The “timed inspiratory effort” (TIE) index, a new predictor of weaning outcome, normalizes the maximal inspiratory pressure with the time required to reach this value up to 60 s, incorporating the time domain into the assessment of inspiratory muscle function. The objective of this study was to determine whether the TIE predicts successful extubation at a similar rate as the T-piece trial with less time required. A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial was performed with ICU subjects eligible for weaning. The participants were allocated to the TIE or the T-piece groups. The primary outcome was successful weaning, and the main secondary outcome was ICU mortality. Eighty participants of each group were included in the final analysis. Time from the start of a successful test to effective extubation was significantly lower in the TIE group than in the T-piece group, 15 (10 to 24) vs 55 (40 to 75) min, P<0.001. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, no significant differences were found in successful weaning (79.5 vs 82.5%, P=0.268) or survival rate (62.9 vs 53.8%, P=0.210) between the TIE and T-piece groups at the 30th day. In this preliminary study, the TIE index was not inferior to the T-piece trial as a decision-making tool for extubation and allowed a reduction in the decision time.

Abstract Background Eragrostis plana is the main invasive plant in the Pampa Biome of southern Brazil. This plant is highly competitive, tolerant to abiotic stresses, and very difficult to manage. Plants exposed to abiotic stresses and herbicides develop mechanisms that help alleviate or reduce damage caused by stressors and transmit this ability to the progenies. Objective The study’s objectives were to ascertain whether acclimatization to stress due to drought and sub-lethal doses of glyphosate may decrease plant sensitivity to glyphosate and investigate the possible memory mechanisms involved in this process. Methods A population of E. plana was submitted to drought, glyphosate, or a combination of drought plus glyphosate for two generations. The progenies were analyzed for sensitivity to the herbicide glyphosate and for biochemical, metabolites, and molecular responses. Results When testing sensitivity to glyphosate in the G 2 generations, the DRYxGLY (plants stressed with drought plus glyphosate) was the least sensitive (ED50 443.0 g a.e. ha-1), while CHK (without stresses) was the most sensitive (ED50 278.0 g a.e. ha-1). Evaluating the effects of glyphosate, the CHK population showed a greater accumulation of oxidative damage and shikimic acid. While DRYxGLY had greater antioxidant activity and higher expressions of the EPSPS and ABC-carrier MRP10 genes. Conclusions Recurrent selection with drought stress and sub-lethal rate of glyphosate (DRYxGLY) showed reduced sensitivity to glyphosate in the second generation ( G 2 ). The conjunction of factors, including the upregulation of EPSPS and the ABC MRP10 transporter, antioxidant enzymes seem to decrease the sensitivity of the DRYxGLY population to glyphosate.

In cycling, there is a body of evidence that supports that an all-out start strategy is superior to an even-pacing strategy, but it is unknown whether an all-out start strategy is superior to a self-paced strategy. In the present study, we investigated the effects of three different pacing strategies on 4-km cycling time trial performance. After preliminary trials (familiarization trials and a baseline 4-km cycling time trial), in a randomized and counterbalanced order, twelve male cyclists (32.3±7.2 years old, maximum rate of O2 uptake (V̇O2peak) 4.3±0.4 L/min) completed: 1) a self-paced 4-km cycling time trial; 2) an all-out start (∼10 s), followed by maintenance of the average baseline trial power for the first km and self-paced cycling for the remaining trial (all-out+mean); and 3) an all-out start (∼10 s), followed by a power 5% above the average baseline trial power for the first km and self-paced cycling for the remaining trial (all-out+5%mean). Although there was a significant interaction between power and distance (P=0.001) with different power distribution profiles throughout the trial, there was no significant difference (P=0.99) between the three strategies for overall exercise performance (self-paced 379.8±13.9 s, all-out+mean 380.0±16.0 s, and all-out+5%mean 380.2±11.5 s). Oxygen uptake, rating of perceived effort, and heart rate were also similar across the pacing strategies. Different all-out start strategies did not confer additional benefits to performance compared to a self-paced strategy.

