Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta da atividade biológica medida pela técnica Biospeckle Laser aplicada a mangas (Mangifera indica L.) submetidas a danos mecânicos, em diferentes estágios de maturação. Os testes foram realizados duas vezes por semana, durante 21 dias, sendo utilizados 40 frutos de manga da variedade Tommy. O procedimento foi dividido em duas etapas: na primeira etapa, simulou-se o impacto nos frutos; na segunda etapa, foi aplicada a luz laser sobre a área que sofreu impacto, seguido do registro das imagens de todos os frutos. Esses registros foram submetidos a um processamento gráfico, com a finalidade de se obterem mapas de atividade biológica dos frutos. A técnica Biospeckle laser associada à análise de imagem permitiu identificar níveis de atividades biológicas distintas nas mangas, certificando o seu potencial de aplicação como ferramenta de teste não destrutivo, no monitoramento da atividade biológica em amostras de frutos.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of biological activity measured by the Biospeckle Laser technique applied to mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) subjected to mechanical damage at different stages of maturation. The tests were carried out twice a week for twenty-one days, and 40 mangoes of the variety Tommy Atkins were used. The procedure was divided into two stages: the first simulated the impact on fruits, and in the second stage, the laser light was applied to the impacted area. After laser application, the images of all fruits were submitted to graphic processing, in order to obtain maps of biological activity of the fruits. The Biospeckle laser technique associated with image analysis allowed the identification of distinct biological activity levels in the mangoes, certifying its potential application as a non-destructive test tool, in the monitoring of biological activity in fruit samples.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to analyze the principal components of the meteorological variables, physiological and behavioral response of cows subjected to different cooling times and their influence on milk quality, in the dry and rainfall periods, and to establish multiple regression models for milk quality. The data used in the study came from an experiment conducted in the Agreste Region of Pernambuco. The pre-milking cooling time was 10, 20, 30 min. and the control (without cooling). Sixteen multiparous lactating Gir cows were selected. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and a multiple regression analysis was applied to determine milk quality. There was a strong relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and activity of the animal in the shade for dry, and lying for rainfall, with increased SCC in cow milk. It was possible to establish two multiple regression models to determine milk quality in dry and rainfall periods. According to the principal component analysis, the cooling time to meet the thermal requirement of the animals was 20 min., regardless of the season and milking shift.

Resumen El objetivo fue verificar las posibles modificaciones de la estructura del suelo y el patrón de la respuesta espectral de la cubierta vegetal de los pastizales en función del pisoteo de los animales. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una granja en la región Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil. En un área manejada bajo pastoreo continuo de vaquillas. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo en 36 puntos regulares, antes y después del período de pastoreo, donde se determinaron las propiedades físicas del suelo en la profundidad de 0.00-0.10 m. Antes y después del pastoreo, también se obtuvieron imágenes del satélite Sentinel-2A para observar el patrón de respuesta de la vegetación del pasto a lo largo del tiempo a través de los Índices de Vegetación. Los datos de los atributos del suelo se sometieron a análisis factorial multivariado. Los mapas del índice de vegetación se evaluaron para determinar la variabilidad espacial. Los resultados mostraron que después del pastoreo, hubo un cambio significativo en los atributos del suelo y el pasto, que puede indicar posibles procesos de degradación.

