Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento da COVID-19 adotadas por gestores municipais de saúde em duas regiões. Estudo de método misto do tipo explanatório sequencial, realizado com gestores municipais de saúde e coordenadores da atenção primária. A etapa quantitativa foi desenvolvida com a aplicação de instrumento a 42 gestores, para identificação de ações de enfrentamento e associação com dados demográficos e epidemiológicos da COVID-19 nos municípios. Os resultados direcionaram à definição de 15 participantes e à coleta de dados na etapa qualitativa, possibilitando aproximação das metainferências do estudo. Das ações implantadas, foram unânimes as ações de monitoramento dos casos, organização de novos fluxos de atendimento e estímulo à adoção de medidas não farmacológicas pela população. A articulação regional foi o dispositivo que permitiu ampliação e autonomia municipal para a testagem, com redução de contaminação e óbitos nos munícipes. As estratégias municipais de enfrentamento que tiveram foco na vigilância dos casos e na ampliação da testagem apresentaram desfechos positivos no que se refere a número de óbitos por COVID-19.

Abstract This article aims to analyse the COVID-19 coping strategies adopted by municipal health managers in two regions. A mixed method study of the sequential explanatory type was carried out with municipal health managers and primary care coordinators. The quantitative stage was developed with the application of an instrument to 42 managers to identify coping actions and associations with demographic and epidemiological data of COVID-19 in the municipalities. The results aimed at the definition of 15 participants and the collection of data in the qualitative stage, enabling approximation of the meta inferences of the study. Of the actions implemented, there were immediate actions to monitor cases, organize new care flows and encourage the population to adopt nonpharmacological measures. Regional articulation was the device that allowed for expansion and municipal autonomy for testing, reducing contamination and deaths among citizens. Municipal coping strategies that focused on the surveillance of cases and expansion of testing showed positive outcomes in terms of the number of infections and deaths from COVID-19.

Abstract This article aims to analyse the COVID-19 coping strategies adopted by municipal health managers in two regions. A mixed method study of the sequential explanatory type was carried out with municipal health managers and primary care coordinators. The quantitative stage was developed with the application of an instrument to 42 managers to identify coping actions and associations with demographic and epidemiological data of COVID-19 in the municipalities. The results aimed at the definition of 15 participants and the collection of data in the qualitative stage, enabling approximation of the meta inferences of the study. Of the actions implemented, there were immediate actions to monitor cases, organize new care flows and encourage the population to adopt nonpharmacological measures. Regional articulation was the device that allowed for expansion and municipal autonomy for testing, reducing contamination and deaths among citizens. Municipal coping strategies that focused on the surveillance of cases and expansion of testing showed positive outcomes in terms of the number of infections and deaths from COVID-19.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento da COVID-19 adotadas por gestores municipais de saúde em duas regiões. Estudo de método misto do tipo explanatório sequencial, realizado com gestores municipais de saúde e coordenadores da atenção primária. A etapa quantitativa foi desenvolvida com a aplicação de instrumento a 42 gestores, para identificação de ações de enfrentamento e associação com dados demográficos e epidemiológicos da COVID-19 nos municípios. Os resultados direcionaram à definição de 15 participantes e à coleta de dados na etapa qualitativa, possibilitando aproximação das metainferências do estudo. Das ações implantadas, foram unânimes as ações de monitoramento dos casos, organização de novos fluxos de atendimento e estímulo à adoção de medidas não farmacológicas pela população. A articulação regional foi o dispositivo que permitiu ampliação e autonomia municipal para a testagem, com redução de contaminação e óbitos nos munícipes. As estratégias municipais de enfrentamento que tiveram foco na vigilância dos casos e na ampliação da testagem apresentaram desfechos positivos no que se refere a número de óbitos por COVID-19.