RESUMO As interações entre herbicidas quando misturados na calda de pulverização podem ser sinérgicas, aditivas ou antagônicas. Um exemplo de antagonismo está na associação entre os herbicidas 2,4-D e graminicidas. Há a suspeita de que o 2,4-D contribui para o aumento da atividade do Citocromo P450, podendo ser esta uma das causas do antagonismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o uso do inibidor das enzimas CYP450 in vivo, associado às misturas de herbicidas 2,4-D e inibidores da ACCase, no controle de Digitaria insularis. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 6x2 com quatro repetições, sendo o fator A os herbicidas: controle 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha-1); cletodim (192 g a.i ha-1) e haloxifope (62,4 g a.i ha-1), 2,4-D+cletodim (1005 g a.e ha-1+192 g a.i ha-1), 2,4-D+haloxifope (1005 g a.e ha-1 +62.4 g a.i ha-1); e o fator B a presença ou não de malation (1000 g ha-1) aplicado duas horas antes dos herbicidas. Foi realizado um teste físico-químico para verificar a compatibilidade dos herbicidas no tanque. A aplicação do malation duas horas antes das misturas dos herbicidas 2,4-D+clethodim ou haloxyfop, não proporcionou controle satisfatório do capim-amargoso, sugerindo que as enzimas CYP450 inibidas pelo malation não estão envolvidas no efeito antagônico observado. A mistura de 2,4-D+haloxyfop demonstrou menos eficácia no controle do capim-amargoso quando comparada com 2,4-D+clethodim, porém ambas foram incompatíveis na mistura em tanque, o que pode estar associado à eficácia reduzida no manejo do capim-amargoso.

ABSTRACT Herbicide interactions can be synergic, additive, or antagonist when mixed in the spray tank. A good example is an association between 2,4-D and graminicides. One hypothesis is that 2,4-D contributes to increasing the Cytochrome P450 activity, which may be one of the causes of antagonism. This study aimed to investigate the use of CYP450 enzymes inhibitor associated with the herbicide mixtures 2,4-D and ACCase inhibitors in vivo on the control of Digitaria insularis. The experiment was performed using a randomized block design in a factorial scheme of 6x2 with four replications. Factor A consisted of untreated check, 2,4-D (1005 g a.e ha-1), clethodim (192 g a.i ha-1) and haloxyfop (62.4 g a.i ha-1), 2,4-D + clethodim (1005 g a.e ha-1+192 g a.i ha-1), and 2,4-D + haloxyfop (1005 g a.e ha-1 +62.4 g a.i ha-1). Factor B represented the presence or absence of malathion (1000 g ha-1) applied two hours before applying the herbicides. A physicochemical test was performed to verify the compatibility of the herbicides in the tank. Malathion application performed two hours before applying the herbicide mixtures (2,4-D and clethodim/haloxyfop) did not provide adequate control of sourgrass, suggesting that CYP450 enzymes inhibited by malathion are not involved in the antagonistic effect between 2,4-D and both graminicides in the management of sourgrass. The 2,4-D + haloxyfop in tank mix demonstrated less efficacy in controlling sourgrass than 2,4-D + clethodim, but both mixtures were incompatible in the tank mix, which may be associated with reduced efficacy in sourgrass management.

The main movements of artistic swimming demand various physical capacities such as flexibility, strength, power, and muscular endurance. The use of ergogenic resources to potentialize performance in this sport, however, is underexplored and deserves investigation. In the present study, we tested whether caffeine ingestion would improve the execution of movements that are essential in a typical figure competition or routines in artistic swimming (i.e., amplitude in the Ariana, height in the Boost and Barracuda, and time maintained in the Stationary Scull techniques). Sixteen experienced female athlete artistic swimmers (17.4±3.2 years of age, 5.6±2.8 years of artistic swimming practice) performed several movements of artistic swimming after having ingested a capsule containing caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) or cellulose (placebo). Compared to the placebo, caffeine improved latero-lateral amplitude during the Ariana (P=0.035), the height of the Boost and Barracuda (P=0.028 and 0.009), and maintained duration in Stationary Sculling (P=0.012). Bayes factor analysis, however, indicated substantial evidence of a positive effect of caffeine only on the Barracuda and Stationary Scull techniques. These findings indicated that caffeine improved performance during specific artistic swimming movements. Coaches and athletes should consider caffeine ingestion in their supplementation plans.

