Abstract Introduction Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in auditory perception and sensitivity. The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the evoked potential demonstrates a brain detection response to an auditory change due to memory, and enables the identification of changes in the auditory system. Objectives To analyze MMN responses in children and adolescents with ASD and compare them with those of a control group. Methods Cross-sectional and comparative study. The sample was composed of 68 children and adolescents, divided into study group (SG), which contained those diagnosed with ASD, and the control group (CG), which contained those with typical development, normal hearing thresholds, and without hearing complaints. All participants were submitted to peripheral and central electrophysiological auditory evaluations. For the electrophysiological auditory evaluation and MMN recording, the electrodes were fixed in the following positions: Fz (active electrode), M1 and M2 (reference electrodes), and on the forehead (ground electrode). Auditory stimuli were presented in both ears simultaneously, with a frequency of 1,000 Hz for the frequent stimulus, and of 2,000 Hz for the rare stimulus, in an intensity of 80 dBNA. Results Latency and amplitude values were increased in the SG, with a statistically significant difference in comparison with the CG. In the MMN analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in the comparison between right and left ears and between genders. Conclusions Children and adolescents with ASD had higher latency and amplitude values in the MMN component than the individuals in the CG.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the effectiveness of a therapeutic intervention plan through an existing cognitive auditory training program, adapted for adults, after one year of COVID-19 infection. Methods 13 subjects, between 18 and 59 years old, four males and nine females participated in the study. All underwent anamnesis, visual inspection of the external acoustic meatus, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry and acoustic immitance measurements as selection procedures. For the research, the following procedures were carried out in the evaluation and reassessment: evaluation of central auditory processing, brief neuropsychological evaluation - NEUPSILIN, Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale and the Cognitive Potential - P300 with speech stimulus. Cognitive auditory training was carried out in six consecutive sessions, in an open field, lasting approximately 50 minutes. In all analyses, a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05) was considered. Results When comparing the variables between the periods, pre and post intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the Dichotic Digit Test (p = 0.009), in the Frequency Pattern Test (p = 0.020) and in Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (p = 0.001). And a tendency to significance (p < 0.10) in the Gap in Noise test and Total Attention. Conclusion Cognitive auditory training proved to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of adults with speech comprehension and cognition complaints after COVID-19 infection.

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a eficácia de um plano de intervenção terapêutica por meio de um programa de treinamento auditivo cognitivo já existente, adaptado para adultos, após um ano de infecção por COVID-19. Métodos participaram do estudo 13 sujeitos, entre 18 e 59 anos de idade, quatro do gênero masculino e nove do gênero feminino. Todos foram submetidos a um questionário, inspeção visual do meato acústico externo, audiometria tonal liminar, logoaudiometria e medidas de imitância acústica, como procedimentos de seleção. Foram realizados, na avaliação e na reavaliação, os seguintes procedimentos: avaliação do processamento auditivo central, avaliação neuropsicológica breve-NEUPSILIN, Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale e o Potencial Cognitivo - P300, com estímulo de fala. O treinamento auditivo cognitivo foi realizado em seis sessões consecutivas, em campo aberto, com duração de, aproximadamente, 50 minutos. Em todas as análises foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Resultados na comparação das variáveis entre os períodos, pré e pós-intervenção, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no Teste Dicótico de Dígitos (p = 0,009), no Teste Padrão de Frequência (p = 0,020) e no Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (p = 0,001). Houve tendência à significância (p < 0,10) no teste Gap in Noise e na Atenção Total. Conclusão o treinamento auditivo cognitivo demonstrou ser uma estratégia terapêutica eficaz para o tratamento de adultos com queixas de compreensão de fala e de cognição após infecção por COVID-19.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the auditory processing behavior of children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke and compare it with that of typically developing individuals. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 48 participants aged between 7 and 17 years with adequate schooling for age and grade, allocated equally to two groups: Stroke (SG) and Control Groups (CG). For the SG, cases identified between 2003 and 2018 were considered. In the CG, school-aged participants with typical development were randomized. After screening for differential audiological assessment and confirmation of auditory pathway integrity at the brainstem level, binaural analyses of the auditory processing behavior were conducted using the Dichotic Digit Test (DDT), Frequency Pattern Test (FPT), and electrophysiological assessment (P300). The Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was conducted, followed by the T and Mann-Whitney tests, with a 95 % confidence level and significance offset at p < 0.05, using the SPSS software (IBM®, v. 22.) Results: The CG performed better in terms of auditory processing. These differences were significant (p < 0.0001) for the binaural integration of DDT, FPT humming and Labeling, and P300 latency. The P300 results were similar; however, with a greater amplitude in the SG. Conclusion: This study showed that children and adolescents with stroke performed worse in electrophysiological and behavioral tests of auditory processing assessed using the auditory evoked potentials. These data reinforce the hypothesis that stroke-related lesions compromise the neural mechanisms underlying auditory processing.

