O experimento do canhão de Gauss é notável por sua transversalidade dentro de conceitos relevantes para a Física. Ele é simples, rápido, de fácil execução e com um rico conteúdo de mecânica e magnetismo para ser observado. Possui uma construção acessível, feita com algumas esferas de aço e ímãs posicionados linearmente sobre um trilho. Considerando essas vantagens, este trabalho apresenta um estudo teórico e experimental do canhão do Gauss para a aplicação em sala de aula utilizando os conceitos de magnetismo, cinemática e princípios da conservação da energia e conservação do momento linear. O desenvolvimento foi feito baseado em modelos educacionais da conservação da energia do canhão de Gauss e ampliado para apresentar um modelo que utilizasse o princípio de conservação do momento linear e a energia potencial do ímã. O resultado final foi a obtenção de uma equação para a velocidade de ejeção, que pôde ser testada experimentalmente, e que se mostrou capaz de abarcar mais configurações das esferas e ímãs que as dos trabalhos observados na literatura, inclusive com a obtenção de valores de velocidade mais precisos.

The magnetic cannon (Gauss cannon or Gauss rifle) experiment is notable for its cross-disciplinary nature within relevant physics concepts. It is simple, quick, and easy to execute, with a rich supply of mechanics and magnetism to be observed. It has an easy-to-use structure made of a few steel spheres positioned linearly on a rail. Taking these advantages into account, this paper presents a theoretical and experimental study of the Gauss cannon for classroom application using magnetism, kinematics, and energy and momentum conservation principles. The development was based on educational models of energy conservation in the Gauss cannon and was expanded to present a model that uses the principles of linear energy conservation and the potential energy of the magnets. The end result was the acquisition of an ejection velocity equation that could be tested experimentally. It was capable of accommodating more sphere configurations than the two works observed in the literature, and furthermore, it presents a more accurate values.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the productive performance and nutrient export of maize intercropped with drought-tolerant forage grasses. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 2x2x2+1 factorial scheme (two forage grasses species – Massai and Buffel; two forage sowing methods - in the furrow and broadcast; and two forage sowing times - anticipated and simultaneous; and monoculture maize as an additional control), with three replicates. The maize+forage intercropping promoted greater competition for resources, especially water, limiting N uptake, chlorophyll synthesis, and biomass production by maize under semiarid conditions. Early sowing gave forage plants a competitive advantage, favoring forage establishment before or immediately after the sowing of maize. Thus, the simultaneous sowing of forage grasses in a semiarid environment is a more appropriate option considering the importance of high levels of chlorophyll to ensure high photosynthetic activity in maize plants and greater capacity of biomass synthesis. Massai intercropped with maize exhibits a greaterpotential for biomass production than Buffel under semiarid conditions. Maize+Buffel result in highest macronutrient export by maize, while maize+Massai result in highest macronutrient exports by total forage biomass under a semiarid environment. The choice of the forage species and its sowing time in relation to maize are the main determinants of successful intercropping systems under semiarid conditions.

RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a exportação de nutrientes do consórcio de milho com gramíneas forrageiras tolerantes ao estresse hídrico. O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x2x2+1 (duas espécies de gramíneas forrageiras – Massai e Buffel; dois métodos de semeadura – no sulco e a lanço; e duas épocas de semeadura – antecipada e simultânea; e monocultivo de milho como um controle adicional), com três repetições. O consórcio milho+forragem promoveu maior competição por recursos, principalmente água, limitando a absorção de N, síntese de clorofila e produção de biomassa pelo milho para condições semiáridas. A semeadura precoce deu vantagem competitiva às plantas forrageiras, favorecendo seu estabelecimento antes ou imediatamente após a semeadura do milho. Assim, a semeadura simultânea de gramíneas forrageiras em ambiente semiárido é uma opção mais adequada, considerando a importância de garantir altos teores de clorofila e, consequentemente, alta atividade fotossintética nas plantas de milho para garantir a capacidade de síntese de biomassa.Massai consorciado com milho apresenta maior potencial para produção de biomassa do que Buffel em condições semiáridas.Milho+Buffel resulta em maior exportação de macronutrientes pelo milho, enquanto milho+Massai resulta em maior exportação de macronutrientes pela biomassa forrageira total em ambiente semiárido.A escolha da espécie forrageira e sua época de semeadura em relação ao milho são os principais determinantes do sucesso do consórcio no semiárido.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrition of commercial soybean crops in an agricultural frontier region using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) methods, as well as identify sufficiency ranges. The study was performed by collecting leaf samples (third trifoliate leaf without petiole) at flowering from commercial soybean crops in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Brazil, and evaluating the crop yield by analyzing macro- and micronutrients in the plant tissue of 98 samples. The DRIS and CND methods were applied based on the cataloged data, followed by the generation of norms, analysis of relationships between yield and nutrients (selecting high-yield crops by the cumulative function of the data), generation of sufficiency ranges, and comparison of methods. The relationships obtained by the DRIS and CND indices with the yield and nutrients were significant, indicating that both methods can be employed for the evaluation of leaf nutrients in soybean. The sufficiency ranges from the DRIS and CND methods presented superior nutrient ranges in relation to the values proposed in the literature for macronutrients, except for nitrogen, and greater range amplitudes for micronutrients.

