maturation was calculated. Fruit production, bunch morphology, and must quality were evaluated for each genotype and rootstock. ‘SR 0.501-17’ was classified as a genotype with a medium cycle, with fruit maturing 20 days earlier than the other hybrids, which were, therefore, classified as late-cycling. No interaction was noted between hybrids and rootstocks relative to bunch morphology. The must of ‘Moscato Embrapa’ grafted onto ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ rootstock had higher maturation index than that grafted onto ‘IAC 572 Jales’ rootstock. ‘BRS Lorena’ and ‘SR 0.501-17’ produced smaller berries, must with medium acidity, and higher soluble solid contents, as compared with other hybrids, resulting in the best bunch morphology and must quality for winemaking.

Abstract This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical characteristics of urban forest soil contaminated by copper and the dynamics of macro- and micronutrients uptake by Schinus terebinthifolia and Eugenia uniflora seedlings. The seedlings received 0 (control), 60, 120, 180 or 240 mg Cu kg-1 soil applied to urban forest soil within São Paulo City, Brazil. Our results showed that K was reduced in Cu-contaminated soil used for S. terebinthifolia cultivation and that organic matter was higher in Cu- contaminated soil used for E. uniflora cultivation. Other physicochemical properties of soil remained unaltered. S. terebinthifolia presented nutritional imbalances in N, K and Mg on leaves, while E. uniflora presented nutritional imbalances in K on leaves and in S on roots. It can be concluded that copper contamination can negatively affect chemical and nutritional characteristics of urban forest soil, as well as the nutritional dynamics of S. terebinthifolia and E. uniflora.

Resumo O lodo de esgoto é um material de baixo custo e alternativa sustentável para substituir fertilizantes químicos em gramados e jardins ornamentais. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto nas características estéticas e na rebrota da grama bermuda DiscoveryTM. O experimento foi realizado durante o outono/inverno de 2019, onde o gramado foi retirado com uma colhedora própria e deixado o solo exposto para uma nova rebrota da grama, e assim foram aplicados 0; 357; 714; 1071 e 1.428 g m-2 de lodo de esgoto espalhados uniformemente no gramado em dose única. As avaliações foram realizadas após 120 dias, sendo: solução do solo (CE e NO3 -), Índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada, comprimento de raiz, volume de raiz+rizoma+estolão+folhas e análise por imagem digital. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento das doses de lodo influenciou positivamente o desenvolvimento do gramado, tanto no aspecto estético quanto nas avaliações de rebrota do tapete. A solução do solo pôde evidenciar que o lodo aumentou a condutividade elétrica e íons de NO3 -, contudo não prejudicou o desenvolvimento do gramado, havendo inclusive correlações positivas entre essas variáveis e as avaliações biométricas da planta. Conclui-se que a dose de 1.428 g m-2 de lodo de esgoto apresentou os melhores resultados para as características avaliadas, sendo a dose recomendada para uso na grama bermuda DiscoveryTM.

