Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the most frequent surgical techniques of high-risk colorectal anastomoses in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were enrolled in three different models comprising inflammatory (TNBS enema), vascular (portal vein occlusion) or obstructive (a non-ischemic constricting ring) mechanisms associated with colonic anastomosis that had accomplished after these former lesions. Histological analyses (Hematoxylin and eosin and Picrosirius red) were performed. Results: All anastomoses techniques were associated with risk factors and had complications, mainly anastomotic leakage. In Study 1, the use of a pharmacological agent, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) mimicked an inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease with 50% of anastomosis leakage, the higher percentage among all models tested. In Study 2, after portal ischemia followed by reperfusion it was observed a dense neutrophil infiltrate in the midst of necrotic tissue and fibrin at the anastomotic site and 5 days after the anastomosis, no collagen was produced. In Study 3, 5 days after the mechanical obstruction some denuded areas of epithelium with marked oedema of mucosa and submucosa were seen, at the anastomotic site and anastomosis group showed some reduction of collagen density when compared with Control/Sham group. Conclusion: All the experimental surgical techniques tested in rats were associated with high-risk colorectal anastomoses and were useful to study colonic anastomotic healing and intestinal leakage.

Contexto e objetivos Gastrite focal e microagregados de macrófagos são encontradas no acometimento gástrico da doença de Crohn, e podem refletir um defeito subjacente na imunidade inata. Estas características, no entanto, são também descritas em pacientes com infecção por Helicobacter pylori. O papel destas anormalidades gástricas no diagnóstico da doença de Crohn foi avaliada em uma população com alta prevalência de infecção por H. pylori. Métodos Trinta e sete pacientes com doença de Crohn, 26 pacientes com colite ulcerativa e 30 pacientes-controle foram incluídos. O status de infecção por H. pylori foi avaliado pelo teste da urease e histologia. A presença de gastrite focal e microagregados de macrófagos foi avaliada. Resultados Gastrite focal estava presente em 24% dos pacientes com doença de Crohn, 4% dos indivíduos com colite ulcerativa e 11,5% dos controles, apresentando uma sensibilidade e especificidade para doença de Crohn de 24% e 88%, respectivamente. Microagregados de macrófagos foram encontrados em todos os grupos, mas foram apenas detectados em colite ulcerativa e controles em associação com infecção por H. pylori, com sensibilidade e especificidade para doença de Crohn de 61% e 69%, respectivamente. Na ausência da infecção por H. pylori comprovada, gastrite focal e microagregados de macrófagos foram significativamente associados com doença de Crohn (P<0,02 e P = 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusões Gastrite focal e microagregados de macrófagos são sugestivos de doença de Crohn apenas em pacientes com avaliação dignóstica negativa para H. pylori.

Context and Objectives Focally enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates are found in the upper gastrointestinal involvement of Crohn’s disease, and may reflect an underlying defective innate immunity. These features, however, are also described in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. The role of these gastric abnormalities in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease was assessed in a population with high prevalence of H. pylori infection. Methods Thirty-seven Crohn’s disease, 26 ulcerative colitis, and 30 control patients were included. The H. pylori status was evaluated by the rapid urease test and histology. The presence of focally enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates was recorded. Results Focally enhanced gastritis was present in 24% of Crohn’s disease patients, 4% of ulcerative colitis patients and 11.5% of controls, presenting an overall sensitivity and specificity for Crohn’s disease of 24% and 88%, respectively. Macrophage microaggregates were found in all groups, but were only detected in ulcerative colitis and controls in association with H. pylori infection, with an overall sensitivity and specificity for Crohn’s disease of 61% and 69%, respectively. In the absence of H. pylori infection, focally enhanced gastritis and macrophage microaggregates were significantly associated with Crohn’s disease (P<0.02 and P = 0.001 respectively). Conclusions Focally gastritis and macrophage microaggregates are suggestive of Crohn’s disease only in H. pylori-negative specimens. HEADINGS - Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis. Gastritis. Macrophages. Helicobacter pylori.

