ABSTRACT Background: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are a major public health problem. Prompt reporting of suspected ADRs is fundamental in the post-marketing surveillance of medicines and helps in ensuring medicine safety. However, fewer ADRs are reported in general and in particular by community pharmacists. There is limited knowledge about the factors which are preventing community pharmacists in the UK from reporting an ADR. Objectives: To identify the barriers to ADR reporting among community pharmacists practicing in the UK. Methods: A cross sectional study using a 25-items questionnaire (both online and paper based) including 10 barriers to ADR reporting was conducted from 1st April 2012 to September 2012. Community pharmacists practicing in the West Midlands, UK, were approached for the participation in this study. Chi-Square and regression were applied to identify covariates for the barriers to ADR reporting. A significant value of 0.05 was assigned for analysis. Results: Of the 230 invited community pharmacists, 138 pharmacists responded (response rate 60%). The median age of respondents was 31 years. All pharmacists reported that they would report both serious and mild ADRs from drugs with black triangle among children as well as adults. About 95% (n=131) of the pharmacists were familiar with the paper based ADR reporting system. Store-based pharmacists were more likely to be more confident about which ADRs to report [0.680, 95% Confidence Interval 0.43-3.59]. Lack of time 46.4% (n=64), and pharmacists perception that ADR is not serious enough to report (65.2%; n=90) were identified as barriers to ADR reporting. Majority 63.0% (n=87) of the pharmacists identified training and information about what to report and access to Information Technology (IT) (For example access to internet connection) 61.6% (n=85) as facilitators to ADR reporting process. Conclusion: Lack of time and ADRs considered not serious enough by pharmacists to report were barriers to ADR reporting. Further training and education about the types of ADRs to be reported can help to improve the reporting of ADRs.

A integração comercial e financeira global fortaleceu a classe capitalista em relação ao proletariado em cada país ao permitir às transnacionais deslocar suas empresas para países em que o custo da mão de obra é menor. A crise colheu a América Latina pela fuga das divisas fortes, extinção do crédito externo e queda das exportações, das inversões estrangeiras e das remessas dos emigrados. A crise se generaliza com as demissões em massa, a difusão do pânico que faz o crédito encolher, derrubando as vendas de bens de maior valor e os investimentos. Os governos do Primeiro Mundo trataram de resgatar os seus bancos falidos, comprando parte do seu capital ou sua totalidade com recursos do Tesouro. No Brasil, o governo faz que os bancos públicos estendam o crédito aos setores abandonados pelos bancos privados e baixem os juros que cobram. Os governos latino-americanos estimulam o mercado interno a absorver a produção que não enontra mais compradores no exterior mediante redistribuição da renda e aumento do investimento público. Nos últimos seis anos, os emergentes cresceram 50%, enquanto os industrializados cresceram apenas 10%, o que ampliou o número de nações cuja coordenação é indispensável para que a crise mundial possa ser domada do G-7 para o G-20. Uma das lições da crise é que, em lugar da globalização financeira, o povo de cada país deve ter o direito de decidir como seu excedente social deve ser administrado. A guarda do dinheiro do público e o seu empréstimo a investidores e consumidores devem ser reservados ao poder público e a entidades associativas sem fins de lucro.

Global commercial and financial integration has strengthened the capitalist class in comparison with the proletariat around the globe as it permitted multinationals to relocate their companies to countries in which the cost of the labor force was lower. The crisis reached Latin America through the flight of capital, disappearance of external credit and a drop in exports, foreign investment and emigrant remittances. The crisis spread due to mass job redundancies, diffusion of panic which negatively affected credit availability and decreased sales of higher added value goods and investments. Developed-countries governments rescued their bankrupt banks acquiring part of their capital or even the entire institution with Treasury resources. In Brazil, the government forced public banks to extend credit to the sectors that had been abandoned by the private market and to decrease their interest rates. Latin-American governments stimulated the domestic market to absorb the production that could no longer find buyers abroad in return for redistribution of income and increase of public investment. In the last six years, emerging economies have grown 50% while industrialized countries have grown only 10%. Such fact has enlarged the number of nations that must be coordinated to tackle the global crisis from seven (G7) to twenty (G20). One of the lessons to be learned from the crisis is that instead of financial globalization, the people of each country must have the right to decide how their social surplus must be managed. Monitoring the use of public money as well as public loans to investors and consumers must be the role of the public authorities and not-for-profit organizations only.

A economia solidária para ser competitiva no mercado capitalista não pode se furtar à concentração que incorpora progresso técnico. Experiências vêm demonstrando que cada associação ou cooperativa tem de atingir um tamanho em que ela possa resgatar seus membros da pobreza e acumular sobras que multipliquem fontes de trabalho e renda solidários. Para a economia solidária a conglomeração deve ser fácil porque a solidariedade torna natural a associação entre cooperativas.

To be competitive in the capitalist market the supportive economy should not allow itself to lose their concentration incorporated in the technical progress being made. Experiences show that each association or cooperative should reach a certain size to be able to rescue its members from poverty and accumulate excesses that multiply springs of work and supportive fields. Accumulation should be an easy feat for the supportive economy because solidarity ends up becoming natural to associations between cooperatives.

L'économie solidaire pour être compétitive sur le marché capitaliste ne peut se dérober à la concentration qui incorpore le progrès technique. Les expériences montrent que chaque association ou coopérative doit atteindre une taille qui lui permette de délivrer ses membres de la pauvreté et accumuler des excédents pour multiplier les sources de travail et revenus solidaires. Pour l'économie solidaire le conglomérat doit être facile car la solidarité rend l'association entre les coopératives naturelle.

RESUMO Este ensaio começa com um histórico das relações entre orçamento e democracia, desde a aurora do estado moderno e do liberalismo até hoje. As várias ideologias orçamentárias - desde o dogma do orçamento equilibrado até o orçamento redistributivo do Estado do Bem-Estar Social - são examinadas. Passam-se em revista, a seguir, as práticas orçamentárias atuais, no contexto da tendência geral à descentralização, com o aumento da autonomia e dos recursos dos governos locais. A discussão culmina finalmente, na participação dos setores organizados da sociedade civil na elaboração e execução orçamentária, examinando-se alternativas ao predomínio dos interesses corporativos e grupais sobre o interesse geral.

ABSTRACT This essay begins with a history of the relationship between budgeting and democracy, from the dawn of the modern state and liberalism to today. The various budgetary ideologies - from the balanced budget dogma to the welfare state’s redistributive budget - are examined. Current budgetary practices are reviewed below, in the context of the general trend towards decentralization, with increased autonomy and resources from local governments. The discussion finally culminates in the participation of organized sectors of civil society in budget preparation and execution, examining alternatives to the predominance of corporate and group interests over the general interest.