Resumo Introdução: O processamento auditivo central refere-se à eficiência e eficácia com que o sisPotenciais evocados tema nervoso central usa informações auditivas e pode estar alterado em distúrbios neurológicos e lesões cerebrais, como acidentes vasculares cerebrais. No entanto, apesar das evidências de Distúrbios possíveis alterações na população pediátrica, as habilidades funcionais e as limitações pósperceptivos -acidente vascular cerebral ainda não estão bem documentadas na literatura. Objetivo: Analisar os achados das avaliações eletrofisiológicas e comportamentais do procesDoenças auditivas samento auditivo central de crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com acidente vascular cerebral em um ambulatório de referência, bem como investigar possíveis associações com Criança as variáveis: tipo e localização do acidente vascular cerebral e faixa etária. Método: Estudo transversal comparativo. A amostra, por conveniência, incluiu indivíduos de 7 a 18 anos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo de estudo (GE), composto por indivíduos com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral, e grupo controle (GC), composto por indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico. A avaliação consistiu nos seguintes procedimentos: anamnese, avaliação audiológica básica, avaliação comportamental do distúrbio de processamento auditivo (teste dichotic digit, dichotic consonant-vowel, synthetic sentence identification/pediatric speech intelligibility, gaps in noise, pitch pattern sequence, masking level difference) e avaliação eletrofisiológica (P300 e mismatch negativity -). Resultados: Dezenove crianças e adolescentes foram incluídos no GE. O GC foi composto por 19 crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico. Na comparação entre os grupos, observa-se pior desempenho para o GE em todos os testes avaliados, comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos. Na avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo central, houve diferença estatística para todos os testes, exceto masking level difference e teste dichotic digit, na fase de separação binaural na orelha esquerda. Na avaliação eletrofisiológica, houve diferença estatística na latência do mismatch negativity e P300. Não foram encontradas associações entre os achados comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos e as variáveis localização do acidente vascular cerebral e faixa etária. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com acidente vascular cerebral apresentam pior desempenho nas avaliações eletrofisiológicas e comportamentais do processamento auditivo central quando comparados a um grupo controle.

Abstract Introduction: Central auditory processing refers to the efficiency and effectiveness with which the central nervous system uses auditory information: it may be altered in neurological disorders and brain injuries, such as strokes. However, despite evidence of probable alterations in the pediatric population, functional abilities and post-stroke limitations are still not well documented in the literature. Objective: To analyze the findings of the electrophysiological and behavioral evaluations of central auditory processing of children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke from a reference outpatient clinic, as well as to investigate possible associations with the variables: type and location of the stroke and age group. Methods: The present study is characterized as comparative cross-sectional. The sample, for convenience, included individuals aged 7–18 years divided into two groups: study group, composed of individuals with a diagnosis of stroke, and control group, composed of individuals with typical development. The evaluation consisted of the following procedures: anamnesis, basic audiological evaluation, behavioral evaluation of the auditory processing disorder (dichotic digit test, dichotic consonant-vowel, synthetic sentence identification/pediatric speech intelligibility, gaps in noise, pitch pattern sequence, masking level difference), and electrophysiological evaluation (P300 and mismatch negativity). Results: Nineteen children and adolescents were included in the study group. The control group was composed of 19 children and adolescents with typical development. In the comparison between the groups, a worse performance is observed for the study group in all the evaluated tests, behavioral and electrophysiological. In the behavioral evaluation of central auditory processing, there was a statistical difference for all tests, except for masking level difference and dichotic digit test, binaural separation step on the left. In the electrophysiological evaluation, there was a statistical difference in the latency of mismatch negativity and P300. No associations were found between the behavioral and electrophysiological findings and the location of the stroke and age group variables. Conclusion: Children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke present a worse performance in the electrophysiological and behavioral evaluations of central auditory processing when compared to a control group.