RESUMO O algodoeiro é considerado como uma das culturas mais sensíveis ao herbicida 2,4-D, no entanto, não existem estudos relacionados aos efeitos de contaminações desse herbicida sob as características de qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro. Por conta disso, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho avaliar o efeito de subdoses de 2,4-D formulação sal colina sobre as características de qualidade da fibra do algodoeiro em diferentes estádios fenológicos. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 7 x 3, sendo sete frações da dose média do rótulo do herbicida 2,4-D formulação sal colina (0 (testemunha); 0,4275; 0,855; 1,71; 3,42; 8,55; 17,1 g ea ha-1), associadas a três estádios fenológicos distintos do algodoeiro: V4, B4 e C4. As amostras de pluma foram analisadas pelo equipamento HVI (High Volume Instruments) para determinação das principais características de qualidade da fibra. Nenhuma subdose do herbicida 2,4-D sal colina afetou as variáveis de qualidade da fibra. Contaminações de 2,4-D sal colina nos estádios V4 e B4 do algodoeiro influenciam diretamente os efeitos visuais de injúria e de algumas características de qualidade da fibra de algodão, evidenciando que contaminações do herbicida nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento das plantas comprometem drasticamente a lavoura. As variáveis de qualidade da fibra de plantas de algodoeiro no estádio C4 não foram influenciadas pela aplicação de 2,4-D sal colina, não havendo riscos caso ocorra contaminações acidentais neste estádio.

ABSTRACT Cotton is considered to be one of the most sensitive crops to the herbicide 2,4-D, however, there are no studies related to the effects of contamination of this herbicide on the fiber quality characteristics of cotton. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-doses of 2,4-D choline salt formulation on the quality characteristics of cotton fiber at different phenological stages. The experimental design was based on randomized blocks, with four repetitions and treatments distributed in a 7 x 3 factorial design, with seven fractions of the mean label dose of the herbicide 2,4-D choline salt formulation (0 (control); 0.4275; 0.855; 1.71; 3.42; 8.55; 17.1 g a.e. ha-1), associated with three different phenological stages of cotton: V4, B4 and C4. The lint samples were analyzed by the HVI (High Volume Instruments) equipment to determine the main fiber quality characteristics. No sub-dose of the 2,4-D choline salt herbicide affected the fiber quality variables. Contaminations of 2,4-D choline salt at the V4 and B4 stages of cotton directly influence the visual effects of damage and some quality characteristics of cotton fiber, showing that contamination of the herbicide in the initial stages of plant development drastically compromises the crop. The fiber quality variables of cotton plants in the C4 stage were not influenced by the application of 2,4-D choline salt, with no risk if accidental contamination occurs in this stage.

RESUMO O DNA do circovírus suíno 3 (PCV-3) foi detectado em amostras de soro de suínos aparentemente saudáveis, bem como em suínos com diferentes condições clínicas. A detecção molecular do PCV-3 foi observada em amostras de soro de suínos da região Sudeste do Brasil, com uma nested PCR desenhada especificamente para este estudo. A epidemiologia e os aspectos clínicos da infecção por PCV-3 foram avaliados. As amostras foram coletadas de 154 suínos de ambos os sexos, de diferentes fases de produção e com diferentes sinais clínicos. Os animais pertenciam a 31 granjas visitadas entre 2013 e 2018. Neste estudo, o PCV-3 foi detectado em 26,7% das amostras de animais saudáveis e de animais com variados sinais clínicos, de ambos os sexos e de idades variadas. Associação estatística (P=0,0285) foi observada apenas entre animais com sinais respiratórios e PCV-3; nenhum animal positivo para PCV-3 apresentava diarreia. Não foi observada associação estatística entre o PCV-3 e a idade ou o sexo dos suínos. Por se tratar de um vírus recém-descoberto, existem poucas informações sobre sua epidemiologia. Espera-se que os dados deste trabalho possam contribuir para futuros estudos sobre a epidemiologia do PCV-3.

ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) DNA has been detected in serum samples from apparently healthy pigs as well as pigs with different clinical conditions. Molecular detection of PCV-3 was observed in swine serum samples from Southeastern - Brazil using a nested PCR designed specifically for this study. The epidemiology and clinical aspects of PCV-3 infection were evaluated. The samples originated from 154 pigs of both genders from different production phases and with different clinical presentations, sampled from 31 pig farms visited between 2013 and 2018. In this study, PCV-3 was detected in 26.7% of samples from all populations across varying ages. Statistical association (P=0.0285) was observed only between animals with respiratory signs and PCV-3; no PCV-3-positive animal had diarrhea. No statistical association was observed between PCV-3 and age, or gender of the pigs. Because PCV-3 is a newly discovered virus, there is very little information about its epidemiology. We hope that these data can help in future studies investigating PCV-3 epidemiology.

