Abstract Background: Elderly patients may present with visual function impairment after surgery, which may increase the incidence of postoperative delirium and falls and decrease their quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess visual function in elderly patients after long-duration nonocular surgery to determine the incidence and risk factors for visual function impairment after surgery. Methods: This prospective and observational study included patients aged between 60 and 80 years who had been scheduled for elective non-ocular surgery expected to last longer than 120 minutes under general anaesthesia. Ocular examinations were performed before surgery, on post-operative day 3 and on post-operative day 21 and consisted of a LogMAR-Snellen chart test, a Jager chart test, biomicroscopy, optical tonometry, ocular motility assessment and fundoscopy. Baseline characteristics of all patients as well as intraoperative and postoperative data were collected. Results: A total of 107 patients were included in the final analysis. Visual function impairment was diagnosed in 21 patients (19.6%) at POD 3. Of those, 7 patients (6.5%) still presented with visual changes at POD 21. On POD 3, compared with that at baseline, visual acuity assessed by the Snellen chart test had decreased in these patients. Significant differences regarding refraction tests and intraocular pressure measures were also found. Multivariable analysis identified diabetes mellitus, duration of surgery, hypotension during anaesthesia induction, lower peripheral oxygen saturation at the end of the procedure and body mass index as independent risk factors for postoperative visual impairment. Conclusion: In elderly patients undergoing long-duration non-ocular procedures under general anaesthesia, the incidence of visual function impairment was considerably high. Most patients recovered to baseline visual function, but clinically significant visual changes may still be present 3 weeks after surgery. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and the duration of surgical and anaesthetic techniques appear to increase the risk of visual impairment after surgery.

BACKGROUND Non-human primates contribute to the spread of the yellow fever virus (YFV) and the establishment of transmission cycles in endemic areas. OBJECTIVE To describe the severe histopathological aspects of YFV infection, 10 squirrel monkeys were infected with YFV and blood, brain, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, lymph node and stomach were collected at 1-7, 10, 20 and 30 days post-infection (dpi). METHODS Histopathological analysis and detection of the genome and viral antigens and neutralising antibodies were performed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and neutralisation test, respectively. FINDINGS Only one animal died from the experimental infection. The genome and viral antigens were detected in all investigated organs (1-30 dpi) and the neutralising antibodies from seven to 30 dpi. The brain contained perivascular haemorrhage (6 dpi); in the liver, midzonal haemorrhage and lytic necrosis (6 dpi) were observed. The kidney had bleeding in the Bowman’s capsule and tubular necrosis (6 dpi). Pyknotic lymphocytes were observed in the spleen (1-20 dpi), the lung had haemorrhage (2-6 dpi), in the endocardium it contained nuclear pyknosis and necrosis (2-3 dpi) and the stomach contained blood in the lumen (6 dpi). MAIN FINDINGS Squirrel monkeys reliably reproduced the responses observed in human cases of yellow fever and, therefore, constitute an excellent experimental model for studies on the pathophysiology of the disease.

RESUMO O milho-pipoca apresenta alta suscetibilidade a helmintosporiose (Bipolaris maydis) (h-Bm). O melhoramento genético desta cultura deve priorizar a resistência a h-Bm e desenvolver cultivares que ofereçam maior sustentabilidade ao cultivo, principalmente em solos com escassez de fósforo (P). O P-mineral normalmente é suprido à cultura do milho pela aplicação de adubos fosfatados, produzidos a partir de fontes de minério rico em P, cujas reservas naturais se esgotarão a médio prazo. Com o objetivo de selecionar genótipos de milho-pipoca resistentes a h-Bm e com maior capacidade de aproveitamento de fósforo (P), este trabalho avaliou a incidência e a severidade a h-Bm de 25 linhagens (S7) de milho-pipoca, cultivadas em ambientes de alto e baixo fósforo. Houve interação significativa entre genótipo (linhagem) e adubação de P para resistência a h-Bm, expressa pelos valores de severidade da doença na folha da primeira espiga. Observou-se variabilidade genética quanto à resistência a doença. A análise de incidência identifica as Linhagens L-65 L-69, L-70 e L-76 como genótipos potencialmente resistentes, apresentando baixos valores médios de h-Bm. A avaliação de severidade, no entanto, apresenta como potencialmente resistentes, as linhagens L-69, L-76, P-3 e P-7 tanto em ambiente com adubação de P quanto em ambiente sem a adubação. A união das informações obtidas mostra que as linhagens L-69, L-76 foram as que tiveram melhor desempenho quanto a resistência em ambos os ambientes. Conclui-se que a resistência genética a h-Bm pode, de algum modo, correlacionar-se com a resposta a adubação de P no plantio, em solos de baixa fertilidade natural.