RESUMO A cinetose se caracteriza pela intolerância ao movimento, resultante de um conflito sensorial entre os sistemas visual, proprioceptivo e vestibular. Na população infantil, a cinetose é frequente, porém o difícil diagnóstico acaba subestimando a prevalência nesse grupo específico. As alterações vestibulares pediátricas têm importante influência no desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a suscetibilidade à cinetose em crianças e verificar possíveis fatores associados, bem como identificar diferenças entre as respostas, quando comparados os sexos, as faixas etárias e a autopercepção dos pais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal. A amostra de conveniência consecutiva foi constituída por crianças de ambos os sexos, com idade entre oito e onze anos. Para avaliar a suscetibilidade à cinetose, foi aplicado o motion sickness questionnaire short form (MSSQ), realizado individualmente com cada criança. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do SPSS Versão v.21. Adotou-se nível de significância de 0,05. Utilizaram-se os testes estatísticos Kolmogorov-Smirnov; T de Student; Anova e teste de Friedman. Ao total, foram analisadas 223 crianças. Observou-se que 89,7% das crianças avaliadas eram suscetíveis à cinetose. Houve diferença significativa na comparação da suscetibilidade à cinetose entre os sexos, sendo as meninas, mais suscetíveis em relação aos meninos (p=0,001). Na comparação entre as faixas etárias, não houve significância estatística. Crianças com onze anos apresentaram maior suscetibilidade à cinetose. Houve diferença nas respostas relatadas pelas crianças e pais sobre a suscetibilidade das crianças à cinetose.

ABSTRACT Motion sickness is characterized by intolerance to movement, resulting from a sensory conflict between the visual, proprioceptive and vestibular systems. In the child population, motion sickness is frequent, but the difficult diagnosis ends up underestimating the prevalence in this specific group. Pediatric vestibular changes are of great importance in child development. The objective was to analyze the susceptibility to motion sickness in children and to verify possible associated factors, as well as to identify differences in the responses when compared to sex, age group and parents’ self-perception. This is a cross-sectional study. The consecutive convenience sample consisted of children of both sexes, aged between eight and eleven years old. The motion sickness questionnaire short form (MSSQ) was applied individually with each child. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Version v.21 (Chicago: SPSS). A significance level of 0,005 was adopted. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student’s T, Anova and Friedman’s were the statistical tests used. In total, 223 children were analyzed. 89.7% of the sample was susceptible to motion sickness. There was a significant difference in the comparison of susceptibility to motion sickness between genders, with girls being more susceptible, compared to boys (p=0.001). When comparing age groups, there was no statistical significance. Eleven-year-old children were more susceptible to motion sickness. There was a difference in the responses reported by children and parents about the children’s susceptibility to motion sickness.