RESUMO: Altas doses de nitrogênio favorecem o crescimento vegetativo do milho e a perda no rendimento de grãos devido ao acamamento de plantas. Este efeito pode ser mitigado pelos reguladores de crescimento. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl na resposta de híbridos de milho as doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido em Lages, SC, em dois anos agrícolas, testando dois híbridos (P1630 e P30F53) e quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 150, 300 e 450 kg de N ha-1), com e sem o uso de trinexapac-ethyl. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três repetições por tratamento. Avaliaram-se a altura de plantas e inserção de espiga, o acamamento e quebra de plantas, o rendimento de grãos e os componentes do rendimento. O rendimento de grãos aumentou de forma quadrática com o incremento das doses de nitrogênio. Os máximos rendimentos de grãos foram de 15.784 e 15.257 kg ha-1, em 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, respectivamente. Doses maiores do que 150 kg ha-1 de N, independentemente da utilização do regulador de crescimento, promoveram, no máximo, incrementos no rendimento de grãos de 14,7% a 18,1%. A aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl reduziu o comprimento dos entrenós superiores do colmo e a massa de mil grãos, mas não interferiu na porcentagem de plantas acamadas e no rendimento de grãos. Portanto, o uso de trinexapac-ethyl não aumenta a resposta do rendimento de grãos do milho ao incremento na dose de nitrogênio em cobertura.

ABSTRACT: High nitrogen rates favor maize vegetative growth and grain yield losses due to stem lodging. The use of growth regulators can mitigate such effect. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of trinexapac ethyl on maize hybrids response to side-dress nitrogen rates. The experiment was carried out in Lages, Santa Catarina State, South of Brazil, during two growing seasons with two hybrids (P1680 and P30F53), and four nitrogen rates (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg N ha-1) were tested, with and without the presence of trinexapac ethyl. The experimental design was in randomized blocks arranged in split-split plots, with three replications per treatment. The plants height and ear insertion height, plant lodging and breaking, grain yield and yield components were evaluated. Grain yield increased in a quadratic way with increased nitrogen rate. The highest grain yields were 15,784 and 15,257 kg ha-1, in 2014/15 and 2015/16, respectively. Application rates higher than 150 kg of N ha-1, regardless of the use of the plant growth regulator, promoted maximum grain yield increases, ranging from 14.7 to 18.1%. The application of trinexapac-ethyl reduced the upper stem internode length, 1000-grain dry weight and did not affect the percentage of lodged plants and grain yield of both hybrids. Therefore, the use of trinexapac-ethyl did not enhance the maize grain yield response to increased rates of side-dress nitrogen.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, tem-se observado um aumento no consumo de alimentos diet e light por adolescentes ou por aqueles que estão à procura de uma alimentação com baixo teor calórico, surgindo, assim, diversos edulcorantes, como o aspartame. Porém, seu consumo ainda gera polêmica, devido a muitos dados contraditórios e inconclusivos. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de aspartame sobre ingestão alimentar, parâmetros físicos, bioquímicos e histopatológicos em 18 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, com cinco semanas de vida (ratos jovens), tratados durante 21 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC) - tratados com água destilada por gavagem, e o grupo aspartame (GA) - tratados diariamente com 2mL/100g/dia de aspartame. Todos os animais receberam ração comercial (Essence(r)) e água ad libitum. O controle da ingestão alimentar foi registrado semanalmente. Foram aferidos os parâmetros físicos por meio da análise do peso corporal, da circunferência toráxica, da circunferência abdominal, do comprimento vértice-cóccix, da gordura abdominal total e do cálculo do índice de massa corporal; os parâmetros bioquímicos foram analisados por meio da glicemia, da lipoproteína de alta densidade e dos triglicerídeos; além de tais análises, foi realizado o estudo histopatológico do fígado. Durante todo o experimento, os ratos tratados com aspartame apresentaram um aumento significativo no peso corpóreo e na ingestão alimentar quando comparados ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença nas demais análises tanto físicas, quanto bioquímicas e histopatológicas comparando-se o GA com o GC (P<0,05). Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível inferir uma maior chance de desenvolvimento da obesidade, oriunda do consumo regular desse tipo de adoçante, já que ele comprovou ser capaz de estimular o consumo de alimentos e, consequentemente, o ganho de peso corpóreo.

