Objective. Investigate the environmental conditions in and the state of health of women who live in rural communities surrounded by oil wells and oil production stations in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Method. We used a comparative cross-sectional design, classifying exposure according to the location of the communities with respect to the oil wells and production stations. Water samples from the local rivers were analyzed to determine total petroleum hydrocarbons, and a structured questionnaire was used with the head of each family in the study. The study was performed in rural communities in northeastern Ecuador from November 1998 through April 1999. The study included 9 communities in the exposed area (368 participants) and 14 communities in the unexposed area (291 participants). Results. The rivers of the exposed communities showed contamination levels much above the limits acceptable for human use. Statistically significant differences between the exposed communities and the unexposed communities were found for the prevalence of skin fungi for the two weeks prior to the study (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.86) as well as for nasal irritation (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.64-2.91) and for throat irritation (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.02-2.75) in the preceding 12 months. Also associated with exposure in the two preceding weeks were fatigue and the category of "other symptoms"; similarly associated with exposure in the preceding 12 months were headaches, eye irritation, earaches, diarrhea, and gastritis. Conclusions. The symptoms found among the participants in the exposed communities match the toxicity symptoms caused by oil. There is an urgent need to establish an adequate environmental control and remediation program in order to prevent unnecessary and unacceptable health hazards for these populations.

Objetivos. Investigar las condiciones ambientales y el estado de salud de las mujeres que viven en comunidades rurales rodeadas por pozos y estaciones de petróleo en la Amazonía del Ecuador. Método. Se aplicó un diseño transversal comparativo, asignándose la exposición según la localización geográfica de las comunidades respecto a los pozos y estaciones de petróleo. Se analizaron muestras de agua de los ríos locales para determinar el contenido de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo y se proporcionó un cuestionario estructurado a cada cabeza de familia. El estudio se localizó en comunidades campesinas del nordeste del Ecuador y duró desde noviembre de 1998 hasta abril de 1999. Se incluyeron en el estudio nueve comunidades en el área expuesta (368 participantes) y 14 en el área no expuesta (291 participantes). Resultados. Los ríos de las comunidades expuestas presentaron niveles de contaminación muy superiores al límite aceptado para el uso humano. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las razones de prevalencia de hongos en la piel (RP 1,37; IC95% 1,01 a 1,86) en las dos semanas previas al estudio y de irritación de la nariz (RP 2,18; IC95% 1,64 a 2,91) y garganta (RP 1,68; IC95% 1,02 a 2,75) en los 12 meses anteriores. También se encontraron asociados con la exposición en las dos semanas previas el cansancio y "otros síntomas," y en los 12 meses anteriores, el dolor de cabeza, irritación ocular, dolor de oídos, diarrea y gastritis. Conclusiones. Los síntomas observados en las participantes de las comunidades expuestas concuerdan con los síntomas de toxicidad causados por el petróleo. Hay una necesidad urgente de establecer un adecuado programa de control y remediación ambiental que evite este innecesario e inaceptable riesgo para la salud de estas poblaciones.

Apresenta-se projeto na área de diferenciais intra-urbanos de saúde no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Focalizam-se alguns aspectos do problema urbano na cidade, seguindo-se uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que abordam a questão dos diferenciais geográficos na literatura paulista. São outras temáticas: a desagregação geográfica do território a ser estudado e a metodologia de construção do índice de carência para definição de zonas homogêneas no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Aponta-se qual seria a aplicação dos resultados finais obtidos pelo projeto.

A project concerned with the study of intra-urban health differentials in S. Paulo city, Brazil, is described. A brief outline of urban problems in the city is presented, followed by a review of the locally published literature on the subject of geographical differentials (stratification by socioeconomic status and environment). Two topics are introduced: geographical subdvision of the area studied and the methods used to choose the socio-environmental indicators for the construction of a deprivation index with to stratify the city. Suggestions are made as to possible applications of results achieved by the project.

Apresenta-se projeto na área de diferenciais intra-urbanos de saúde no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Focalizam-se alguns aspectos do problema urbano na cidade, seguindo-se uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que abordam a questão dos diferenciais geográficos na literatura paulista. São outras temáticas: a desagregação geográfica do território a ser estudado e a metodologia de construção do índice de carência para definição de zonas homogêneas no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Aponta-se qual seria a aplicação dos resultados finais obtidos pelo projeto.

A project concerned with the study of intra-urban health differentials in S. Paulo city, Brazil, is described. A brief outline of urban problems in the city is presented, followed by a review of the locally published literature on the subject of geographical differentials (stratification by socioeconomic status and environment). Two topics are introduced: geographical subdvision of the area studied and the methods used to choose the socio-environmental indicators for the construction of a deprivation index with to stratify the city. Suggestions are made as to possible applications of results achieved by the project.