RESUMEN El cinetosis es la intolerancia al movimiento pasivo, resultado de un conflicto sensorial entre los sistemas visual, propioceptivo y vestibular. La población infantil padece con frecuencia del cinetosis, pero su prevalencia se subestima debido al difícil diagnóstico en este grupo específico. Los trastornos vestibulares en niños influyen significativamente en su desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la susceptibilidad al cinetosis en niños y sus factores asociados, así como identificar las diferencias entre las respuestas en la comparación entre los sexos, los grupos de edad y la autopercepción de los padres. Se trata de un estudio transversal. La muestra de conveniencia consecutiva estuvo compuesta de niños de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 años. Para evaluar la susceptibilidad al cinetosis, se aplicó el motion sickness questionnaire short form (MSSQ) de manera individual en cada niño. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS, versión 21.0. El nivel de significancia adoptado fue de 0,05. Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; T de Student; Anova y test de Friedman. Participaron en total 223 niños. Se observó que el 89,7% de los niños evaluados eran susceptibles al cinetosis. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la comparación de la susceptibilidad al cinetosis entre los sexos, en la cual las niñas eran más susceptibles que los niños (p=0,001). En cuanto a los grupos de edad, no hubo significación estadística. Los niños de 12 años fueron más susceptibles al cinetosis. Hubo una diferencia en las respuestas informadas por los niños y los padres sobre la susceptibilidad de los niños al cinetosis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze central auditory maturation in term and preterm infants during the first 3 months of life by comparing the latency and amplitude of cortical auditory-evoked potential at different frequencies. METHODS: In this study, 17 term and 18 preterm infants were examined; all had tested positive on the neonatal hearing screening test. Cortical auditory potential was investigated during the first and third months of life. The response of the cortical auditory-evoked potential was investigated at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The latency and amplitude of the cortical response were automatically detected and manually analyzed by three researchers with experience in electrophysiology. The results were compared using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test. A significance level of 5% was used for all analyses. RESULTS: Latency values of cortical auditory-evoked potential in the first month of birth were significantly higher than those in the third month, and latency values of the preterm group were higher than those of the term group, regardless of the frequency and time of evaluation. In general, the latency of the cortical auditory-evoked potential was higher at high frequencies. Amplitude values in the third month of life were significantly higher than those in the first month for term and preterm infants. CONCLUSION: Central auditory maturation was observed in both groups but with different results between those born at term and preterm, with latencies of cortical auditory-evoked potential higher for the preterm group and at high frequencies.

Resumo Introdução: A investigação do nível mínimo de resposta auditiva cortical tem sido alvo de diferentes estudos em adultos. Devido a questões de maturação, pouco se sabe sobre essas respostas em recém-nascidos. Com o avanço tecnológico, dispositivos de análise automática surgiram com o objetivo de retomar essa avaliação em populações específicas. Assim, novos estudos são necessários para verificar a viabilidade do uso desse potencial auditivo na obtenção de níveis mínimos de respostas na criança. Objetivo: Verificar e comparar latência e amplitude em 80 dBnNA e o nível mínimo de resposta auditiva cortical em recém-nascidos a termo e pré-termo. Método: Estudo transversal, comparativo, envolvendo 59 neonatos, 35 nascidos a termo e 24 pré-termos, com resultados positivos na triagem auditiva neonatal. O sistema Hearlab foi utilizado para investigar o potencial auditivo P1i com estímulo tone burst nas frequências de 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 Hz. A busca do nível mínimo de resposta variou de 80 a 0 dBNA e foi detectado automaticamente. Os resultados foram comparados entre os grupos, avaliando a latência e amplitude em 80 dBNA e o nível mínimo de resposta auditiva cortical. Resultados: Os valores médios obtidos para o nível mínimo de resposta auditiva cortical no grupo nascido a termo foram 26 ± 8,81; 26,14 ± 6,97; 29 ± 7,65 e 29,43 ± 7,04 dBNA e para recém-nascidos pré-termos foram de 31,96 ± 10,41; 34,13 ± 11,34; 33,64 ± 11,03 e 37,73 ± 11,92 dBNA, para as frequências de 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 Hz, respectivamente. Houve diferenc¸a entre os grupos para a latência de P1i em 4000 Hz e os níveis mínimos de resposta em 500, 1000 e 4000 Hz, com valores maiores em Pré-termos. Conclusão: Foi possível obter valores de latência e amplitude em 80 dBnNA e o nível mínimo de resposta cortical em recém-nascidos a termo e Pré-termos, com resultados diferentes entre osgrupos, com valores maiores em pré-termos.