Abstract Background The evaluation of household contacts of leprosy cases allows the early diagnosis of new cases. Objective To associate the results of the ML Flow test with the clinical characteristics of leprosy cases and to verify their positivity in household contacts, in addition to describing the epidemiological profile of both. Methods Prospective study with patients diagnosed over the course of one year (n = 26), without prior treatment, and their household contacts (n = 44) in six municipalities in northwestern São Paulo, Brazil. Results There was a predominance of men among the leprosy cases, of 61.5% (16/26); 77% (20/26) were over 35 years old; 86.4% (22/26) were multibacillary; 61.5% (16/26) had a positive bacilloscopy; and 65.4% (17/26) had no physical disability. The ML Flow test was positive in 53.8% (14/26) of the leprosy cases and was associated with those who had a positive bacilloscopy and were diagnosed as multibacillary (p-value <0.05). Among the household contacts, 52.3% (23/44) were women and aged over 35 years; 81.8% (36/44) had been vaccinated with BCG ‒ Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The ML Flow test was positive in 27.3% (12/44) of household contacts, all of whom lived with multibacillary cases; seven lived with positive bacilloscopy cases and six with consanguineous cases. Study limitations Difficulty in convincing the contacts to undergo the evaluation and collection of the clinical sample. Conclusion The ML Flow test, when positive in household contacts, can help the identification of cases that require more attention by the health team, as it indicates a predisposition to disease development, especially when they are household contacts of multibacillary cases, with positive bacilloscopy and consanguineous. The ML Flow test also helps in the correct clinical classification of the leprosy cases.