As políticas y prácticas educativas de intervención en el contexto de pandemia y pospandemia comienzan a privilegiar el proceso educativo con enfoque en las plataformas digitales y la personalización del aprendizaje en redes. El objetivo del artículo es presentar el papel de las plataformas digitales (actores no humanos) y consecuentemente de la pantalla en las prácticas pedagógicas, en la perspectiva de docentes y técnico-pedagógicos (actores humanos) de la Red Estatal de Educación de Paraíba, identificando los actores que constituyen las infraestructuras de aprendizaje y principalmente las prácticas pedagógicas. Utilizando una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva y analítica cuantitativa y cualitativa, los datos presentados fueron recolectados utilizando la herramienta Google Forms, a través de un cuestionario multitemático. El universo de investigación abarcó 19.473 docentes efectivos y prestadores de servicios en el período del 9 al 21 de diciembre de 2021. Concluimos que además de los debates, teorías y métodos de la Educación a Distancia o Educación en Línea, es necesario reinventar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje mediante a través de plataformas (no humanas), alterando radicalmente las formas de investigar, enseñar, producir y difundir el conocimiento. Las prácticas pedagógicas instituidas por las plataformas digitales son actividades con las que agentes humanos y no humanos trabajan juntos, enredados, interactuando y formando alianzas y vínculos, a partir de determinadas actividades instituidas y organizadas. Aunque subutilizado en su potencial educativo, el uso de las plataformas digitales trajo la percepción de que no es posible pensar en una educación que excluya internet y las tecnologías digitales.

The educational policies and practices of intervention in the pandemic and post-pandemic context start to privilege the educational process with a focus on digital platforms and the personalization of learning in networks. The objective of the article is to present the role of digital platforms (nonhuman actors) and consequently of the screen in pedagogical practices, from the perspective of teachers and technical-pedagogical (human actors) of the State Education Network of Paraíba, identifying the actors that constitute learning infrastructures and mainly pedagogical practices. Using quantitative and qualitative exploratory, descriptive and analytical research, the data presented were collected using the Google Forms tool, through a multi-thematic questionnaire. The research universe covered 19,473 effective teachers and service providers in the period from December 9 to 21, 2021. We conclude that in addition to the debates, theories and methods of Distance Learning or Online Education, it is necessary to reinvent teaching-learning processes by through (nonhuman) platforms, radically altering the ways of researching, teaching, producing and disseminating knowledge. Pedagogical practices instituted by digital platforms are activities with which human and non-human agents work together, entangled, interacting and forming alliances and bonds, based on certain instituted and organized activities. Although underutilized in its educational potential, the use of digital platforms brought the perception that it is not possible to think of an education that excludes the internet and digital technologies.