Abstract The sewage sludge is a low-cost material and sustainable alternative to substitute chemical fertilizers on ornamental lawns and gardens. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of the application of sewage sludge on the regrowth and ornamental traits of DiscoveryTM bermudagrass. The experiment was carried out during the fall/winter of 2019. The turf was removed and left the soil exposed for a new grass regrowth. The treatments applied were 0, 357, 714, 1,071 and 1,428 g m-2 sewage sludge spread evenly on the lawn in a single dose. The evaluations were carried out after 120 days and the soil solution (EC and NO3 -), Normalized difference vegetation index, root length, root + rhizome + stolon + leaves volume and digital image analysis were evaluated. The results showed that the increase of sewage sludge positively influenced the turfgrass development, both in the aesthetic aspect and on bermudagrass regrowth. The soil solution can show that the sludge increased the electrical conductivity and NO3- ions; however, it did not hinder the development of the lawn, even having positive correlations between these variables and the biometric evaluations of the plant. It is concluded that the dose of 1,428 g m-2 presented the best results for the evaluated characteristics, being the recommended one for use in the fertilization of bermudagrass DiscoveryTM.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of atmospheric (tankless-bromeliad) and tank (tank-bromeliad) developmental stages of silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata) as a function of nutrition with different sources and concentrations of nitrogen. The experiment consisted of the fertilization of atmospheric and tank stages of silver vase bromeliad with 50 mL of Hoagland and Arnon n. 1 (1950) solution, supplemented with 0, 15, 30 or 45 mM N of urea, ammonium nitrate or glutamine as nitrogen sources. After 210 days of experimentation, tank and atmospheric stages of silver vase bromeliad did not show significant differences for the variables plant height, rosette and stem diameter, leaf and total fresh mass, and root, leaf and total dry matter masses. Both stages have grown better with 15 mM N of ammonium nitrate and urea, while 45 mM of all N sources were deleterious. Glutamine in the tank occasioned the presence of a film and dark spots lowing the ornamental quality. The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency showed that tank stage use N more efficiently, when fertilized with inorganic form, while atmospheric stage is indifferent for N source.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de bromelia fasciata (Aechmea fasciata) en etapa atmosférica (periodo en ausencia de tanque y utilización de agua o humedad disponible en el aire) y etapa con presencia de tanque (estructuras desplegadas para captar el agua de lluvia o condensación) en función de la nutrición con diferentes fuentes y concentraciones de nitrógeno. El experimento consistió en fertilizar ambas etapas de la planta con 50 ml de Hoagland y Arnon n. 1 solución (1950), suplementada en concentraciones de 0, 15, 30 y 45 mM N, con urea, nitrato de amonio y glutamina como fuentes nitrogenadas. Después de 210 días del inicio del experimento, no se observaron diferencias significativas para las variables de altura de planta; diámetro de roseta; diámetro del tallo; masa fresca total de hojas y raíces; masas secas de raíces, hojas y materia seca total. Ambas etapas se han desarrollado mejor con 15 mM N de nitrato de amonio y urea, mientras que 45 mM de todas las fuentes de N fueron perju diciales. La glutamina en el tanque, producto de la fertilización, ocasionó la presencia de una membrana y manchas oscuras que disminuyeron la calidad ornamental. La eficiencia del uso agronómico de nitrógeno mostró que la etapa de tanque usa N de modo más eficiente, cuando se fertiliza con manera inorgánica, mientras que la etapa atmosférica es indiferente para la fuente de N.

RESUMO A poluição de cobre no meio ambiente, devido a atividades antropogênicas, industriais e automotivas é uma preocupação ambiental. O cobre é amplamente utilizado em diferentes formas como fertilizantes e fungicidas. Ainda são poucos os estudos que descrevem o efeito do cobre na germinação de sementes de espécies tropicais. Neste trabalho, objetivamos avaliar a germinação de sementes e o estabelecimento de mudas de Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, popularmente conhecido como ‘pimenta brasileira’, submetidas a diferentes concentrações de cobre. Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos, com quatro repetições e 20 sementes por repetição, totalizando 400 sementes. Foi adicionado Cu (CuSO4.5H2O) ao substrato nas doses de 0, 60, 760, 2.100 ou 10.000 mg kg-1. Foram analisadas as variáveis porcentagem, velocidade e tempo médio de germinação, bem como estabelecimento de mudas. Doses de Cu de 2,100 ou 10,000 mg kg-1 inibiram a formação de plântulas. A concentração de Cu de 10,000 mg kg-1 reduziu os valores finais de germinação e velocidade da germinação para cerca de um terço daqueles obtidos no tratamento controle. Comparado à germinação, o estabelecimento de mudas foi mais afetado pelo excesso de cobre para S. terebinthifolia. A espécie tolerou doses de até 760 mg kg-1 de cobre durante o estabelecimento de plântulas, o que indica que apresenta potencial para ser utilizada em programas de restauração ambiental de solos contaminados por cobre.

ABSTRACT Pollution by the discharge of copper in the environment due to anthropogenic, industrial, and automobile activities is an environmental problem. Copper is also widely used in different forms as fertilizers and fungicides. Here, we aimed to evaluate seed germination and the establishment of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, popularly known as ‘Brazilian pepper tree’ seedlings submitted to different concentrations of copper. Five treatments were used, with four replicates and 20 seeds per replicate, totaling 400 seeds. Cu (CuSO4.5H2O) was added to the substrate at doses of 0; 60; 760; 2,100 or 10,000 mg kg-1. The variables percentage, speed, and mean germination time, as well as establishment of seedlings, were analyzed. Cu doses of 2,100 or 10,000 mg kg-1 inhibited seedling formation. Cu concentration of 10,000 mg kg-1 reduced the final values of germination and speed germination to about one third of those obtained in the control treatment. Compared to germination, establishment of seedlings was more affected by excess copper for the S. terebinthifolia. The species tolerated doses up to 760 mg kg-1 copper during seedling establishment, which indicates that it is a candidate for environmental restoration programs for soils with known copper contamination.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of copper (Cu) in the pioneer tree Schinus terebinthifolius R. (aroeira) and non-pioneer tree Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga) submitted to different concentrations of copper. The plants received 40 mL of Hoagland & Arnon (1950) n. 1 nutrient solution modified with 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 and 0.32 mM Cu2+ applied to the soil. We analyzed biomass, biometry and Cu contents in plants and the concentration of Cu in soil. Cu concentration in the soil contaminated with 0.32 mM Cu2+ was higher than other treatments. Neither species showed characteristics of plant phytotoxicity. However, the two species did exhibit different physiological responses to Cu; S. terebinthifolius accumulated the metal only in roots, while E. uniflora accumulated Cu in roots and leaves. The highest Cu concentration in soil was observed in the treatment with 0.32 mM Cu2+. Outstanding to foliar accumulation, E. uniflora could be used for biomonitoring.