OBJECTIVES: Intestinal neovascularization and abnormal abdominal arterial flow rates have been reported in Crohn's disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate Doppler sonography as a method for assessing Crohn's disease activity based on changes in splanchnic hemodynamics. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with Crohn's disease, 22 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with irritable bowel syndrome were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound for flow parameters of the aorta and superior mesenteric artery. This evaluation included the cross-sectional area, maximum flow volume, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistance and the pulsatility index. Disease activity was classified according to the Crohn's disease activity index. RESULTS: Most measurements in the aorta and superior mesenteric artery were significantly different between Crohn's disease patients and both control groups. Only the aortic maximum flow volume (CC = 0.37, p = 0.009) and aortic peak systolic velocity (CC = 0.30, p = 0.035) showed a significant positive correlation with the Crohn's disease activity index. The determination of cut-off points for the aortic maximum flow volume and peak systolic velocity measurements increased the sensitivity (80 and 75% for flow volume and velocity, respectively), specificity (57 and 75%), accuracy (67 and 75%) and positive (57 and 68%) and negative (80 and 81%) predictive values. These cut-off values permitted the correct classification of most of the patients with Crohn's disease with respect to disease activity. None of the superior mesenteric artery measurements were able to discriminate patients in relation to disease activity. CONCLUSION: The aortic maximum flow volume and peak systolic velocity levels estimated by Doppler sonography reflected disease activity in Crohn's disease. Doppler sonography of the aorta is therefore a novel noninvasive adjunct method that may be useful in the clinical follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease.

OBJETIVO: Quantificar fibras elásticas (FE), músculo liso (ML) e linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) estável. MÉTODOS: Biópsias cirúrgicas foram obtidas de 15 pacientes com DPOC, 18 tabagistas sem limitação do fluxo aéreo e 14 não tabagistas. FE, ML e células T CD4+ e CD8+ foram quantificados através de métodos histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa das FE nos três grupos (p > 0,05). Tanto a quantidade de FE por unidade de área pulmonar (mm²), quanto o percentual destas fibras por tecido pulmonar foram semelhantes nos três grupos. Foi encontrado aumento da quantidade de ML em pacientes com DPOC quando comparados a tabagistas (p = 0,003) e não tabagistas (p = 0,009). Houve tendência de aumento das células T CD8+ nos pacientes com DPOC. O total de células T CD4+ estava diminuído nos pacientes com DPOC quando comparados aos tabagistas (p = 0,015) e não tabagistas (p = 0,003). Observou-se fraca correlação entre estas células e a relação entre o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e a capacidade vital forçada (r² = 0,003). CONCLUSÕES: A quantidade de FE foi semelhante nos três grupos estudados. A hipertrofia/hiperplasia muscular da parede das vias aéreas foi encontrada tanto em pacientes com DPOC quanto em tabagistas, indicando que o remodelamento ocorra também nos tabagistas sem limitação do fluxo aéreo. Houve diminuição da relação CD4/CD8 em pacientes com DPOC.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify elastic fibers (EFs) and smooth muscle (SM) cells, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Surgical specimens were obtained from 15 COPD patients, 18 smokers without airflow limitation, and 14 nonsmokers. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were employed in order to quantify EFs, SM cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in EF numbers among the three groups (p > 0.05). The number of EFs per unit area of lung tissue (mm²) and the percentage of EFs in the lung tissue were similar among the three groups. The numbers of SM cells were found to be higher in the COPD patients than in the smokers (p = 0.003) or in the nonsmokers (p = 0.009). There was a tendency toward an increase in CD8+ T-cell counts in the COPD patients. In specimens collected from the COPD patients, CD4+ T-cell counts were lower than in those collected from the smokers (p = 0.015) or from the nonsmokers (p = 0.003). There was a weak correlation between CD4+ T-cell count and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (r² = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The EF counts were similar among the three groups. Hypertrophy/hyperplasia of airway wall SM cells was found in the COPD patients and in the smokers, indicating that airway remodeling occurs in smokers. The CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in the COPD patients.

OBJETIVO: Determinar o perfil celular e subgrupos linfocitários CD4+ e CD8+ no escarro induzido (EI) e sangue venoso periférico (SVP) de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). MÉTODOS: Foram quantificadas as celularidades total e específica, incluindo subgrupos linfocitários T CD4+ e CD8+, do EI e SVP de 85 pessoas (38 pacientes com DPOC sem agudização, 29 tabagistas sem obstrução e 18 não-tabagistas). Os testes não-paramétricos de Mann-Whitney e Spearman foram usados na análise estatística, considerando como significante o p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os neutrófilos, eosinófilos e linfócitos T CD8+ do EI estavam aumentados (p = 0,005, p < 0,05 e p < 0,05) e o percentual de macrófagos encontrava-se reduzido (p = 0,003) nos pacientes com DPOC, em relação aos não-tabagistas. A correlação linear de cada tipo celular do EI com o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), a capacidade vital forçada (CVF), e VEF1/CVF foi fraca (r² < 0,1). Os eosinófilos e os linfócitos T CD8+ também estavam aumentados no SVP (p = 0,04 e p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes com DPOC estável, as células T CD8+ estavam aumentadas no SVP, embora a leucometria total tenha se mantido em valores semelhantes aos dos outros dois grupos estudados, indicando possível envolvimento inflamatório sistêmico. A contagem dos linfócitos T CD8+ no sangue pode ser útil como marcador de inflamação sistêmica e auxiliar na identificação de tabagistas que já possuem padrão inflamatório de DPOC.