ABSTRACT Recent years have seen an increase in consumption of diet and light foods by teenagers or those who are looking for a low-calorie diet, thus resulting in several sweeteners such as aspartame. However, their consumption still generates controversy due to many contradictory and inconclusive data. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aspartame supplementation on dietary intake, physical, biochemical, and histopathological parameters in 18 male Wistar rats, at five weeks old (young mice) treated for 21 days. The animals were randomly assigned into two groups: control group (CG) - treated with distilled water by gavage and aspartame group (GA) - treated with 2ml/100g/day of aspartame. All animals received commercial feed (Essence (r)) and water ad libitum. The control of food intake was recorded weekly. The physical parameters were measured by analyzing the body weight, chest circumference, waist circumference, vertex-coccyx length, total abdominal fat and calculating the body mass index; biochemical parameters were analyzed by glucose, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides. Apart from such analysis the histopathological study of the liver was conducted. Throughout the experiment the rats treated with aspartame showed a significant increase in body weight and food intake compared to the control group. There was no difference in other analyzes such physical, biochemical, and histopathological comparing GA to GC (P<0.05). From the results we can infer a greater chance of developing obesity, coming from the regular consumption of this type of sweetener, as it proved able to stimulate food intake, and hence the gain of body weight.

A associação micorrízica favorece o estabelecimento, a sobrevivência no campo e a nutrição da planta hospedeira, levando por consequência, a maior crescimento e produtividade. Todavia, o manejo de plantas daninhas no cafeeiro pode interferir nessa associação, podendo o emprego incorreto do glyphosate influenciar nesses benefícios da associação. Avaliou-se neste trabalho efeito da deriva do herbicida glyphosate no crescimento e estado nutricional de plantas de café arábica (Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99) inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs). Para isso, utilizou-se esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo mudas inoculadas ou não inoculadas com FMAs e cinco subdoses de glyphosate (0; 57,6; 115,2; 230,4; e 460,8 g ha-1 de glyphosate), em delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. A inoculação foi efetuada na fase de produção de muda, com uma mistura de FMAs, Rhizophagus clarus e Gigaspora margarita; posteriormente ao transplantio, quando as plantas estavam com sete pares de folhas, aplicaram-se as subdoses de glyphosate. O herbicida causou fitointoxicação de até 60% em plantas não inoculadas e de 45% em plantas inoculadas com aplicação da maior dose de 460,8 g e.a. ha-1. Verificou-se efeito negativo no crescimento das plantas de café e do teor de fósforo delas com o aumento das doses de glyphosate, independentemente da inoculação. O herbicida reduziu o crescimento de plantas colonizadas pelos FMAs testados, bem como de fungos nativos, afetando negativamente a colonização micorrízica das plantas tratadas com o glyphosate.