ABSTRACT Popcorn culture is highly susceptible to helminthosporiosis (Bipolaris maydis) (h-Bm). The genetic breeding of this culture should prioritize resistance to h-Bm and develop cultivars that offer greater crop sustainability, especially in soils with phosphorus (P) scarcity. P-mineral is usually supplied to maize culture by the application of phosphate fertilizers, which are produced from mineral sources rich in P, the natural reserves of which will be depleted in the medium term. With the aim of selecting popcorn genotypes resistant to h-Bm and with higher P utilization capacity, the present study evaluated h-Bm incidence and severity for 25 popcorn lines (S7) cultivated under high and low phosphorus conditions. There was a significant interaction between genotype (lines) and P fertilization for h-Bm resistance, expressed as disease severity values in the first ear leaf. There was genetic variability for disease resistance. The incidence analysis identifies the lines L-65 L-69, L-70 and L-76 as potentially resistant genotypes, presenting low mean values of h-Bm. The severity analysis, however, presents L-69, L-76, P-3 and P-7 genotypes as potentially resistant in environments with fertilization and without fertilization. The obtained data show that the lines L-69 and L-76 had the best resistance performance in both environments. The genetic resistance to h-Bm can somehow correlate with the response to P fertilization at planting in soils with low natural fertility.

Abstract This paper investigates the butterfly fauna of the ‘Serra do Rola-Moça’ State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We evaluate i) the seasonal variation of species richness and composition; and ii) the variation in composition of the local butterfly assemblage among three sampling sites and between the dry and rainy seasons. Sampling was carried out monthly between November 2012 and October 2013, using entomological nets. After a total sampling effort of 504 net hours, 311 species were recorded. One of them is endangered in Brazil, and eight are probable new species. Furthermore, two species were new records for the region and eight considered endemic of the Cerrado domain. There was no significant difference in species richness between the dry and the rainy seasons, however the species composition varies significantly among sampling sites. Due to its special, heterogeneous environment, which is home to a rich butterfly fauna, its preservation is important for the conservation of the regional butterfly fauna.

Resumo Objetivo: investigar a oferta de ações educativas e de promoção da saúde na atenção básica e sua associação com fatores demográficos e cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 816 equipes que aderiram ao Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica, 2012. Resultados: as ações mais frequentes eram direcionadas aos diabéticos (91,2%), hipertensos (90,8%) e ao pré-natal e puerpério (84,6%). As menos frequentes, aos dependentes de crack, álcool e outras drogas (32,4%), ansiolíticos e benzodiazepínicos (20,3%), assim como aos portadores de tuberculose (31,4%) e hanseníase (21,0%). As maiores ofertas de ações educativas e de promoção da saúde ocorreram nos municípios de menor porte e com maior cobertura de saúde da família. Conclusão: ações voltadas ao período reprodutivo e a morbidades crônicas eram o foco da atenção básica. A implementação da ESF fortalece a promoção da saúde.