As políticas e práticas educacionais de intervenção no contexto pandêmico e pós-pandemia passam a privilegiar o processo educacional com foco nas plataformas digitais e na personalização da aprendizagem em redes. O objetivo do artigo é apresentar o protagonismo das plataformas digitais (atores não-humanos) e, consequentemente, do ecrã nas práticas pedagógicas, a partir dos olhares de docentes e técnico-pedagógicos (atores humanos) da Rede Estadual de Ensino da Paraíba, identificando os atores que constituem infraestruturas de aprendizagem e principalmente práticas pedagógicas. Utilizamos o método da pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa de caráter exploratória, descritiva e analítica. Os dados apresentados foram coletados com a utilização da ferramenta Google Forms, por meio de um questionário multitemático. O universo da pesquisa abrangeu 19.473 professores efetivos e prestadores de serviço no período de 9 a 21 de dezembro de 2021. Concluímos que para além dos debates, teorias e métodos da Educação a Distância ou da Educação Online é necessário reinventar processos de ensino-aprendizagem por meio das plataformas (não-humanos) alterando significativamente as maneiras de pesquisar, ensinar, produzir e difundir conhecimentos. As práticas pedagógicas instituídas pelas plataformas digitais são atividades com as quais os agentes humanos e não-humanos atuam em conjunto, enredados, interagindo e formando alianças e vínculos, a partir de determinadas atividades instituídas e organizadas. Ainda que subtilizada em suas potencialidades educativas, o uso das plataformas digitais trouxe a percepção de que não é possível pensar em uma educação que exclua a internet e as tecnologias digitais.

Twitter, como artefacto cultural, permite a sus usuarios posteos informativos, pero también con abordajes sexuales y pornográficos. En este contexto, a partir de los aportes teóricos de los estudios culturales en educación y de los estudios de redes sociales en la educación, el artículo presenta resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue analizar cómo son construidas las performances corporales y sexuales de un grupo de hombres gay en Twitter, destacando discursos y pedagogías que educan la mirada por medio de estas interacciones en red. El método usado fue cualitativo, de cuño descriptivo y analítico, en una perspectiva de los estudios de redes sociales, desde el abordaje de la etnografía virtual. Los resultados apuntan que los perfiles analizados evidencian la exhibición performática de los cuerpos, de los órganos sexuales y de discursos que resaltan sexualidades construidas en y para las pantallas. Tales performances están repletas de pedagogías que orientan modos de ser gay y la educación de la mirada en la era de la conectividad.

Twitter, as a cultural device, allows users not only informative posts, but also sexual and pornographic approaches. In this context, based on the theoretical contributions of cultural studies in education and studies of social networks in education, the article presents results of a research that aims to analyze how the sexual performances of a group of gay men on Twitter are constructed, highlighting discourses and pedagogies that educate the perspectives through these network interactions. The method was qualitative, descriptive and analytical, from a perspective of social network studies, in an approach to virtual ethnography. The results show the construction of analyzed profiles as performative displays of bodies, sexual organs and discourses that emphasize sexualities constructed on and for the screens. Such performances are full of pedagogies that guide ways of being gay and the education of social perspectives in the era of connectivity.

O Twitter, enquanto artefato cultural, permite a seus usuários postagens informativas, mas também abordagens sexuais e pornográficas. Neste contexto,nbsp; a partir dos aportes teóricos dos estudos culturais na educação e dos estudos de redes sociais na educação, o artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi analisar como são construídas as performances corporais e sexuais de um grupo de homens gays no Twitter, destacando discursos e pedagogias que educam o olhar por meio destas interações em rede. O método usado foi o qualitativo, de cunho descritivo e analítico, numa perspectiva dos estudos de redes sociais, numa abordagem da etnografia virtual. Os resultados apontam que os perfis analisados evidenciam a exibição performática dos corpos, dos órgãos sexuais e de discursos que ressaltam sexualidades construídas em e para as telas. Tais performances são repletas de pedagogias que orientam modos de ser gay e a educação do olhar na era das conectividades.