Abstract Introduction: The study of the threshold level of cortical auditory response in adults has been investigated in previous studies. Due to maturational issues, little is known about these responses in neonates. Technological advances with automatic analysis devices now allow investigation in specific populations. Thus, new studies are needed to establish the feasibility of using this auditory potential to identify the lowest levels of responses in children. Objective: Verify and compare latency and amplitude in 80 dBnNA and the minimum level of cortical auditory response in term and preterm neonates. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study involving 59 neonates, 35 full-term births and 24 preterm births, with positive results in the Neonatal Hearing Screening. The Hearlab system was used to investigate the P1i auditory potential with tone burst stimulus at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. The minimum response level search ranged from 80 to 0 dBNA and was detected automatically. The results were compared between groups, evaluating the latency and amplitude in 80 dBNA and the minimum level of cortical auditory response. Results: The mean values obtained for the minimum level of cortical auditory response in term group were 26 ± 8.81; 26.14 ± 6.97; 29 ± 7.65 and 29.43 ± 7.04 dBNA and for preterm neonates of 31.96 ± 10.41; 34.13 ± 11.34; 33.64 ± 11.03 and 37.73 ± 11.92 dBNA, for the frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz, respectively. There was a difference between groups for the latency of P1i at 4000 Hz and the minimum response levels at 500, 1000 and 4000 Hz, with higher values for preterm infants. Conclusion: It was possible to obtain latency and amplitude values at 80 dBnNA and the minimum level of cortical response in term and preterm newborns, with different results between groups, with higher values in those born preterm.

RESUMO O aumento nos níveis de bilirrubina no neonato pode provocar efeitos tóxicos no sistema auditivo, podendo levar à perda auditiva. O objetivo desta revisão foi verificar o impacto da hiperbilirrubinemia na audição de recém-nascidos, relacionando os achados audiológicos aos níveis séricos de bilirrubina. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de literatura durante o mês de outubro de 2017, utilizando-se os termos hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, infant, newborn e hearing loss, nas bases de dados periódicos Capes, Medline e Bireme (SciELO, BBO). Foram identificados 827 estudos, dentre os quais 59 foram selecionados para leitura do texto na íntegra, resultando na seleção de sete artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e foram considerados relevantes para a amostra deste trabalho. Em todas as pesquisas revisadas, o potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico foi o principal exame audiológico realizado. Em todos os estudos foram observadas alterações nos resultados audiológicos de neonatos com hiperbilirrubinemia. Não houve consenso quanto aos níveis séricos de bilirrubina que podem causar alterações auditivas, porém, a relação entre as alterações audiológicas e os níveis sanguíneos de bilirrubina foi positiva. Percebeu-se a necessidade de estabelecer valores de referência para os níveis de bilirrubina considerados críticos para a ocorrência de alterações audiológicas, assim como de acompanhamento audiológico dos neonatos com hiperbilirrubinemia.