Mycorrhizal association promotes better survival and nutrition of colonized seedling on field, and consequently, increasing of productivity. However, the weed management can interfere on this association, due to incorrect use of glyphosate. This work has assessed the effects of glyphosate drift on the growth and nutrition of arabica coffee plants (Catuaí Vermelho - IAC 99) colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment was conducted in 2 x 5 factorial scheme, and included inoculated and non-inoculated plants, and five glyphosate subdoses (0.0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4, and 460.8 g ha-1 of glyphosate), in randomized blocks with five replication. The inoculation was carried during the greenhouse phase of seedlings production with a mixture of Rhizophagus clarus and Gigaspora margarita, and after to transplanting, when the plants had seven pairs of leaves, glyphosate subdoses were applied. The product caused intoxication in up to 60% of non-inoculated and 45% on inoculated plants, when the highest dose of 460.8 g a.e. ha-1 was applied. A negative effect was noted on the growth and phosphorus content of coffee plants, this effect increased depending on glyphosate subdose, but regardless of inoculation. Glyphosate drift reduces the growth and nutrition of plants colonized by species of AMF and native fungi, negatively affecting root colonization of plants treated.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da ocorrência de chuvas na eficiência de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência no controle de Senna obtusifolia. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em condições de casa-de-vegetação e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema fatorial 7 x 8 (sete tratamentos químicos e oito intervalos de chuva). Os tratamentos químicos constaram da aplicação de cinco formulações de glyphosate (Roundup Original, Roundup WG, Roundup Transorb, Roundup Transorb R e Roundup Ultra) a 1.080 g e.a. ha-1, amonio-glufosinate (Finale) a 400 g i.a. ha-1 e 2,4-D (DMA 806) a 1.000 g e.a. ha-1 e, oito intervalos de tempo para simulação da chuva: 15; 30; 60; 120; 240; 360 e 480 minutos após a aplicação dos herbicidas e uma testemunha sem chuva. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle das plantas aos 7; 14; 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas e ao final determinou-se a massa seca das plantas. A ocorrência de chuvas após 15 minutos da aplicação do herbicida glyphosate nas formulações Roundup Transorb, Roundup Transorb R e Roundup Ultra não afetou a eficiência de controle das plantas de S. obtusifolia. Para as formulações Roundup Original e Roundup WG e para o herbicida 2,4-D foi necessário um período de 30 minutos sem chuva para que proporcionassem um controle eficiente da planta daninha. Já, o controle proporcionado pelo herbicida amonio-glufosinate mostrou-se consistente apenas quando da ocorrência de chuva após 8 horas de sua aplicação.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rainfall on the effectiveness of herbicides applied post-emergence on plants of Senna obtusifolia. The experiment was carried out under green-house conditions and the experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications, with treatments in a 7x8 factorial arrangement (seven herbicides treatments and eight rain intervals). The herbicides used were five formulations of glyphosate (Roundup Original, Roundup WG, Roundup Transorb, Roundup Transorb R and Roundup Ultra) applied at a rate of to 1,080 g a.e. ha-1, glufosinate-ammonium (Finale) at 400 g a.i. ha-1 and 2,4-D (DMA 806) at 1,000 g a.e. ha-1. The rain simulation occurred at intervals of 15; 30; 60; 120; 240, 360, and 480 minutes after the herbicides application. A control treatment without herbicide application was added. Visual evaluations of control plants were taken at 7; 14; 21 and 28 days after application and at the end the dry mass of plants was determined. The rain occurrence after 15 minutes of application of glyphosate formulations Roundup Transorb, Roundup Transorb R and Roundup Ultra did not affect the control efficiency on plants of S. obtusifolia. For formulations of Roundup Original and Roundup WG and, 2,4-D it was necessary a 30 minutes period without rain for an efficient control of weed.

The use of indigenous or remote popular knowledge to identify new drugs against diseases or infections is a well-known approach in medicine. The inhabitants of coastal regions are known to prepare algae extracts for the treatment of disorders and ailments such as wounds, fever and stomach aches, as for the prevention of arrhythmia. Recent trends in drug research from natural sources have indicated that marine algae are a promising source of novel biochemically active compounds, especially with antiprotozoal activity. Algae survive in a competitive environment and, therefore, developed defense strategies that have resulted in a significant level of chemical structural diversity in various metabolic pathways. The exploration of these organisms for pharmaceutical and medical purposes has provided important chemical candidates for the discovery of new agents against neglected tropical diseases, stimulating the use of sophisticated physical techniques. This current review describes the main substances biosynthesized by benthic marine algae with activity against Leishmaniaspp., Trypanosoma cruziand Trypanosoma brucei; the causative agents of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis, respectively. Emphasis is given to secondary metabolites and crude extracts prepared from marine algae.

Entre as diversas plantas daninhas encontradas em ambientes aquáticos, a Eichhornia crassipes é uma das principais, sendo espécie indesejável para muitas atividades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a translocação de glyphosate e imazamox em plantas de E. crassipes. Foram estudados oito intervalos de tempo para o corte das folhas que receberam os herbicidas: 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 e 24 horas após a aplicação (HAA) dos produtos, além de um tratamento sem corte das plantas (testemunha). Utilizaram-se glyphosate na dose de 2.160 g e.a. ha-1 (produto comercial - Rodeo) + 0,5% v v-1 do espalhante adesivo aterbane e imazamox na dose de 290,4 g i.a. ha-1 (produto comercial - Clearcast). Os tratamentos foram instalados em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O glyphosate apresentou um controle insatisfatório quando realizado os cortes das folhas em todos os períodos avaliados. O herbicida imazamox não proporcionou controle em até 12 HAA, enquanto que a partir de 24 HAA do herbicida o controle foi eficiente. Não houve uma grande mobilidade da molécula de glyphosate nas plantas de aguapé, sendo necessário um período superior a 24 horas para uma translocação satisfatória. Já para o imazamox um tempo de mínimo de 24 horas após a aplicação do herbicida foi suficiente para que ocorresse a translocação e um posterior controle.