ABSTRACT Gain-of-function mutations in the STAT1 gene have been initially associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. However, further research has shown that STAT1 GOF variants may increase susceptibility to infection by other intracellular pathogens. This report describes the first case of disseminated leishmaniasis associated with a STAT1 GOF mutation in a pediatric patient who did not have chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. The patient was a four-year-old boy presenting with fever, severe asthenia, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and liver failure. Bone marrow aspirate revealed hemophagocytosis and Leishmania parasites. Treatment consisted primarily of liposomal amphotericin B, as per the Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis 2004 protocol. After eight weeks of treatment, the patient did not improve and was submitted to diagnostic splenectomy. Activated macrophages and nodular spleen necrosis secondary to the visceral leishmaniasis were detected. Unfortunately, the patient died in the second week after splenectomy due to overwhelming systemic infection. DNA sequencing revealed a pathogenic (p. R274Q) GOF mutation in STAT1.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) associated with Ringer lactate or hypertonic saline in inflammation and bacterial translocation on experimental intestinal obstruction (IO). Methods: Wistar rats was subjected to IO. Six or 24 hours after, rats were subjected to enterectomy and fluid resuscitation: IO, RL (subjected to the same procedures but with fluid resuscitation using Ringer’s lactate solution); RLNAC (added NAC to Ringer’s solution); and HSNAC (surgical procedure + fluid reposition with 7.5% hypertonic saline and NAC). After 24 h, tissues were collected to cytokines, bacterial translocation, and histological assessments. Results: In kidney, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was lower in the groups with fluid resuscitation compared to IO group. The RLNAC showed lower levels compared to the RL. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and (IFN-gamma) were lower in the treatment groups than in IO. In lung, IL-1beta and IL-6 were lower in RLNAC compared to IO. IL-10 was lower in RL, RLNAC and HSNAC compared to IO. TNF-alpha was higher in HSNAC compared to both RL and RLNAC. Bacterial translocation was observed in all animals of IO group. In kidneys, inflammation and congestion degrees were lower in HSNAC compared to RL. In lungs, inflammation levels were higher in RLNAC compared with the sham group. Conclusions: The data indicates that NAC associated with RL can promote a decrease in the inflammatory process in the kidneys and lungs in rats, following intestinal obstruction and ischemia in rats.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the inclusion level of licuri cake (LC) in the diet of confined cows on fatty acid profile and milk cholesterol. Four cows with a blood level of ½ to – Holstein x Zebu blood were used, distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square, where the inclusion levels of the cake in the total diet were 0.0, 5.5, 11.0 and 16.5%, replacing soybean meal in the diet. There was a linear decreasing effect for the fatty acids Lauric, Elaidic, Gamma-Linolenic and conjugated linoleic acid isomers (C18:2cis9trans11; C18:2trans10cis12) from the inclusion levels of LC. The inclusion of licuri cake negatively influenced the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, in addition to the fatty acids of the Omega-6 series, which is not interesting from the human nutrition point of view.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dietas suplementadas con diferentes concentraciones de pasta de licuri (PL) en el perfil de ácidos grasos y colesterol de la leche de vacas confinadas. Cuatro vacas con ½ a – de sangre Holstein x Cebú fueron distribuidas en un cuadrado latino 4 x 4, donde los niveles de inclusión de la pasta de licuri en la dieta total fueron 0.0, 5.5, 11.0 y 16.5%, sustituyendo la pasta de soya en la dieta. Los niveles de inclusión de PL ocasionaron una disminución lineal del ácido láurico, elaídico, gamma-linolénico y linoleico conjugado (C18:2cis9trans11; C18:2trans10cis12). La pasta de licuri disminuyó las concentraciones de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y del ácido linoleico conjugado; además de los ácidos grasos omega 6, que no son relevantes desde el punto de vista de la nutrición humana.

Abstract Ti-Nb alloys are attractive for biomedical implants and the addition of Si can lead to an improved set of properties. This study investigates the effect on the microstructures and properties of solution-treated Ti-15Nb-xSi alloys followed by furnace cooling (FC), and water quenching (WQ). Based on the results, Si acts as a β-stabilizing element by increasing the β volume fraction from 13%–36% in FC samples to a range from 0%–0.55% Si. The elastic modulus decreased under both conditions and reached approximately 63 GPa in WQ samples with 0.35% Si due to an increased α” unit cell volume. On the other hand, hardness increased with increased Si content under FC and WQ conditions to a maximum of 313 HV in the WQ sample containing 0.55% Si.