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is considered one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10,000 live births. Testing for SMA has been recommended for inclusion in neonatal screening (NBS) panels since there are several therapies available and there is evidence of greater efficacy when introduced in the pre/early symptomatic phases. In Brazil, the National Neonatal Screening Program tests for six diseases, with a new law issued in 2021 stating that it should incorporate more diseases, including SMA. In the present study, dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected by the Reference Services of Neonatal Screening of RS and SP, to perform the conventional test were also screened for SMA, using real-time PCR, with SALSA MC002 technique. A total of 40,000 samples were analyzed, enabling the identification of four positive cases of SMA, that were confirmed by MLPA. Considering our sampling, Brazil seems to have an incidence comparable to the described in other regions. This work demonstrated that the use of the MC002 technique in samples routinely collected for the conventional NBS program is suitable to screen for SMA in our conditions and can be included in the expansion of the neonatal screening programs.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze associations between moral distress and ethical issues experienced by nurses during COVID-19. Method: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional study, carried out with 101 nurses working in university hospitals, between March and May 2022, through socio-occupational issues, ethical implications that lead to moral distress, and the Ethical Issues Experienced by Nurses in Emergency Questionnaire, adapted and validated for Brazilians. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson’s chi-square and multiple linear regression were used, and p<0.05 was adopted. Results: the 9 elements attributed to ethical implications were classified with some degree of importance for moral distress, with the highest average in the following items: I feel a commitment, responsibility and moral obligation to provide care to the infected population (4.26) and I have the knowledge or experience to work on the frontline of COVID-19 (3.44). The association of moral distress with ethical issues showed that individuals who attributed high importance to ethical implications also had ethical issues at a moderate/high level, emphasizing a higher mean in questions of “patient care” (4.07). It was evident that participants’ moral distress was more affected by the following constructs: “perception of hospital measures against COVID-19” (p=.000), “ethical issues in patient care” (p=.000) and “perception of social stigmatization” (p=.000). Conclusion: when relating ethical issues to moral distress, it was possible to show that COVID-19 generated an abrupt change in nurses’ work routine, which hinders adequate decision-making in situations involving issues beyond care, but also at a professional and organizational level, leading to the experience of moral distress.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar asociaciones entre sufrimiento moral y problemas éticos vividos por enfermeros durante la COVID-19. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, realizado con 101 enfermeros que actúan en hospitales universitarios, entre marzo y mayo de 2022, a través de cuestiones sociolaborales, implicaciones éticas que conducen al sufrimiento moral y del Ethical Issues Experienced by Nurses in Emergency Questionnaire, adaptado y validado para brasileños. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, ANOVA, chi-cuadrado de Pearson y regresión lineal múltiple, y se adoptó p<0,05. Resultados: los 9 elementos atribuidos a implicaciones éticas fueron clasificados con algún grado de importancia para el sufrimiento moral, con mayor promedio en los siguientes ítems: Siento compromiso, responsabilidad y obligación moral de brindar atención a la población infectada (4,26) y tengo conocimiento o experiencia para actuar en la primera línea de COVID-19 (3,44). La asociación del sufrimiento moral con los problemas éticos mostró que los individuos que atribuían alta importancia a las implicaciones éticas también presentaban problemas éticos en un nivel moderado/alto, destacando un promedio más alto en cuestiones de “atención al paciente” (4,07). Se evidenció que el malestar moral de los participantes se vio más afectado por los siguientes constructos: “percepción de las medidas hospitalarias frente al COVID-19” (p=,000), “problemas éticos en la atención al paciente” (p=.000) y “percepción de estigmatización social” (p=,000). Conclusión: al relacionar los problemas éticos con el sufrimiento moral, se pudo evidenciar que el COVID-19 generó un cambio abrupto en la rutina de trabajo de los enfermeros, lo que dificulta la toma de decisiones adecuadas en situaciones que involucran cuestiones más allá del cuidado, pero también a nivel profesional y organizacional que lleva a la experiencia del sufrimiento moral.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar associações entre sofrimento moral e problemas éticos vivenciados por enfermeiros durante à COVID-19. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado com 101 enfermeiros atuantes em hospitais universitários entre março e maio de 2022, por meio de questões sociolaborais, implicações éticas que levam ao sofrimento moral e do Ethical Problems Experienced By Nurses In Emergency Questionnaire adaptado e validado para brasileiros. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, ANOVA, Qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão linear múltipla, e adotou-se p<0,05. Resultados: os 09 elementos atribuídos às implicações éticas foram classificados com algum grau de importância para o sofrimento moral, apresentando maior média nos seguintes itens: sinto compromisso, responsabilidade e obrigação moral em prestar cuidados à população infectada (4,26) e possuo conhecimento ou experiência para atuar na linha de frente à COVID-19 (3,44). A associação do sofrimento moral aos problemas éticos demonstrou que os indivíduos que atribuíram alta importância às implicações éticas também apresentavam problemas éticos em nível moderado/alto, ressaltando maior média nas questões de “cuidado ao paciente” (4,07). Evidenciou-se que o sofrimento moral dos participantes foi mais afetado pelos seguintes construtos: “percepção das medidas hospitalares contra a COVID-19” (p=,000), “problemas éticos no atendimento a pacientes” (p=,000) e “percepção da estigmatização social” (p=,000). Conclusão: ao relacionar os problemas éticos ao sofrimento moral, foi possível evidenciar que a COVID-19 gerou uma mudança abrupta na rotina de trabalho dos enfermeiros, o que dificulta a tomada de decisão adequada diante situações que envolve questões além do cuidado, mas também em nível profissional e organizacional levando a vivência de sofrimento moral.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the ethical issues experienced by nurses in the care for patients with COVID-19 and the factors that influence their occurrence. Method: This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study, carried out between February and May 2022 with 101 nurses from two university hospitals, through the socio-occupational Ethical issues Experienced by Nurses in Emergency Questionnaire, adapted and validated for Brazilians. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson’s correlation test and linear regression were performed, adopting p-value. Results: Ethical issues related to concern and stress in caring for infected patients were evidenced, being influenced by perception of social stigmatization (p = .003) and perception of hospital measures (p = .000). Agreement with infection control measures (4.46) and perception of hospital measures against COVID-19 (3.26) were factors with the highest mean between the constructs. Conclusion: Nurses are faced with ethical issues in the face of concern and stress in caring for patients with COVID-19, who are affected by social issues and assistance. It is essential to support them, promoting their mental and social well-being to deal with new emergency situations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los problemas éticos vividos por los enfermeros en el cuidado de pacientes con COVID-19 y los factores que influyen en su ocurrencia. Método: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado entre febrero y mayo de 2022 con 101 enfermeros de dos hospitales universitarios, utilizando el cuestionario sociolaboral semiestructurado Ethical Problems Experienced by Nurses in Emergency Questionnaire, adaptado y validado para brasileños. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo, prueba de correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal, adoptando p-valor. Resultados: Se evidenciaron problemas éticos relacionados con la preocupación y el estrés en el cuidado de pacientes infectados, siendo influenciados por la percepción de estigmatización social (p = .003) y percepción de medidas hospitalarias (p = .000). La concordancia con las medidas de control de infecciones (4,46) y la percepción de las medidas hospitalarias frente a la COVID-19 (3,26) fueron los factores con mayor promedio entre los constructos. Conclusión: Los enfermeros se enfrentan a problemas éticos ante la preocupación y el estrés en el cuidado de los pacientes con COVID-19, que se ven afectados por cuestiones sociales y asistenciales. Es fundamental apoyarles, promoviendo su bienestar mental y social para afrontar nuevas situaciones de emergencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os problemas éticos vivenciados por enfermeiros no atendimento ao paciente com COVID-19 e os fatores que influenciam a sua ocorrência. Método: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado entre fevereiro e maio de 2022 com 101 enfermeiros de dois hospitais universitários, através do questionário semiestruturado sociolaboral Ethical Problems Experienced by Nurses in Emergency Questionnaire, adaptado e validado para brasileiros. Realizaram-se análise estatística descritiva, teste de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear, adotando-se p-valor. Resultados: Evidenciaram-se problemas éticos referente à preocupação e ao estresse no cuidado a pacientes infectados, sendo influenciados pela percepção da estigmatização social (p = ,003) e percepção de medidas hospitalares (p = ,000). Concordância com as medidas de controle de infecção (4,46) e percepção das medidas hospitalares contra a COVID-19 (3,26) foram fatores com maior média entre os construtos. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros deparam-se com problemas éticos diante da preocupação e do estresse no atendimento aos pacientes com COVID-19, que são afetados por questões sociais e assistências. É essencial apoiá-los, promovendo o seu bem-estar mental e social para lidar com novas situações emergenciais.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of basil, marjoram, nutmeg, and oregano essential oils to use the essential oil with better results for Quark-type cheese preservation. To verify the shelf life of Quark-type cheese without essential oil (CTL) and Quark-type cheese added with 0.05% essential oil (OE), microbiological and physicochemical analyses were performed for 35 days (4 °C). The acceptability of the product was also evaluated. The oregano essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity in the disk-diffusion test (34.0 to 51.0 mm), and lower values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against all species of bacteria tested. A lower mold and yeast count (p < 0.05) was observed during storage in OE denoting a positive effect in delaying its deterioration. On the other hand, there was no difference (p > 0.05) between the CTL and OE count of total mesophiles and Enterobacteriaceae. For the physicochemical parameters evaluated, there were no significant differences between the CTL and OE, thus denoting that the typical characteristics of this cheese were maintained. The Quark-type cheese added with oregano essential oil also showed good acceptability (> 7), which is a way to preserve the product with a natural additive.