OBJECTIVE: To determine cell profiles, as well as to identify CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subgroups, in induced sputum (IS) and peripheral venous blood (PVB) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Total cell counts and counts of individual cell types, including CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, were determined in the IS and PVB of 85 subjects (38 with COPD without exacerbation, 29 smokers without obstruction and 18 nonsmokers). Mann-Whitney and Spearman non-parametric tests were used in the statistical analysis, and values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Comparing the IS of subjects with COPD to that of nonsmokers, neutrophil, eosinophil and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were higher (respectively p = 0.005, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05), whereas the percentage of macrophages was lower (p = 0.003). There were weak linear correlations (r² < 0.1) between each cell type in IS and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC ratio. Eosinophil and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were also higher in PVB (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with stable COPD, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were higher in PVB, whereas total leukocyte counts were similar to those of the other two groups analyzed, suggesting systemic inflammatory involvement. The CD8+ T lymphocyte count in blood can be a useful marker of systemic inflammation and can help identify smokers who already present a COPD inflammatory pattern.

Racional - A hemorragia digestiva alta é complicação comum e grave da maioria das doenças do trato gastrointestinal superior. A endoscopia tem papel fundamental no diagnóstico e no tratamento da hemorragia digestiva, mas os dados epidemiológicos a esse respeito ainda são precários em nosso meio. Objetivos - Determinar as características clínicas, a acurácia endoscópica, a eficácia do tratamento e a evolução clínica dos pacientes admitidos no setor de endoscopia digestiva do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, com sangramento digestivo alto. Pacientes e Métodos - Estudo retrospectivo de registros consecutivos de pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta submetidos a endoscopia de urgência, em período de 2 anos. Resultados - A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (68.7%) com idade média de 54,5 ± 17,5 anos. O sítio de sangramento foi identificado em 75.6% dos pacientes. A acurácia diagnóstica da endoscopia foi maior quando realizada nas primeiras 24 horas do início do sangramento e quando da presença de hematêmese. A úlcera péptica foi a principal causa de hemorragia digestiva alta (35%). A prevalência de sangramento varicoso (20,45%) indica freqüência alta de hepatopatia subjacente. O tratamento endoscópico foi realizado em 23,86% dos pacientes. Hemostasia permanente foi alcançada em 86% dos pacientes após a primeira intervenção endoscópica e em 62,5% dos pacientes após ressangramento. Cirurgia de emergência foi raramente necessária. A quantidade de unidades de sangue utilizada foi em média 1,44 ± 1,99 por paciente. O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 7,71 ± 12,2 dias. Ressangramento foi observado em 9,1% dos pacientes. A taxa de mortalidade de 15,34% foi significativamente relacionada com a presença de doença hepática prévia. Conclusões - A acurácia diagnóstica foi correlacionada tanto com o intervalo de tempo entre o episódio de sangramento e a realização da endoscopia, como com a forma de apresentação clínica. A terapêutica endoscópica mostrou-se eficaz num grupo selecionado de pacientes. O aumento do tempo de hospitalização e a maior taxa de mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a terapêutica endoscópica foram atribuídos a maior prevalência de varizes esofagianas e à presença de hepatopatia subjacente.

Background - Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a frequent and potentially severe complication of most digestive diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Upper endoscopy has a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, however epidemiological studies are still limited in our country. Aims - To assess the clinical characteristics, endoscopic accuracy, treatment efficiency and clinical outcome of patients admitted to the endoscopic unit with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods - A retrospective study of consecutive records from patients who underwent emergency endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed during a period of 2 years. Results - Most patients were male 68.7%, with a mean age of 54.5 ± 17.5 years. A bleeding site could be detected in 75.6% of the patients. Diagnostic accuracy was greater within the first 24 hours of the bleeding onset, and in the presence of hematemesis. Peptic ulcer was the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (35%). The prevalence of variceal bleeding (20.45%) indicates a high rate of underlying liver disease. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 23.86% of the patients. Permanent hemostasis was achieved in 86% of the patients at the first endoscopic intervention, and in 62.5% of the patients after rebleeding. Emergency surgery was seldom necessary. The average number of blood units was 1.44 ± 1.99 per patient. The average length of hospital stay was 7.71 ± 12.2 days. Rebleeding was reported in 9.1% of the patients. The overall mortality rate of 15.34% was significantly correlated with previous liver disease. Conclusions - Diagnostic accuracy was related to the time interval between the bleeding episode and endoscopy, and to clinical presentation. Endoscopic therapy was an effective tool for selected patients. The resulting increased duration of hospitalization and higher mortality rate in the patients submitted to therapeutic endoscopy were attributed to a higher prevalence of variceal bleeding and underlying liver disease.