Resumo: Introdução: O perfil do médico esperado no Brasil compreende um profissional com visão holística do ser humano. Para alcançar esse perfil, as metodologias ativas de ensino, como a aprendizagem baseada em problemas (ABP), vêm ganhando espaço. Para que a ABP atinja todos os seus objetivos na formação do profissional, uma boa avaliação é indispensável. A disponibilidade de instrumentos de avaliação validados representa um avanço na tentativa de mensurar e direcionar o aprendizado. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos desenvolver e validar o conteúdo para um instrumento de avaliação de estudantes em sessões tutoriais para uso em cursos de Medicina que utilizem a metodologia ABP. Método: Para a construção da versão preliminar do conteúdo destinado ao instrumento, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática rápida nas bases de dados PubMed, Ebsco e BVS. Com a revisão, desenvolveu-se a versão preliminar, que contou com 24 itens agrupados em três domínios (utilização de recursos de aprendizagem, compreensão e raciocínio - D1, profissionalismo e trabalho em equipe - D2 e resolução de problemas e efetividade no grupo - D3), cada um com oito itens. Essa versão foi encaminhada a um painel de especialistas composto por tutores com pelo menos cinco anos de experiência em ABP da Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS), por meio da metodologia Delphi. Resultados: Dos 32 membros inicialmente previstos no painel, 17 foram incluídos na análise dos dados, por terem respondido ao questionário completamente. Na primeira rodada, alcançou-se um valor de concordância parcial ou total superior a 70%, valor inicialmente previsto para todos os 24 itens do instrumento, o que dispensou a necessidade de uma segunda rodada. Para diminuir o número final de itens, optou-se por manter apenas os itens com pelo menos 70% de concordância total, tendo a versão final do instrumento quatro itens no D1, cinco no D2 e quatro no D3. Conclusões: O instrumento foi validado com um total de 13 itens. O conteúdo para o instrumento apresentou componentes com várias semelhanças em relação aos encontrados nos instrumentos publicados na literatura e já validados, que, por sua vez, estão de acordo com os objetivos de aprendizagem propostos pela ABP.

Abstract: Introduction: The expected doctor profile in Brazil comprises a professional with a holistic view of the human being. To achieve this profile, active teaching methodologies, such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL), are gaining ground. For PBL to achieve all its objectives in the training of professionals, good assessment is essential. The availability of validated assessment instruments represents an advance in the attempt to measure and direct learning. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and validate the content for an instrument for assessing students in tutorial sessions for use in medical courses that use PBL methodology. Method: For the construction of the preliminary version of the content for the instrument, a Rapid Systematic Review was carried out in the PUBMED, EBSCO and BVS databases. The preliminary version was thus developed with 24 items grouped in three domains (use of learning, understanding and reasoning resources - D1, Professionalism and teamwork - D2, and Problem-solving and group effectiveness - D3), each with eight items. This version was sent to a panel of experts made up of tutors with at least five years’ experience in PBL at the Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS), using the Delphi methodology. Results: Of the 32 members initially earmarked for the panel, 17 were included in the data analysis, for having fully answered the questionnaire. In the first round, a partial or total agreement value greater than 70 percent was reached, which was initially expected, for all 24 items of the instrument, which dispensed with the need for a second round. To reduce the final number of items, only those with at least 70 percent total agreement were maintained, with the final version of the instrument containing four items on D1, five on D2 and four on D3. Conclusions: The instrument was validated with a total of thirteen items. The content for the instrument brought components with several similarities to those that make up the instruments published in the literature that have already been validated, which in turn are in accordance with the learning objectives proposed by PBL.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever e discutir intervenções e estratégias realizadas pela Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS) durante a pandemia de COVID-19 para atenuar prejuízos no aprendizado e preservar a saúde de estudantes, docentes e funcionários. Relato de experiência: a metodologia de ensino usada pela FPS é a aprendizagem baseada em problemas, que facilitou a não descontinuidade das atividades teóricas realizadas presencialmente em sessões tutoriais que envolvem um docente e dez a 12 estudantes, que foram transferidas para salas de Webex Meetings de forma remota. As atividades de laboratórios práticas foram suspensas e retomadas quando permitido no mês de julho. As atividades de ambulatório de ensino (terceiro e quarto ano) foram suspensas e retomadas em agosto. Os dois anos de internato sofreram interrupção de 30 dias (quinto ano) e 15 dias (sexto ano). As atividades externas de práticas em atenção primária também foram suspensas e retomadas gradativamente. Todas as avaliações e atividades que necessitavam reuniões presenciais: integrações, orientações de programa de iniciação científica, reuniões colegiadas, reuniões da comissão própria de autoavaliação foram e estão sendo realizadas de forma remota. Conclusões: acreditamos que conseguimos minimizar os prejuízos no aprendizado dos estudantes sem comprometimento de conclusão do ano letivo que foi facilitado pela metodologia de aprendizagem baseada em problemas.