Abstract The objective was to verify possible modifications of the soil structure and the pattern of the spectral response of pasture vegetation cover to animal trampling. The study was carried out on a farm in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, Brazil in an area with continuous grazing by heifers. Soil samples were collected at 36 regular points, before and after the grazing period, where the physical properties of the soil were determined at a 0.00-0.10 m depth. Before and after grazing, images of the Sentinel-2A satellite were also obtained to observe the pasture vegetation response pattern over time through Vegetation Indexes. The soil attribute data were submitted to multivariate factorial analysis. The vegetation index maps were evaluated for spatial variability. The results showed that after the grazing, there was a significant change in soil attributes and pasture, which can indicate possible degradation processes.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to employ the principal component technique to physiological data and environmental thermohygrometric variables correlated with detection of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. A total of 24 lactating Girolando cows with different clinical conditions were selected (healthy, and with clinical or subclinical mastitis). The following physiological variables were recorded: udder surface temperature, ST (°C); eyeball temperature, ET (°C); rectum temperature, RT (°C); respiratory frequency, RF (mov. min-1). Thermohygrometric variables included air temperature, AirT (°C), and relative humidity, RU (%). ST was determined by means of thermal images, with four images per animal, on these quarters: front left side (FL), front right side (FR), rear right side (RR) and rear left side (RL), totaling 96 images. Exploratory data analysis was run through multivariate statistical technique with the employment of principal components, comprehending nine variables: ST on the FL, FR, RL and RR quarters; ET, RT; RF, AirT and RU. The representative quarters of the animals with clinical and subclinical mastitis showed udder temperatures 8.55 and 2.46° C higher than those of healthy animals, respectively. The ETs of the animals with subclinical and clinical mastitis were, respectively, 7.9 and 8.0% higher than those of healthy animals. Rectum temperatures were 2.9% (subclinical mastitis) and 5.5% (clinical mastitis) higher compared to those of healthy animals. Respiratory frequencies were 40.3% (subclinical mastitis) and 61.6% (clinical mastitis) higher compared to those of healthy animals. The first component explained 91% of the total variance for the variables analyzed. The principal component technique allowed verifying the variables correlated with the animals' clinical condition and the degree of dependence between the study variables.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar o padrão de variabilidade espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere de vacas leiteiras saudáveis e com mastite. Foram selecionados 24 animais, oito saudáveis, oito com mastite subclínica e oito com mastite clínica. As imagens foram obtidas a partir de uma câmera termográfica Flir i60, resolução de 0,01 °C, 1,0 m de distância focal e emissividade ajustada para 0,98. O horário de realização das imagens foi entre às 05 e 07h00, que totalizaram 96 imagens, três por animal, nos enquadramentos anterolateral direito, anterolateral esquerdo, posterior e inferior. As análises foram realizadas pela geoestatística, com ajuste do semivariograma para validação do modelo teórico e construção dos mapas de krigagem. A temperatura média de superfície dos quartos mamários com classificação positiva para mastite subclínica apresentou valores entre 33,2 ± 0,67ºC e 34,64± 1,07ºC; para os quartos negativos entre 29,3 ± 1,78ºC e 32,24 ± 0,62ºC. Os animais saudáveis apresentaram temperatura de superfície de úbere inferior àqueles com mastite subclínica (29,3ºC ± 1,78 e 31,58ºC ± 0,62). A temperatura da superfície do úbere dos animais com mastite clínica foi mais elevada, entre 34,0 e 37,5°C, comparativamente aos demais quadros clínicos. A escala adotada para análise do padrão das imagens identificou com sucesso a dependência espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere, o que contribuiu para padronização dos procedimentos de diagnóstico para animais saudáveis, com mastite subclínica e clínica, por meio da geoestatística.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to assess the spatial variability pattern concerning udder surface temperature in dairy cows that were healthy and in those with mastitis. A total of 24 animals were selected - eight healthy, eight with subclinical mastitis, and eight with clinical mastitis. Images were taken with a Flir i60 thermographic camera - resolution of 0.01°C, focal length of 1.0 m, and emissivity adjusted to 0.98 - between 05:00 and 07:00, totaling 96 images, three per animal, of the front and rear, right and left mammary quarters. Analyses were run through geostatistics, with semivariogram adjustment to validate the theoretical model and build kriging maps. The average surface temperature of the mammary quarters with positive classification for subclinical mastitis stood between 33.2 ± 0.67ºC and 34.64± 1.07ºC; for negative quarters, values ranged from 29.3 ± 1.78ºC to 32.24 ± 0.62ºC. The udder surface temperatures of healthy animals were lower than those of animals with subclinical mastitis (29.3ºC ± 1.78 and 31.58ºC ± 0.62). The udder surface temperature of animals with clinical mastitis was higher, between 34.0 and 37.5°C, compared to the other clinical statuses. The scale adopted for image pattern analysis successfully identified the spatial dependence of udder surface temperature, which helped standardize diagnostic procedures for healthy animals, and for those with subclinical and clinical mastitis, by means of geostatistics.