Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a heterogeneous group of rare, chronic, progressive and systemic inherited disorders resulting from deficiency or lack of lysosomal enzymes responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Products of nitrosative stress have been previously detected in blood and urine samples of patients with MPS. However, it is unclear whether they are present in the saliva of MPS patients and also if they correlate with salivary parameters such as flow and pH. This study compared the salivary levels of NOX (NO2- + NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), protein (albumin), erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, as well as the salivary flow rate and pH values of samples obtained from 10 MPS patients and 10 healthy subjects. MPS patients exhibited higher salivary levels of NOX and NO2- when compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Albumin was only detected in six saliva samples of MPS patients and, erythrocytes and leukocytes were detected in 60% and 40% of the MPS patients, respectively. In addition, salivary flow rate and pH averages were statistically lower in this group when compared to healthy samples (p < 0.05). Overall, the data indicates that the salivary levels of NO products can be used in combination with other heath indicators to monitor MPS disorders.

In this paper, we present an alternative method to obtain thin films for coating protection on the surface of the AA2524-T3 Al-alloy by using the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique. The LbL films were fabricated by alternated immersion of the Al-alloy into a poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and polyaniline nanoparticles (PAni-NPs) solutions, obtaining a PAni-NPs/PSS bilayer architecture. The LbL films were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical and micro-abrasive wear tests. The results show that the number of bilayers promotes shifts to less negative potentials, indicating an optimized system, in which the best performance was observed for a 15-bilayer PAni/PSS LbL film. The pitting potential (Epit) values shifted 130 mV (from -610 mV to -480 mV) in comparing a bare Al-alloy. The predominantly wear mechanism for AA2524-T3 with PAni-NPs/PSS bilayers was scratching whereas for the bare material there was an equivalence between scratching and rolling mechanisms. The results proved that the incorporation of PAni-NPS by the LbL method may be propitious as protective coating against corrosion in AA2524-T3 alloy.

Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou analisar o comércio bilateral entre Brasil e os principais atuantes na comercialização internacional da soja - Argentina, Estados Unidos e China - com a pretensão de verificar como a prática de determinadas ações de intervenção na agricultura e no comércio influenciam mudanças no panorama do comércio dessa commodity. Nesse sentido, simularam-se cenários elaborados a partir de práticas comerciais adotadas por esses países, cujos resultados de equilíbrio foram obtidos com o Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) e analisados a partir da Teoria dos Jogos. Esses resultados foram utilizados para construir a matriz de payoffs, associadas às estratégias comerciais dos países que eram os jogadores. Os resultados permitiram verificar que as políticas de incentivo à produção são formas eficazes de os governos tornarem seus países mais competitivos e obterem ganhos comerciais sobre, ou em conjunto, com os demais. Observou-se que a China pode se tornar um importante concorrente para os exportadores de soja, dependendo da política adotada pelo governo e as instituições chinesas. Concluiu-se que o acesso a mercados é a principal fonte de ganhos de comércio para os produtos do complexo de soja e que a eliminação das tarifas às importações desses produtos traz ganhos expressivos para o Brasil, os Estados Unidos e a Argentina, além das formas de subsidiar a produção e/ou as exportações.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the bilateral trade between Brazil and the main actors in international commercialization of soybeans - Argentina, the United States and China - aiming to verify how the practice of certain intervention actions influence the trade dynamics of this commodity. In this sense, scenarios were simulated based on the commercial practices adopted by these countries, and the equilibrium results were obtained through the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and analyzed on the basis of Game Theory. These results were used to construct the matrix of payoffs, associated to the commercial strategies of countries considered as players. The results showed that policies to encourage production are effective ways for governments to make countries more competitive and to obtain commercial gains from or in conjunction with others. It was noted that China could become a major competitor among the soybean exporters, depending on the policy adopted by the government and by Chinese institutions. It was concluded that market access is the main source of trade gains for the products of soybean complex, and that the elimination of tariffs on imports of these products brings significant gains to Brazil, the United States and to Argentina, as well as ways to subsidize production and/or exports.

Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se as concentrações de ácido fítico, fenóis totais e taninos totais em farelos de canola, girassol e soja, submetidos a diferentes tratamentos químicos, destinados para alimentação de peixes. Os tratamentos foram: A: água acidificada; EMA: etanol P.A. + metanol P.A. + água, na proporção 45:45:10; ET: etanol P.A. acidificado; ETA: etanol P.A. + água acidificada na proporção 70:30; AE: água acidificada e Etanol P.A. utilizados separadamente. No farelo de canola, os tratamentos EMA, ET e ETA aumentaram a concentração de ácido fítico. Os tratamentos AE e ETA foram mais eficientes na remoção de fenóis totais. O teor de taninos foi reduzido em todos os tratamentos, com destaque para ET, ETA e AE. Para o farelo de girassol, os teores de ácido fítico foram reduzidos com os tratamentos A e AE. O tratamento AE removeu a maior quantidade de fenóis totais e taninos totais. Para o farelo de soja, o tratamento A foi o único a reduzir o teor de ácido fítico. O tratamento AE foi mais eficiente na remoção de fenóis totais e taninos totais para esse farelo. O tratamento AE representa a melhor alternativa para extração desses antinutrientes para os farelos de canola, girassol e soja.

The phytic acid, phenolic compounds and total tannins contents of canola, sunflower and soybean meals subjected to different chemical treatments were evaluated in this study, aiming its inclusion in fish diets. The treatments were: a) A: acidified water (pH 1.0); b) EMA: ethanol (absolute) + methanol (absolute) + water, (45:45:10 ratio); c) ET: acidified ethanol (absolute) (pH 1.0); d) ETA: ethanol (absolute) + water (70:30 ratio) pH 1.0; e) AE: acidified water (pH 1.0) + ethanol (absolute) used separately. For canola meal, phytic acid content raised when treatments EMA, ET and ETA were used. Treatments AE and ETA were more efficient for reducing phenolic compounds. Total tannins showed reduction under all treatments, but ET, ETA, and AE were more effective. For sunflower meal, A and AE reduced phytic acid content, while the other treatments caused an increase in this antinutrient. Total phenols and tannins were most reduced under AE treatment. For soybean meal, treatment A was the only which reduced phytic acid content. Treatment AE was the best on reducing total phenols and tannins for soybean meal. Treatment AE represents the best alternative for reducing phytic acid, total phenols and total tannins of canola, sunflower and soybean meals.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de farelos vegetais, submetidos ou não a tratamento químico para extração de antinutrientes, em dietas para jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Foram formuladas três dietas-teste com fontes proteicas na forma comercial sem tratamento - SNT, farelo de soja; CNT, farelo de canola; e GNT, farelo de girassol - e três dietas submetidas a tratamento para redução de ácido fítico, fenóis totais e taninos totais: ST, farelo de soja tratado; CT, farelo de canola tratado; e GT, farelo de girassol tratado. Os tratamentos CNT, CT, GNT e GT apresentaram menor digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. O tratamento ST apresentou maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta que CT e CNT, mas não diferiu dos demais tratamentos. Os tratamentos GNT, GT e CNT apresentaram as menores digestibilidades da matéria orgânica. A remoção de antinutrientes não afeta a digestibilidade aparente de proteína bruta, matéria seca e matéria orgânica dos farelos de soja e girassol, mas melhora a digestibilidade da matéria seca do farelo de canola.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of plant-protein meals, subjected or not to antinutrient extraction chemical treatment, in diets for South American catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Three test diets were formulated with protein sources in commercial form without treatment - SNT, soybean meal; CNT, canola meal; and GNT, sunflower meal - and three diets were subjected to treatment for reduction of phytic acid, total phenols, and tannins: ST, treated soybean meal; CT, treated canola meal; and GT, treated sunflower meal. The treatments CNT, CT, GNT, and GT had lower dry matter apparent digestibility. The treatment ST had higher crude protein digestibility than CT and CNT, but it did not differ from the other treatments. GNT, GT, and CNT treatments showed the lowest organic matter digestibility. Antinutrient removal does not affect the apparent digestibility of crude protein, dry matter, and organic matter of soybean and sunflower meal, but improves the dry matter digestibility of canola meal.