Abstract Objectives: to describe and discuss interventions and strategies carried out at Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS) during the COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate impairment in learning and preserve students, tutors, and staff’s health. Experience report: the teaching methodology used by FPS is problem-based learning, which greatly facilitated the non-discontinuity of theoretical activities carried out in-person in tutorial sessions involving a tutor and 10 to 12 students. This format was transferred to Webex Meetings rooms and held remotely. Practical laboratory activities were suspended and resumed when allowed in July. The teaching outpatient activities (third and fourth year) were suspended and resumed in August. Two years of internship were interrupted for 30 days (fifth year) and for 15 days (sixth year). External activities of practices in primary care were also suspended and resumed gradually. All assessments and activities that required face-to-face meetings, integrations, scientific initiation program orientations, collegiate meetings, meetings of the self-assessment committee were and are being carried out remotely. Conclusions: we believe that we were able to mitigate impairment in students' learning without compromising the conclusion of the school year that was facilitated by Problem Based Learning method.

RESUMO Diante da transição na estrutura energética mundial, com o deslocamento do consumo dos combustíveis fósseis para fonte renováveis e limpas, registra-se um aumento da demanda por biomassa florestal para fins energéticos, em especial os pellets de madeira, e as importações têm crescido nos últimos anos. Logo, este artigo analisou a concentração mundial das importações de pellets, de 2012 a 2018. Os dados de importações de pellets foram obtidos da Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO e para mensurar a concentração foram utilizados os indicadores: Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], Índice de Hirschman-Herfindal (HHI) Índice de Entropia de Theil (E), Coeficiente de desigualdade de Gini (G) e o Índice de Hall-Tideman (HTI). Os resultados apontaram um crescimento de 16,67% a.a. da importação mundial de pellets, saindo de 8,76 milhões toneladas (t), em 2012, para 22,15 milhões de t em 2018. Quanto aos índices de concentração, o CR(k) indicou concentração muito alta para os países e alta nos subcontinentes. O HHI apresentou concentração alta para os continentes e subcontinentes e uma concentração moderada para os países. A Entropia e o HTI corroboraram as análises encontradas no HHI. O G apontou forte desigualdade para todos os níveis territoriais e apresentou tendências de redução na desigualdade a partir de 2015. A redução da concentração, nos últimos anos de estudo, encontra relação com a expansão e a difusão tecnológica de conversão energética da biomassa densificada, o que torna o combustível mais acessível.

ABSTRACT Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.

ABSTRACT: Coffee is a crop of great economic importance in Brazil. To ensure high productivity, and profitability irrigation management becomes important. The knowledge of the crop's root system is of utmost importance for the development of the crop as for the correct management of irrigation. The objective of this study was to characterize the root system of the Conilon coffee plant under localized irrigation. The experiment was carried out in two cultivated areas in Sao Mateus-ES, in a completely randomized design in a plot subdivided 4 x 6, four points concerning the plant and six depths, with five replications. There were two in the line and six in line with a distance between them 0.20 m. The line between the coffee portion is divided into 6 x 5, five points concerning the plantation, and the depth of six tracks, with five repetitions. Volume, surface area, length, and root diameter were evaluated. The coffee Conilon under drip under (area 01) showed 74.5% and 64.5% (sandy to medium texture), and 75.4% and 70.2% (sandy to clay texture) of the volume and root surface area, concentrated up to the depth of 0.30 m. The root system of the Conilon genotype 02 presented 70.5% of the root volume for both textures studied, up to 0,60 m of the plant's trunk. The root surface area was 69% and 66.4% up to 0.60 m of the plant's trunk for areas 01 and 02, respectively.

RESUMEN: El café es un cultivo de gran importancia económica en Brasil. Para asegurar una alta productividad y rentabilidad se vuelve importante el manejo del riego. El conocimiento del sistema radicular del cultivo es de suma importancia para el desarrollo del cultivo como para el correcto manejo del riego. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el sistema radicular de la planta de café Conilon bajo riego localizado. El experimento se llevó a cabo en dos áreas cultivadas en Sao Mateus-ES, en un diseño completamente al azar en una parcela subdividida: 4 x 6, cuatro puntos con respecto a la planta y seis profundidades, con cinco repeticiones. Siendo dos en línea y seis entre línea con una distancia entre ellas de 0,20 m; 6 x 5, cinco puntos en referencia a la plantación y seis bandas de profundidad, con cinco repeticiones. Se evaluó el volumen, área superficial, longitud y diámetro de raíz. El café Conilon bajo goteo (área 01) mostró 74,5% y 64,5% (en textura arenosa a media), y 75,4% y 70,2% (en textura arenosa a arcillosa) del volumen y área de la superficie radicular, concentrada hasta la profundidad de 0,30 m. Em el sistema de raíces del genotipo Conilon 2, el 70,5% presento un volumen de raíz para ambas texturas estudiadas a 0,60 m del tallo de la planta. El área superficial de raíz fue de 69% y 66,4% hasta 0,60 m del tronco del árbol para las áreas 01 y 02, respectivamente.