Resumo Extratos de algas marinhas são empregados como bioestimulantes devido aos seus efeitos positivos durante o crescimento e rendimento da cultura. O extrato de algas marinhas de Ascophyllum nodosum podem melhorar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas e diminuir os custos de produção; entretanto, a concentração correta deve ser usada para maximizar os efeitos bioestimulantes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de um bioestimulante à base de algas marinhas (Ascophyllum nodosum) na germinação e crescimento inicial de plântulas de girassol ornamental. Sementes de girassol ornamental cv. “Sol Pleno” foram semeadas em bandejas de polietileno contendo substrato comercial. Os tratamentos aplicados consistiram em 60 mL com 0 (controle), 5, 10 ou 15 mL L-1 de bioestimulante, pulverizados diariamente. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (concentrações de extrato de alga marinha) e 4 repetições (10 sementes replicadas-1). As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem, índice e tempo médio de germinação, altura de plântulas, massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e raízes e morfologia do sistema radicular (WinRhizo). O aumento da concentração de bioestimulante aumentou a germinação das sementes e o desenvolvimento das plântulas, e 15 mL L-1 de bioestimulante promoveram os melhores resultados para porcentagem e índice de germinação e menor índice de tempo de germinação, além de aumentar a altura das plantas e a massa fresca e seca da parte aérea em relação ao tratamento controle. Assim, a concentração de 15 mL L-1 de biosimulante (Ascophyllum nodosum) é recomendada para a germinação de sementes de girassol ornamental “Sol Pleno” e crescimento de plântulas.

Abstract Seaweed extracts are employed as biostimulants due to their beneficial effects on crop growth and yield. Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract aid to improve seedling growth and development, and decrease seedlings production costs; however, the correct concentration must be used in order to maximize the biostimulant effects. Consequently, this study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of a seaweed-based (Ascophyllum nodosum) biostimulant on ornamental sunflower seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds of ornamental sunflower cv. “Sol Pleno” were sown in polyethylene trays containing commercial substrate. The treatments consisted of dairy spraying 60 mL of the solutions 0 (control), 5, 10 or 15 mL L-1 biostimulant on substrate. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 treatments (concentrations of biostimulant) and 4 replicates (10 seeds replicate-1). The evaluated variables were percentage, index and time averages of germination, seedling height, fresh and dry mass of shoot and roots, and root system morphology (WinRhizo). The increase of the biostimulant concentration enhances seed germination and seedlings development. The concentration 15 mL L-1 biostimulant showed the best results for percentage and index of germination and the lowest mean germination time and increase plant height and fresh and dry mass of shoots in relation to the control treatment. Accordingly, 15 mL L-1 biostimulant (Ascophyllum nodosum) is recommended for ornamental sunflower “Sol Pleno” seed germination and seedlings growth.

ABSTRACT The residual sludge is a contaminating waste, coming from the urban waste treatment process. Its final disposal can become a problem when it is discarded incorrectly, generating serious environmental and health problems. However, it has a high content of organic matter, macro and micronutrients, and can be used in forest plantations as a fertilizer supplement or soil conditioner, being an interesting alternative to its final destination and recycling. Forestry is characterized by providing raw materials for the development of various products based on planted forests. In this context, the eucalyptus crop stands out due to the great importance for Brazilian economy, with an expressive increase in its plantation area in the last decades. Therefore, due to the environmental problems that can be caused by the deposit of residual sludge in the environment, this work aims to diagnose the state of the art of the use of residual sludge in the eucalyptus crop.