Abstract Objetivo: to investigate the provision of health education and promotion actions in primary care, and their association with demographic characteristics and Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted with 816 teams that adhered to the 2012 Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement Program. Results: the most frequent actions were directed towards people with diabetes (91.2%), hypertension (90.8%) as well as antenatal and postnatal care (84.6%). The least frequent were directed to wards crack, alcohol and other drug users (32.4%), anxiolytic/benzodiazepine users (20.3%), people with tuberculosis (31.4%) and leprosy (21.0%). The greatest provision of health promotion and education actions occurred in smaller municipalities and with greater Family Health coverage. Conclusion: actions aimed at the reproductive period and chronic morbidities were the focus of primary care. FHS implementation strengthens health promotion.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar la oferta de acciones educativas y promoción de la salud en la atención básica y su asociación con factores demográficos y la cobertura de la estrategia de salud de la familia, en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: estudio transversal con 816 equipos que adhirieron al Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad en la atención básica, 2012. Resultados: las acciones más frecuentes eran dirigidas a diabéticos (91,2%), hipertensos (90,8%), prenatal y puerperio (84,6%). Las menos frecuentes, dependientes de crack, alcohol, otras drogas (32,4%), ansiolíticos/benzodiazepinas (20,3%), portadores de tuberculosis (31,4%) y lepra (21,0%). La mayor oferta de acciones educativas y de promoción ocurrió en municipios de menor porte y con mayor cobertura de salud de la familia. Conclusión: acciones dirigidas al período reproductivo y morbilidades crónicas eran el foco de la atención básica. La implementación de la estrategia de salud de la familia fortalece la promoción de la salud.

Resumo Objetivo: investigar a oferta de ações educativas e de promoção da saúde na atenção básica e sua associação com fatores demográficos e cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 816 equipes que aderiram ao Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica, 2012. Resultados: as ações mais frequentes eram direcionadas aos diabéticos (91,2%), hipertensos (90,8%) e ao pré-natal e puerpério (84,6%). As menos frequentes, aos dependentes de crack, álcool e outras drogas (32,4%), ansiolíticos e benzodiazepínicos (20,3%), assim como aos portadores de tuberculose (31,4%) e hanseníase (21,0%). As maiores ofertas de ações educativas e de promoção da saúde ocorreram nos municípios de menor porte e com maior cobertura de saúde da família. Conclusão: ações voltadas ao período reprodutivo e a morbidades crônicas eram o foco da atenção básica. A implementação da ESF fortalece a promoção da saúde.

Abstract Objetivo: to investigate the provision of health education and promotion actions in primary care, and their association with demographic characteristics and Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted with 816 teams that adhered to the 2012 Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement Program. Results: the most frequent actions were directed towards people with diabetes (91.2%), hypertension (90.8%) as well as antenatal and postnatal care (84.6%). The least frequent were directed to wards crack, alcohol and other drug users (32.4%), anxiolytic/benzodiazepine users (20.3%), people with tuberculosis (31.4%) and leprosy (21.0%). The greatest provision of health promotion and education actions occurred in smaller municipalities and with greater Family Health coverage. Conclusion: actions aimed at the reproductive period and chronic morbidities were the focus of primary care. FHS implementation strengthens health promotion.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar la oferta de acciones educativas y promoción de la salud en la atención básica y su asociación con factores demográficos y la cobertura de la estrategia de salud de la familia, en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: estudio transversal con 816 equipos que adhirieron al Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad en la atención básica, 2012. Resultados: las acciones más frecuentes eran dirigidas a diabéticos (91,2%), hipertensos (90,8%), prenatal y puerperio (84,6%). Las menos frecuentes, dependientes de crack, alcohol, otras drogas (32,4%), ansiolíticos/benzodiazepinas (20,3%), portadores de tuberculosis (31,4%) y lepra (21,0%). La mayor oferta de acciones educativas y de promoción ocurrió en municipios de menor porte y con mayor cobertura de salud de la familia. Conclusión: acciones dirigidas al período reproductivo y morbilidades crónicas eran el foco de la atención básica. La implementación de la estrategia de salud de la familia fortalece la promoción de la salud.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi listar espécies de abelhas candidatas potenciais para análise de risco ambiental (ARA) de algodoeiros geneticamente modificados (GM) e identificar as espécies de abelhas mais adequadas para essa finalidade, de acordo com sua abundância e distribuição geográfica. Inventários de abelhas em flores de algodoeiro foram realizados nos estados da Bahia e do Mato Grosso, e no Distrito Federal. Durante 344 horas de amostragem, foram coletadas 3.470 abelhas de 74 espécies, em oito locais. Apis mellifera dominou as assembleias de abelhas em todos os locais. A amostragem em dois locais que não receberam aplicação de inseticidas foi suficiente para identificar as três species de abelhas silvestres mais comuns e de distribuição geográfica mais ampla: Paratrigona lineata, Melissoptila cnecomola e Trigona spinipes, as quais poderiam ser usadas como indicadoras de serviços de polinização na ARA. A ordenação indireta de espécies silvestres comuns revelou que os inseticidas reduziram o número de espécies de abelhas nativas e que a variação interanual nas assembleias de abelhas pode ser baixa. As curvas de acumulação de espécies raras de abelhas não saturaram, conforme esperado em regiões tropicais e megadiversas. As abordagens baseadas em espécies são limitadas para avaliar os impactos negativos de algodoeiros GM sobre a diversidade biológica de polinizadores. A taxa de acumulação de espécies raras de abelhas, no entanto, pode ser útil para avaliar os possíveis efeitos negativos de algodoeiros GM sobre a diversidade de abelhas.