Abstract Effects were assessed of the dilutants TRIS and ACP - 101c® with the addition of different guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) egg yolk concentrations. Fifteen ejaculates were collected from five goats of the Anglo Nubian breed. The ejaculates were pooled and then divided into 12 groups, two control groups (GC1 TRIS, with 2.5% Gallus gallus domesticus hen egg yolk GOGD), (GC2 Control Group ACP - 101c®, with the addition of 2.5% Gallus gallus domesticus hen egg yolk GOGD) and ten experimental groups (EG), containing TRIS and ACP added with different concentrations of egg yolk from guinea hen (Numida meleagris) (TRIS 2,5% GONM; TRIS 5% GONM; TRIS 10% GONM; TRIS 15% GONM; TRIS 20% GONM; ACP® 2,5% GONM; ACP® 5% GONM; ACP® 10% GONM; ACP® 15% GONM; ACP® 20% GONM). Then cryopreservation was carried out and the samples stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). After seven days, the samples were thawed and assessed for spermatic kinetics, immunofluorescence and sperm morphology. Analysis of GOMN by the CASA system showed that the various parameters were similar to those of GOGD (P>0.05). The membrane integrity, mitochondrial potential and the acrosome were not influenced by the treatment (P>0.05) nor by the dilutant used for cryopreservation (P>0.05). The spermatic morphology was also preserved by the different GOGD and GONM concentrations in the ACP® and TRIS dilutants, with no statistically significant differences (P<0.05). It was concluded that Numida meleagris egg yolk, as external membrane cryoproctant added to the dilutants ACP-101c® and TRIS, improved goat semen quality.

Abstract Ayahuasca (AYA) is a psychedelic beverage with therapeutic potential for many mood and anxiety disorders. Although there are some preclinical studies, no published reports have tested the behavioral effects of AYA gavage in animal models. This investigation aimed to characterize the behavior of Wistar rats after acute ingestion of AYA for 40 min in the open field test (OFT). The sample consisted of three experimental groups treated with different dosages of AYA (125, 250, or 500 mg kg-1) and a control group. Each group consisted of 10 participants. After gavage, the number of crossings of the OFT grid lines, latency to enter the central area of the device, grooming frequency, and time spent in the central perimeter of the device were immediately evaluated. Analyses were based on one-way ANOVA and a linear-regression mixture model for longitudinal data. AYA intake did not interfere with habituation. The 500 mg kg-1 group showed a decrease in the time spent in the center of the device and in the number of crossings compared to the control group in the last 10 min. These results suggest that gavage with AYA did not interfere with the results, and the behavioral effects were perceived only between 30 and 40 min after gavage. Taken together, the results indicate that three aspects should be considered in OFT studies of AYA acute effects: the moment when the observation starts, the observation period, and the AYA dosage.