RESUMEN El lodo residual es un residuo contaminante, proveniente del proceso de tratamiento de residuos urbanos. Su disposición final puede tornarse un problema al ser descartado de manera incorrecta, generando graves problemas ambientales y salubres. Sin embargo, por poseer alto contenido de materia orgánica, macro e micronutrientes, puede ser aprovechado en plantaciones forestales como suplemento fertilizante o mejorador del suelo, siendo una alternativa interesante para su destino final y reciclaje. La silvicultura, se caracteriza por aportar materia prima para el desarrollo de diversos productos, teniendo como base los bosques plantados. En este contexto, el cultivo de eucalipto se destaca debido a la gran importancia para la economía brasileña, teniendo inclusive aumento expresivo en su plantación en las últimas décadas. Por lo tanto, debido a los problemas ambientales que pueden ser causados por la colocación del lodo residual en el medio ambiente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo diagnosticar el estado del arte de la utilización del lodo residual en el cultivo de eucalipto.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de cálcio no crescimento e desenvolvimento da bromélia ornamental Aechmea fasciata. As plantas foram fertilizadas três vezes por semana com soluções nutritivas de HA (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) modificadas com 0,25; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10,0 ou 12,5 mM de Ca aplicadas no tanque. Após 90 dias de experimentação, foram avaliadas as variáveis biométricas e de biomassa do sistema radicular e da parte aérea e teor de nutrientes na folha. Os resultados mostraram que a concentração de 12,5 mM de Ca na solução nutritiva é recomendada para a fertilização da bromélia ornamental Aechmea fasciata.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of calcium on growth and development of silver vase bromeliad (Aechmea fasciata). Plants were fertilized three times a week with nutrient solutions formulated with HA solution (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) modified with 0.25, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10.0 or 12.5 mM Ca applied into the tank. After 90 days of experimentation, biometric and biomass measurements of root and shoot systems, and chemical analysis of leaves were assessed. The results showed that the concentration of 12.5 mM Ca in nutrient solution is recommended for silver vase bromeliad fertilization.

Resumo Objetivo Fitotelma desempenha um papel importante no crescimento das plantas e funcionamento do ecossistema, mas este microcosmo aquático natural é pouco investigado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as variações sazonais (estações seca e chuvosa) e espaciais (trilha florestal e córrego) do fitotelma de Nidularium longiflorum, bromélia que ocorre na Mata Atlântica. Métodos As variáveis bióticas e abióticas foram analisadas em fitotelmas de bromélias-tanque. A biomassa foi analisada pela massa seca livre de cinzas e concentração de clorofila-a. Resultados As variáveis abióticas no ambiente fitotélmico das bromélias variaram entre locais de amostragem e estações. Os valores de temperatura, condutividade elétrica e de nitrogênio total foram significativamente diferentes entre períodos climáticos e locais. A clorofila-a e a massa seca livre de cinzas (matéria orgânica) no fitotelma foram significativamente diferentes entre os locais de amostragem. Foram identificados 11 gêneros de algas no fitotelma. A ordenação unidades amostrais no eixo 1 da PCA evidenciou a variação sazonal das condições ambientais. Conclusões Nossos resultados indicam que as condições ambientais e microambientais não favorecem o desenvolvimento da comunidade de algas no fitotelma. Biomassa e variáveis abióticas no fitotelma de Nidularium longiflorum mudaram sazonalmente, porém a acumulação de biomassa foi fortemente influenciada pelas características locais.

Abstract Aim Phytotelm plays an important role in plant growth and ecosystem functioning, but this natural aquatic microcosm is poorly known. We evaluated the seasonal (dry and rainy seasons) and spatial variations (forest trail and stream sites) of the phytotelm in Nidularium longiflorum, bromeliad that occurs in the Atlantic Forest. Methods Abiotic and biotic variables were measured in tank-bromeliad phytotelms. The biomass was analyzed by ash-free dry mass and chlorophyll-a concentration. Results Abiotic variables measured in the phytotelmic environment of bromeliads varied between sampling sites and seasons. Temperature, electrical conductivity and total nitrogen values were significantly different between seasons and sites. Chlorophyll-a and ash-free dry mass (organic matter) in phytotelm were significantly different between sampling sites. Eleven genera of algae in the phytotelm were identified. PCA axis 1 ordination evidenced the seasonal variation of environmental conditions. Conclusions Our findings suggest that environmental and micro-environmental conditions do not favor the development of algal community in the phytotelm. Biomass and abiotic variables in phytotelm of Nidularium longiflorum change seasonally, however biomass accumulation was strongly influenced by site characteristics.