The objective of this work was to list potential candidate bee species for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) cotton and to identify the most suited bee species for this task, according to their abundance and geographical distribution. Field inventories of bee on cotton flowers were performed in the states of Bahia and Mato Grosso, and in Distrito Federal, Brazil. During a 344 hour sampling, 3,470 bees from 74 species were recovered, at eight sites. Apis mellifera dominated the bee assemblages at all sites. Sampling at two sites that received no insecticide application was sufficient to identify the three most common and geographically widespread wild species: Paratrigona lineata, Melissoptila cnecomola, and Trigona spinipes, which could be useful indicators of pollination services in the ERA. Indirect ordination of common wild species revealed that insecticides reduced the number of native bee species and that interannual variation in bee assemblages may be low. Accumulation curves of rare bee species did not saturate, as expected in tropical and megadiverse regions. Species-based approaches are limited to analyze negative impacts of GM cotton on pollinator biological diversity. The accumulation rate of rare bee species, however, may be useful for evaluating possible negative effects of GM cotton on bee diversity.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a correlação entre a circunferência abdominal materna, medida antes da 12ª semana de gestação, e os níveis séricos de leptina durante a gravidez, bem como, comparar os níveis médios de leptina entre gestantes com e sem obesidade abdominal, diagnosticada no início da gestação. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo incluindo 40 gestantes atendidas no pré-natal de baixo risco, superiores a 20 anos, não tabagistas, com gestação única, e sem doenças crônicas intercorrentes. A circunferência abdominal foi medida antes da 12ª semana, e os níveis séricos de leptina dosados entre a 9ª e a 12ª, a 25ª e a 28ª e entre a 34ª e a 37ª semanas de gestação. De acordo com a circunferência abdominal, a coorte foi dividida em dois grupos: com e sem obesidade abdominal. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e do χ² avaliaram as diferenças entre os grupos. A correlação de Pearson verificou a associação entre a circunferência abdominal e os níveis séricos de leptina durante a gestação. Considerou-se o valor de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A média do peso e do índice de massa corpórea das pacientes com obesidade abdominal (74,4±11,0 kg/28,99±4,1) foi maior do que naquelas sem obesidade abdominal (55,6±5,9 kg/21,1±2,40) (p=0,001). A média dos níveis séricos de leptina no grupo das gestantes com obesidade abdominal (41,9±3,5 ng/mL) foi superior ao grupo das pacientes sem obesidade abdominal (23,6±2,7 ng/mL) (p<0,0002). Verificou-se, também, correlação entre a medida da circunferência abdominal e a média dos níveis séricos de leptina (r=0,7; p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A circunferência abdominal medida antes da 12ª semana de gestação é um método válido e simples para se predizer os níveis séricos de leptina durante todo o período gestacional. Gestantes com obesidade abdominal diagnosticada antes da 12ª semana apresentam níveis médios de leptina sérica, durante a gravidez, superiores àquelas sem obesidade abdominal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between maternal waist circumference measured before the 12th week of gestation and serum leptin levels during pregnancy, as well as to compare the leptin levels of women with and without abdominal obesity diagnosed in early pregnancy. METHODS: Prospective study including 40 pregnant women receiving low-risk prenatal care, older than 20 years, nonsmokers, with singleton pregnancies and without chronic disease. Waist circumference was measured before the 12th week and serum leptin levels were measured between the 9th and 12th, 25th and 28th and 34th and 37th weeks of gestation. According to waist circumference measurement, the cohort was divided into two groups: with and without abdominal obesity. The Mann-Whitney and χ² tests were used to assess the differences between groups. The Pearson correlation coeffient was used to assess the association between waist circumference and serum leptin levels during pregnancy. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean weight and body mass index of patients with abdominal obesity (74.4±11.0 kg/28.9±4.1) was higher than that of patients without abdominal obesity (55.6±5.9 kg/21.1±2.4) (p=0.001). The mean leptin levels in pregnant patients with abdominal obesity (41.9±3.5 ng/mL) was higher than in patients without abdominal obesity (23.6±2.7 ng/mL) (p<0.0002). A positive correlation was obtained between the waist circumference measured during the same period and the mean serum leptin levels (r=0.7; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Waist circumference measured before the 12th week of pregnancy is a valid and simple method to predict the serum leptin levels throughout pregnancy. Pregnant women with abdominal obesity diagnosed before 12th week have higher mean serum leptin levels during pregnancy than those without abdominal obesity.