Eichhornia crassipes is one of the main weeds found in aquatic environments, being undesirable for many activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the translocation of glyphosate and imazamox in E. crassipes. Eight intervals were studied for cutting leaves that received herbicides: 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after application (HAA), and a treatment with no cutting (untreated). The glyphosate dose was 2,160 g a.e. ha-1 (commercial product - Rodeo) + 0.5% v v-1 Aterbane adhesive spreader and imazamox at 290.4 g i.a. ha-1 (commercial product - Clearcast). The treatments were installed in a completely randomized design with four replications. Glyphosate showed a bad control for all the periods of leaf cutting. The imazamox did not provide control within 12 HAA, while from 24 HAA onward the control was effective. There was not a great mobility of the glyphosate molecule in water hyacinth plants, a period above 24 hours being needed for a satisfactory translocation. For imazamox at least 24 hours were needed after herbicide application for the translocation to occur along with subsequent control.

Determinaram-se as exigências nutricionais de metionina+cistina digestível para poedeiras de linhagem comercial no segundo ciclo de produção de 75 a 91 semanas de idade, utilizando-se 150 aves semipesadas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Estas foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental, alimentadas com uma dieta basal contendo 2.859kcal/kg de energia metabolizável e 16,30% de proteína bruta, suplementada com 0,132; 0,173; 0,215; 0,256 e 0,298% de DL-metionina (98%), de forma a proporcionar 0,588; 0,628; 0,669; 0,709 e 0,750% de metionina+cistina digestível na dieta. A inclusão de metionina+cistina obedeceu, respectivamente, às proporções de 67, 72, 77, 81 e 86% com a lisina fixada em 0,872%. Avaliaram-se os consumos de ração e de metionina+cistina, a conversão alimentar por dúzia e por massa de ovos, a taxa de postura, o peso e a massa de ovos, a porcentagem dos componentes dos ovos e a qualidade interna dos ovos e o ganho de peso. A inclusão de metionina+cistina digestível nas quantidades indicadas não exerceu efeito (P>0,05) sobre as características de produção e qualidade interna e externa dos ovos. A exigência estimada foi de 0,588% de metionina+cistina digestível, correspondendo ao consumo de 654,73mg/ave/dia.

This work determined the nutritional requirements for methionine + cystine for commercial hens in the second production cycle from 75 to 91 weeks of age, using 150 brown-egg layer hens in a completely randomized design, distributed in five treatments, six replicates of five hens each and fed a basal diet containing 2859kcal/kg of metobolizable energy, 16.30% crude protein supplemented with 0.132, 0.173, 0.215, 0.256 and 0.298% DL-methionine (98%), in order to provide 0.588, 0.628, 0.669, 0.709 and 0.750% methionine + cystine in the diet. The inclusion of methionine + cystine followed, respectively, the proportions of 67, 72, 77, 81 and 86% with lysine fixed at 0.872%. The feed intake, methionine + cystine intake, feed conversion per dozen eggs and egg mass, percentage of the eggs, egg weight, egg mass, percentage of egg components and internal quality of eggs and weight gain were evaluated. The inclusion methionine + cystine in the amounts indicated had no effect (P> 0.05) on the production characteristics and internal and external quality of eggs. The requirement was estimated at 0.588% methionine + cystine intake corresponding to 654.73mg/hen/day.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de restabelecimento de pastagem de grama-estrela-africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis) após aplicação do herbicida glifosato, na pré-semeadura da cultura do milho. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: doses do equivalente ácido (e.a.) do herbicida glifosato (0, 720, 1.440, 2.160, 2.880 e 3.600 g ha-1) e a testemunha capinada. A grama-estrela-africana é tolerante às doses normalmente recomendadas do herbicida (720 a 1.080 g ha-1 de e.a). Doses de glifosato de 1.232 a 1.439 g ha-1 de e.a. suprimem a grama-estrela-africana, evitam sua competição com a cultura do milho, e permitem a recuperação da pastagem após a colheita do milho.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the recovery capacity of African star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) after glyphosate application in pre-sowing of corn. A randomized block design was used, with four replicates. The treatments were doses of acid equivalent (a.e.) of the herbicide glyphosate (0, 720, 1,440, 2,160, 2,880, and 3,600 g ha-1) and a hoed control. African star grass is tolerant to the usually recommended doses of the herbicide (720 to 1,080 g ha-1 a.e.). Doses of glyphosate, ranging from 1,232 to 1,439 g ha-1 a.e. suppress the grass, avoid its competition with corn, and allow the recovery of the pasture after the corn harvest.