SUMMARY The increase in bilirubin levels in newborns can cause toxic effects on the auditory system, which can lead to hearing loss. This review aimed to verify the impact of hyperbilirubinemia in the hearing of newborns, relating audiological findings to serum levels of bilirubin. A literature review was conducted during October 2017, using the terms “hyperbilirubinemia”, “jaundice”, “infant”, “newborn” and “hearing loss”, on databases CAPES journals, MEDLINE and BIREME (SciELO, BBO). 827 studies were identified and 59 were selected for full-text reading, resulting in the selection of seven articles that met the inclusion criteria and were considered relevant to the sample of this study. All the reviewed studies performed brainstem auditory evoked potential as the main test for audiological evaluation. Changes in the audiological findings of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were observed in all studies. There was no consensus on the serum bilirubin levels that may cause auditory changes; however, the relationship between hearing disorders and blood levels of bilirubin was positive. We identify the need to establish reference values for bilirubin levels considered critical for the occurrence of hearing disorders as well as the audiological follow-up of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar os valores de latência e amplitude do Mismatch Negativity e potencial cognitivo P300 em crianças com gagueira, sem queixas auditivas, com limiares auditivos dentro dos padrões de normalidade, comparando aos achados de um Grupo Controle. Métodos Estudo transversal, do qual participaram 50 crianças de ambos os sexos, sendo 15 com gagueira e 35 sem gagueira, entre 6 e 11 anos de idade, sem diagnóstico de patologias otológicas ou outras doenças. Todas as crianças realizaram avaliação audiológica periférica (meatoscopia, audiometria tonal, audiometria vocal e medidas de imitância acústica) e avaliação audiológica central (Mismatch Negativity e potencial cognitivo P300). Para avaliação da fluência, as crianças com gagueira realizaram anamnese específica, seguida da filmagem de uma fala espontânea, que foi transcrita e analisada quanto à severidade da gagueira. Resultados Houve diferença significativa nas latências do Mismatch Negativity e do potencial cognitivo P300, assim como na amplitude do Mismatch Negativity. Conclusão Verificou-se atraso nas latências do Mismatch Negativity e potencial cognitivo P300 nas crianças com gagueira, assim como aumento na amplitude do Mismatch Negativity, ao serem comparados com crianças do Grupo Controle. No Grupo com Gagueira foram igualmente identificadas alterações na morfologia das ondas.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the latency and the amplitude values of Mismatch Negativity and P300 cognitive potential in children with stuttering, with no auditory complaints, with auditory thresholds within the normality range, comparing them to the findings of a Control Group. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 50 children of both sexes, 15 with stuttering and 35 without stuttering, aged 6 to 11 years, with no diagnosis of ear pathology or other diseases. All children were submitted to peripheral audiological evaluation (meatoscopy, pure tone testing, speech audiometry, and acoustic immittance measures) and a central audiological evaluation (investigation of the Mismatch Negativity and P300 cognitive potential). For the evaluation of fluency, all children with stuttering had a specific history taken and were video recorded in a spontaneous speech. Afterwards, the transcription was done, followed by speech analysis to classify children according the severity of stuttering. Results There was a significant difference in the latencies of Mismatch Negativity and P300 cognitive potential, as well as in the amplitude of Mismatch Negativity. Conclusion There was a significant delay in the latencies of Mismatch Negativity and P300 cognitive potential, as well as increase in the amplitude of the Mismatch Negativity in children with stuttering when compared to children in the Control Group. Changes in the morphology of the waves were found in the Stuttering Group.

Abstract Introduction The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) auditory evoked potential evaluation is a promising procedure to assess objectively the ability of auditory discrimination. Objective To characterize the latency and amplitude values of MMN in children with normal auditory thresholds and without auditory complaints. Methods Children between 5 and 11 years old participated in the present study. All participants underwent acoustic immittance measurements and tonal and vocal audiometry. The MMN was recorded with the MASBE ATC Plus system (Contronic, Pelotas, RS, Brazil). The electrodes were fixed in Fz (active electrode), Fpz (ground electrode) and in M2 and M1 (references electrodes). The intensity used was 80 dBHL, the frequent stimulus was 1,000 Hz and the rare stimulus was 2,000 Hz. The stimuli were presented in both ears separately. Results For the female group, the mean latencies and amplitude of MMN were 177.3 ms and 5.01 μV in the right ear (RE) and 182.4ms and 5.39 μV in the left ear (LE). In the male group, themean latencies were 194.4 ms in the RE and 183.6ms in the LE, with an amplitude of 5.11 μV in the RE and 5.83 μV in the LE. There was no statistically significant difference between ears (p = 0.867 - latency and p = 0.178 - amplitude), age (p > 0.20) and the gender of the participants (p > 0.05). Conclusion Using the described protocol, the mean latency value of MMN was 184.0 ms for RE and 182.9 ms for LE, and the amplitude was 5.05 μV and 5.56 μV for the left and right ears, respective.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a contribuição do treinamento musical nas habilidades do processamento auditivo em crianças. Estratégia de pesquisa Realizou-se uma busca no mês de agosto de 2018, usando os descritores Music, Child, Childhood, Children, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Auditory Perception, Auditory Processing, utilizando o operador AND. Critérios de seleção Como questão norteadora, adotou-se a seguinte pergunta: “o que existe na literatura científica sobre a contribuição do treinamento musical nas habilidades de processamento auditivo em crianças?” Após, foram selecionados somente ensaios clínicos controlados na população infantil, estudos publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de dez artigos. Os estudos evidenciaram diversas habilidades testadas e diferentes formas de avaliação. Conclusão Com base nos achados, pode-se concluir que o treinamento musical melhora e aprimora as habilidades de processamento auditivo, de forma que quanto maior o tempo de treinamento, mais essas habilidades são reforçadas. Dessa forma, o treinamento musical mostra-se um método eficaz e com potencialidade para ser utilizado em crianças, tanto no período de desenvolvimento da comunicação oral e escrita, para auxiliar a aquisição das habilidades auditivas, como após a aquisição afim de aprimorá-las.