ABSTRACT Background: Depression is a highly disabling common mental disorder and, due to its multifactorial nature, the development of effective therapies is challenging and of great relevance. Ayahuasca (AYA), an entheogenic traditional beverage, has emerged as an alternative for antidepressant treatment, however, AYA preclinical and clinical trials are still incipient. Objectives: This investigation aimed to evaluate some behavioral and biochemical effects of AYA subchronic administration in rats submitted to a model of depression elicited by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Methods: 500 mg/kg of AYA was administered in adult male rats once a day for 15 days before submitting the animals to UCMS. Anhedonia-like and locomotion behavior, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and sulfhydryl/nitrite content were evaluated. Results: AYA intake failed to prevent anhedonia-like behavior. Locomotion was not altered by AYA consumption or by the experimental condition. UCMS increased TBARS and nitrites levels, decreased the levels of catalase in the cerebral cortex and of Sulfhydryl in the hippocampus. AYA treatment counteracted these biochemical alterations but did not display any alterations in non-stressed rats. Conclusions: Taken together, results indicate an adaptogenic antioxidant molecular mechanism of AYA in relation to depression induced by stress.

RESUMO Introdução: O adenoma pleomorfo é a neoplasia benigna de glândula salivar mais comum, podendo acometer glândulas salivares maiores e menores. Essa neoplasia ocorre em uma ampla faixa etária, e se caracteriza por uma ampla variabilidade clinico-patológica e por altas taxas de recorrência. Objetivo: Relatar um caso de um adenoma pleomorfo, com enfoque nos aspectos clinico-patológicos, diagnóstico diferencial e manejo clínico. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 72 anos, exibiu lesão nodular, bem delimitada, localizada em fundo de sulco maxilar esquerdo, com tempo de evolução de quatro anos. A biópsia excisional foi realizada, e as hipóteses diagnósticas de hiperplasia linfoide, adenoma pleomorfo e lipoma foram consideradas, sendo esta última reforçada pelo fato de ter flutuado em formol. Sob análise microscópica, observou-se uma proliferação de células epiteliais e mioepiteliais em meio a um estroma variável. Com isso, o diagnóstico histopatológico de adenoma pleomorfo foi emitido. Conclusão: O presente estudo enaltece a importância da realização de análise histopatológica criteriosa para exclusão de outras hipóteses diagnósticas e neoplasias malignas. Dessa forma, a partir da associação dos achados clínicos e microscópicos, é possível obter um diagnóstico correto, guiando, consequentemente, na adoção de uma conduta terapêutica adequada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland neoplasm. It may affect major and minor salivary glands. It presents at a broad age range and is characterized by great clinical and pathological variability and high recurrence rates. Objective: Describe a case of pleomorphic adenoma, with emphasis on clinical and pathological aspects, differential diagnosis and clinical management. Case report: A male 72-year-old patient presents with a well-defined nodular lesion in the lower section of the left maxillary groove with a time of evolution of four years. Excisional biopsy was performed. The diagnostic hypotheses considered were lymphoid hyperplasia, pleomorphic adenoma and lipoma, with greater attention to the latter, due to the fact that it floated in formaldehyde. Microscopic examination revealed proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells amidst a variable stroma. Thus, a histopathological diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma was issued. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of careful histopathological examination to rule out other diagnostic hypotheses and malignant neoplasms. Next, clinical and microscopic findings will lead to an accurate diagnosis indispensable to adopt an appropriate therapeutic approach.