Resumo: Com suporte no romance Frankenstein, de Mary Shelley, o artigo defende a aproximação entre dois campos do saber, o literário e o científico, por meio da narrativa de ficção científica. O objetivo é discutir a relação ficção/Ciência onde a Literatura problematiza a Ciência a partir das relações socioculturais. O método usado foi o da pesquisa bibliográfica, de cunho revisão bibliográfica. Como resultado constatamos que a Ciência pode utilizar-se da Literatura para antever os possíveis desdobramentos sociais de decisões científicas e a ficção científica se singulariza por averbar o direito de indagar a Ciência e os avanços tecnológicos que marcam a existência humana. Concluímos que reconhecer a relação estreita entre ficção e Ciência induz a recolocá-la na condição de potencializadora de reflexão sobre o papel da intervenção científica no mundo.

Abstract: Based on the novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the article supports the approximation of two fields of knowledge, literature and science, through the narrative of science fiction. The objective is to explore the relation between science and fiction where literature challenges science from the viewpoint of sociocultural relationships. The method used was that of bibliographic research by means of a review. As a result, we have verified that science can make use of literature to anticipate possible social developments of scientific decisions and that science-fiction can be singled out because it records the right to investigate science and technological advances that show human existence. We concluded that recognizing the close relationship between fiction and science prompts us to place it in the condition of a promoter of reflection about the role of scientific interventions in the world.

ABSTRACT Establishing sufficiency ranges and critical levels of nutrients are important for a correct evaluation of plant nutrition through leaf diagnosis. This study aimed to propose critical levels and sufficiency ranges of macro and micronutrients based on leaf diagnosis of soybean plants. The database used was generated from 86 samples of the third trifoliate leaf without petiole, collected during the flowering stage from soybean plants of the main cultivars used in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeast region of Brazil. The results of macro and micronutrients and grain yield were used to calculate the critical level by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods, the latter was also used to generate the sufficiency ranges. Nutrient levels for 90 % maximum grain yield were considered for the critical level by the reduced normal distribution, and nutrient levels at the upper line of a dispersion diagram were considered for the boundary line method, using the relation between grain yield and nutrient concentration to generate sufficiency ranges for 95 and 99 % maximum grain yields. The critical levels generated by the boundary line method presented a larger number of deficient samples than the reduced normal distribution method, except for boron. The sufficiency ranges generated by the boundary line with 95 % of the maximum grain yield could not diagnose nutrient deficiency, except for copper. The critical levels by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods for leaf diagnosis of soybean were 40.2 and 42.1 g kg-1, 3.2 and 3.4 g kg-1, 17.6 and 19.5 g kg-1, 8.7 and 10.3 g kg-1, 4.7 and 4.9 g kg-1, 2.1 and 2.4 g kg-1, 44 and 44 mg kg-1, 5 and 12 mg kg-1, 125 and 145 mg kg-1, 33 and 34 mg kg-1, and 48 and 63 mg kg-1 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, respectively. The critical levels by boundary line showed better distribution for leaf diagnosis for excess, deficiency, and adequate nutrient levels. The sufficiency ranges by the boundary line method for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 38.6-45.7 g kg-1, 3.1-3.7 g kg-1, 18.3-20.7 g kg-1, 9.4-11.3 g kg-1, 4.4-5.3 g kg-1, 2.1-2.7 g kg-1, 35-53 mg kg-1, 10-14 mg kg-1, 131-159 mg kg-1, 23-46 mg kg-1, and 58-68 mg kg-1, respectively. The reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods allowed the generation of critical levels and sufficiency ranges for leaf diagnosis of soybean. The sufficiency range generated by the boundary line with 95 % maximum grain yield showed no prevalence of diagnosis of nutrient deficiency, except for copper.