ABSTRACT Purpose To check the contribution of music training to auditory processing skills in children. Research strategy A search was performed in October 2018, using the descriptors Music, Child, Childhood, Children, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Auditory Perception, Auditory Processing, using the AND operator. Selection criteria The main research question was: “What has been reported in the scientific literature about the contribution of musical training to auditory processing skills in children?” We selected only controlled clinical trials with the child population, studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Results The search strategy resulted in the selection of ten articles. The studies showed several skills tested and different forms of evaluation. Conclusion Based on the findings, it can be concluded that music training improves auditory processing skills, so the longer the training time, the more these skills are reinforced. Thus, music training is an effective method that can be potentially used in children, both in the development of oral and written communication - to aid in the acquisition of auditory skills - and after acquisition, in order to improve such skills.

RESUMO Objetivos Identificar estudos que tenham abordado as avaliações do processamento auditivo central, eletrofisiológicas e/ou comportamentais, em crianças e adolescentes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral. Estratégia de pesquisa Conduziu-se uma busca no mês de julho de 2017, usando os descritores: stroke , auditory perception, childhood, child, children e evoked potentials auditory nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e SciELO. Critérios de seleção Foram selecionados artigos em inglês e português, publicados até julho de 2017, sem limitação de data inicial. Os artigos deveriam apresentar abordagem metodológica que referisse achados da avaliação do processamento auditivo central, em crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral. Resultados Inicialmente, foram encontrados 15 estudos, resultando na seleção de três artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e que foram considerados relevantes para a amostra deste estudo. Devido ao fato de que nenhum dos estudos incluídos tenha utilizado os potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência em suas avaliações audiológicas, optou-se por realizar uma segunda busca, com os descritores: stroke AND children AND evoked potentials, auditory, nas mesmas bases de dados. Com estes descritores, obteve-se 36 artigos e, destes, apenas um artigo foi selecionado, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Conclusão Foram verificados poucos estudos na literatura, que tenham avaliado o processamento auditivo central em crianças e adolescentes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral. Não obstante, salienta-se a importância dos estudos encontrados para contribuição nos processos de diagnóstico e de monitoramento terapêutico dessa população.