RESUMEN Introducción: El adenoma pleomórfico es la neoplasia benigna de glándulas salivales más común, que puede afectar a las glándulas salivales mayores y menores. Esta neoplasia se presenta en un amplio grupo de edad y se caracteriza por una amplia variabilidad clínica y patológica y altas tasas de recurrencia. Objetivo: Describir un caso de adenoma pleomórfico, con énfasis en aspectos clínicos y patológicos, diagnóstico diferencial y manejo clínico. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino, de 72 años, que presentó una lesión nodular bien definida ubicada en la parte inferior del surco maxilar izquierdo, con un tiempo de evolución de cuatro años. Se realizó una biopsia escisional. Se consideraron las hipótesis diagnósticas de hiperplasia linfoide, adenoma pleomórfico y lipoma, con mayor atención este último por el hecho de que flotaba en formaldehído. Bajo análisis microscópico, se observó una proliferación de células epiteliales y mioepiteliales en medio de un estroma variable. Por lo tanto, se emitió el diagnóstico histopatológico de adenoma pleomorfo. Conclusión: El presente estudio destaca la importancia de llevar a cabo un cuidadoso análisis histopatológico para excluir otras hipótesis diagnósticas y neoplasias malignas. Luego, con base en la asociación de hallazgos clínicos y microscópicos, es posible obtener un diagnóstico correcto, imprescindible en la adopción de un enfoque terapéutico apropiado.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope) is among the main prognostic factors of Chagas cardiomyopathy whose determinants remain unknown. METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy were evaluated using clinical assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise test, echocardiography, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: Age, functional class, International Physical Activity Questionnaire score, and dilated cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction were independent determinants of VE/VCO2 slope, and these variables explained 63% of its variance. CONCLUSIONS: The VE/VCO2 slope was related to age, functional class, physical activity level, and dilated cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy.

SUMMARY: Ecological succession is one of the most important processes in forest ecosystems, still poorly understood in the highland Araucaria forests of Southern Brazil. Here we investigated this process by describing functional composition changes in response to a vegetation successional mosaic in four forest fragments in the municipality of Urubici, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Two fragments were classified as in advanced stage of succession and two were classified in early stage. The following functional traits were determined: wood density, leaf area, specific leaf area, dispersal syndrome and leaf phenology. For each fragment, we determined the community weighted mean (CWM) and the functional diversity (RaoQ). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t and Mann-Whitney tests and Principal Components Analysis. We found that the successional stage is a relevant source of functional heterogeneity. At the advanced-successional stage, tree communities have harder woods, more membranous and semi-deciduous leaves and higher functional diversity. Conversely, at the early successional stages, forests have softer wood, more coriaceous leaves and lower functional diversity. We concluded that the studied forests showed a high functional composition heterogeneity, partially determined by a successional mosaic. While perennial species with lower values of specific leaf area and wood density predominated in the early successional areas, semi-deciduous species with higher values of specific leaf area and wood density prevailed in the late successional ones.

RESUMEN: La sucesión ecológica es uno de los procesos más importantes en los ecosistemas forestales, aún poco conocido en los bosques de Araucaria del sur de Brasil. Con el objetivo de evaluar la organización funcional del componente arbóreo en diferentes estados sucesionales, el presente estudio fue realizado en cuatro fragmentos de bosque de araucaria de alta montaña en el Parque Nacional São Joaquim, en el municipio de Urubici, estado de Santa Catarina. Dos fragmentos fueron considerados en avanzado estado de sucesión y dos en una etapa inicial. Se determinaron los siguientes atributos funcionales: densidad de madera, área foliar, área foliar específica, síndrome de dispersión y régimen de renovación foliar. Para cada fragmento, se determinaron la media ponderada de las comunidades (CWM) y la diversidad funcional (RaoQ). Los datos fueron analizados por medio de estadísticas descriptivas, pruebas t y Mann-Whitney, y análisis de componentes principales. Observamos que la etapa sucesional es una fuente relevante de heterogeneidad funcional. En la fase de sucesión avanzada, las comunidades arbóreas tienen maderas más duras, hojas más membranosas y semicaducifolias, y una mayor diversidad funcional. En las fases sucesionales iniciales, los bosques tienen una madera más suave, hojas más coriáceas y una menor diversidad funcional. Concluimos que los bosques estudiados mostraban una alta heterogeneidad de composición funcional, parcialmente determinada por el mosaico sucesional. Mientras que las especies perennes con valores más bajos de área foliar específica y de densidad de madera predominaron en las partes de sucesión inicial, las especies semicaducifolias con valores más altos de área foliar específica y de densidad de madera prevalecieron en las de sucesión tardía.

Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender as representações sociais de pais sobre suas dificuldades e estratégias utilizadas nas aulas remotas oferecidas aos seus filhos. Participaram 147 pais/responsáveis de filhos em situação de ensino remoto. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se questionário sociodemográfico e Teste de Evocação Livre de Palavras. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise prototípica. Os resultados apontaram dificuldades com: internet, administração do tempo, concentração e conciliação do estudo/trabalho. As estratégias adotadas foram: organização da rotina e do local de trabalho e estudo, conversas e acompanhamento das atividades dos filhos. Considerou-se que estes pais precisam de mais informação e melhor suporte escolar.

Abstract: The research’s objective is to understand the social representations of parents about their difficulties and offered to their children. 147 parents/guardians of children in remote education participated. For data collection, a sociodemographic questionnaire and Free Word Evocation Test were used. The data were analyzed using prototypical analysis. The results showed difficulties with the internet, time management, concentration, and reconciliation of the study/work. The strategies adopted were: organization of the routine and the workplace and study, conversations, and monitoring of the children’s activities. It was considered that these parents need more information and better school support.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the elements of moral sensitivity held by nurses working in a medical clinic unit. Method: this exploratory-descriptive study with a qualitative approach addressed 18 nurses from a medical clinic of a university hospital located in southern Brazil using semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using discursive textual analysis. Results: data were structured into six categories: relational orientation; experiencing moral dilemmas; following rules; benevolent motivation; structuring moral meaning; and autonomy. These categories enabled the identification of important elements of moral sensitivity, such as acknowledging the ethical dimension of one’s attitudes, acknowledging the uniqueness of each patient, dealing with conflict between workers and patients and/or their companions, adapting to the workplace, empathy, dialogue, clinical decision-making, meeting the needs of patients, understanding patients’ health condition, respect, welcoming patients’ desires and providing guidance that concerns patients’ requests and refusals. Conclusion: the elements of moral sensitivity identified in this study contribute to support nurses when making clinical decisions, especially when facing ethical issues arising in a medical clinic setting.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los elementos de sensibilidad moral presentes en las enfermeras que trabajan en una Unidad de Clínica Médica. Método: investigación cualitativa, descriptiva exploratoria, desarrollada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas analizadas mediante análisis discursivo textual, con 18 enfermeras trabajando en la unidad de clínica médica de un hospital universitario en el sur de Brasil. Resultados: se estructuran en seis categorías: orientación relacional; experimentando conflicto moral; seguir las reglas; motivación benevolente; Estructuración del significado moral y la autonomía que permitieron identificar elementos importantes de la sensibilidad moral, como el reconocimiento de la dimensión ética de las actitudes, el reconocimiento de la singularidad de los pacientes, la forma de hacer frente a los conflictos entre el profesional y el paciente y / o compañero, la adaptación en el entorno de trabajo. , empatía, diálogo, toma de decisiones clínicas, satisfacción de las necesidades de los pacientes, comprensión de su estado de salud, respeto, bienvenida a sus deseos y orientación con respecto a sus solicitudes y rechazos. Conclusión: los elementos de sensibilidad moral identificados en este estudio contribuyen a que las enfermeras puedan tomar decisiones clínicas, especialmente frente a problemas éticos experimentados en el entorno de la clínica médica.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os elementos da sensibilidade moral presentes em enfermeiros atuantes em uma Unidade de Clínica Médica. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo exploratório-descritiva, desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas analisadas mediante análise textual discursiva, com 18 enfermeiros atuantes na unidade de clínica médica de um hospital universitário do sul do Brasil. Resultados: se estruturam em seis categorias: orientação relacional; experimentando o conflito moral; seguir regras; motivação benevolente; estruturação do significado moral e autonomia a qual foi possível identificar importantes elementos da sensibilidade moral como reconhecimento a dimensão ética das atitudes, reconhecer a singularidade dos pacientes, a forma de enfrentamento dos conflitos entre profissional e paciente e/ou acompanhante, adaptação no ambiente de trabalho, empatia, diálogo, tomada de decisão clínica, atendimento as necessidades dos pacientes, compreensão da sua condição de saúde, respeito, acolhimento aos seus desejos e orientação quanto as suas solicitações e recusas. Conclusão: os elementos da sensibilidade moral identificados nesse estudo contribuem para habilitar os enfermeiros para a tomada de decisão clínica, principalmente diante de problemas éticos vivenciados no ambiente de clínica médica.