A composição das faunas locais de Euglossina (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em formações vegetais abertas é pouco conhecida, o que dificulta o entendimento da ecologia e biogeografia do grupo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi responder às seguintes perguntas: i) No domínio do Cerrado, a composição da fauna, riqueza em espécies e abundância de euglossinas em áreas de cerrado s.s. e em mata ciliar são semelhantes entre si? ii) Espécies de domínios florestais adjacentes utilizam as matas ciliares como corredores mésicos para dentro do Cerrado? Duas áreas de cerrado s.s. e duas de mata ciliar foram amostradas mensalmente, um dia por mês, durante um ano (nov/2003-out/2004), no noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Seis compostos aromáticos (β-ionona, cineol, cinamato de metila, eugenol, salicilato de metila e vanilina) eram expostos das 8 às 16 horas para atrair as euglossinas. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que: i) As composições das faunas em áreas de cerrado s.s. e matas ciliares são iguais; ii) As matas ciliares aparentemente não atuam como corredores mésicos para a penetração, em áreas centrais do Cerrado, de espécies de euglossinas dependentes de florestas.

The composition of local orchid-bee faunas (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina) in open-vegetation domains is poorly known, making the ecology and biogeography of the group difficult to understand. The aim of this work was to answer the following questions: i) Is the orchid-bee fauna composition, species richness and abundance in the cerrado (Brazilian savanna) sensu stricto similar to that of riparian forests immersed in that domain? ii) Do species from neighboring forest domains use riparian forests as mesic corridors into the Cerrado? Two sites in cerrado s.s. and two in riparian forests were sampled monthly, one day per month, during one year (Nov/2003-Oct/2004) in northwestern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Six aromatic compounds (β-ionone, 1,8-cineole, eugenol, methyl trans-cinnamate, methyl salicilate and vanillin) were exposed from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM to attract orchid bees. The results suggest that: i) The composition of the orchid bee fauna in the two kinds of environments is the same; ii) Riparian forests apparently have no role as mesic corridors for penetration of forest-dependent euglossine species into the core of the Cerrado Domain.