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify studies that have addressed Central Auditory Processing (CAP), through electrophysiological and/or behavioral tests, in children and adolescents affected by Stroke. Research strategy A search was conducted in July 2017, using the descriptors: “stroke ”, auditory perception”, “childhood ”, “child” and “ evoked potentials, auditory” in PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases. Selection criteria Articles written in English, Portuguese and Spanish, published until July 2017, without start date limitation. The articles should present a methodological approach that refers to the findings of central auditory processing assessment in children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke. Results First, 15 studies were found, and three of them were selected because they met the inclusion criteria and were considered relevant for the sample of the present study. As none of the included studies used LLAEP in their audiological assessments, a second search was performed with the descriptors: “stroke” AND “ children” AND “evoked potentials, auditory ” in the same databases. A total of 36 papers were found with these descriptors but only one paper was selected, according to the established inclusion criteria. Conclusion Few studies in the literature have assessed central auditory processing in children and adolescents with stroke. Nevertheless, the studies are important for diagnos and therap monitoring in this population.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a latência e amplitude do potencial evocado auditivo cortical P1i entre neonatos em estado de alerta e durante o sono leve. Métodos Vinte e cinco neonatos com emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes presentes foram testados, por meio do potencial evocado auditivo cortical (PEAC), sendo dez em estado de alerta e 15 durante o sono leve. Para pesquisa dos potenciais corticais, utilizou-se o equipamento Hearlab System, de um canal, no módulo Cortical Tone Evaluation (CTE). O potencial P1i foi pesquisado de forma monoaural, na intensidade de 80 dBnNA, para as frequências de 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000Hz. A detecção do P1i foi feita de maneira automática pelo equipamento. A marcação da latência e amplitude foi realizada por três juízes. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos de neonatos para os valores de amplitude e latência, nas quatro frequências testadas. Conclusão Não houve influência do estado comportamental dos neonatos na avaliação do potencial cortical P1i.

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare latency and amplitude of the cortical auditory evoked response P1i among newborns in an alert state and during light sleep. Methods Twenty-five neonates with normal transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were tested with cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP): 10 were in an alert state and 15 in light sleep during testing. For the investigation of cortical potentials, a single-channel Hearlab System equipment, Cortical Tone Evaluation module (CTE), was used. The P1i potential was investigated monoaurally at an 80dBnHL intensity at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. P1i was automatically detected by the equipment. Latency and amplitude were marked by three judges. The responses of the newborn in an alert state were compared with those in light sleep. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of neonates for the amplitude and latency values at the four tested frequencies. Conclusion There was no influence of the neonates’ behavioral state on the evaluation of the P1i auditory cortical potential.

Abstract Introduction The tone-evoked auditory brainstem responses (tone-ABR) enable the differential diagnosis in the evaluation of children until 12 months of age, including those with external and/or middle ear malformations. The use of auditory stimuli with frequency specificity by air and bone conduction allows characterization of hearing profile. Objective The objective of our study was to compare the results obtained in tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in children until 12 months, with agenesis of the external auditory canal. Method The study was cross-sectional, observational, individual, and contemporary. We conducted the research with tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in the frequencies of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz in 32 children, 23 boys, from one to 12 months old, with agenesis of the external auditory canal. Results The tone-ABR thresholds were significantly elevated for air conduction in the frequencies of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz, while the thresholds of bone conduction had normal values in both ears. We found no statistically significant difference between genders and ears for most of the comparisons. Conclusion The thresholds obtained by bone conduction did not alter the thresholds in children with conductive hearing loss. However, the conductive hearing loss alter all thresholds by air conduction. The tone-ABR by bone conduction is an important tool for assessing cochlear integrity in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal under 12 months.

Abstract Introduction Mismatch Negativity (MMN) corresponds to a response of the central auditory nervous system. Objective The objective of this study is to analyze MMN latencies and amplitudes in normal-hearing adults and compare the results between ears, gender and hand dominance. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Forty subjects participated, 20 women and 20 men, aged 18 to 29 years and having normal auditory thresholds. A frequency of 1000Hz (standard stimuli) and 2000Hz (deviant stimuli) was used to evoked the MMN. Results Mean latencies in the right ear were 169.4ms and 175.3ms in the left ear, with mean amplitudes of 4.6μV in the right ear and 4.2μV in the left ear. There was no statistically significant difference between ears. The comparison of latencies between genders showed a statistically significant difference for the right ear, being higher in the men than in women. There was no significant statistical difference between ears for both right-handed and left-handed group. However, the results indicated that the latency of the right ear was significantly higher for the left handers than the right handers. We also found a significant result for the latency of the left ear, which was higher for the right handers. Conclusion It was possible to obtain references of values for the MMN. There are no differences in the MMN latencies and amplitudes between the ears. Regarding gender, the male group presented higher latencies in relation to the female group in the right ear. Some results indicate that there is a significant statistical difference of the MMN between right- and left-handed individuals.