Introduction: The collection of recyclable waste materials is a widespread activity among the urban poor. Today, this occupation attracts an increasingly large number of individuals. Despite its economic and environmental importance, this activity is associated with unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiological profile of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a population of recyclable waste collectors in central Brazil. Methods: Recyclable waste collectors from all 15 recycling cooperatives in Goiânia City were invited to participate in the study. The participants (n = 431) were interviewed and screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBsAg- and anti-HBc-positive samples were tested for HBV DNA and genotyped. Results: The overall prevalence of HBV infection (HBsAg- and/or anti-HBc-positive) was 12.8%. An age over 40 years and illicit drug use were associated with HBV infection. HBV DNA was detected in 2/3 HBsAg-positive samples and in 1/52 anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative samples (an occult HBV infection rate of 1.9%), in which the genotypes/subgenotypes A/A1, D/D3 and F/F2 were identified. Only 12.3% of the recyclable waste collectors had serological evidence of previous HBV vaccination. Conclusions: These findings highlight the vulnerability of recyclable waste collectors to HBV infection and reinforce the importance of public health policies that address the health and safety of this socially vulnerable population.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a population of recyclable waste collectors (n = 431) was assessed using a cross-sectional survey in all 15 cooperatives in the city of Goiânia, Central-West Brazil. The HCV prevalence was 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.6-3.6) and a history of sexually transmitted infections was independently associated with this infection. HCV RNA (corresponding to genotype 1; subtypes 1a and 1b) was detected in five/seven anti-HCV-positive samples. Although the study population reported a high rate (47.3%) of sharps and needle accidents, HCV infection was not more frequent in recyclable waste collectors than in the general Brazilian population.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência da infecção pelo HTLV-1 em remanescentes de comunidades de população negra, os quilombos no Brasil Central. 1.837 indivíduos foram avaliados, sendo nove soropositivos para HTLV-1/2 por ELISA. Todos esses foram positivos para HTLV-1 por Western blot e/ou PCR, resultando em uma prevalência de 0,5% (IC 95%: 0,2-1,0). A idade dos indivíduos infectados variou de 11 a 82 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino. Quanto às características de risco, história de aleitamento materno, transfusão de sangue, múltiplos parceiros sexuais e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis foram relatadas por esses indivíduos. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da identificação dos indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 na estratégia de controle e prevenção dessa infecção em remanescentes de quilombos.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among remnant black quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 1,837 individuals were evaluated, among whom nine were HTLV-1/2 seropositive according to ELISA. All of them were positive for HTLV-1 by means of Western blot and/or PCR, thus resulting in a prevalence of 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2-1.0). The HTLV-1 infected individuals ranged in age from 11 to 82 years. The majority of them were females. Regarding risk characteristics, histories of breastfeeding, blood transfusion, multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases were reported by these individuals. The findings from this study indicate the importance of identifying HTLV-1 infected individuals, as a strategy for infection control and prevention in these remnant quilombos.

Intravenous drug injection has been reported as the main risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and the epidemiological profile of HCV infection among abusers of illegal injected and non-injected drugs in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. A cross-sectional study including 314 male drug users from eight detoxification centres was performed. Out of 314 subjects studied, 48 (15.2%) were intravenous drug users. Participants were interviewed and had blood samples taken and tested for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. Positive samples were tested for the presence of HCV RNA. Genotyping was performed on HCV RNA-positive samples. The overall prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 6.4% (n = 20). Out of 20 anti-HCV antibody-positive subjects, 16 (80%) were also HCV RNA-positive. Genotype 1 predominated (75%), followed by 3a (25%). Subtype 1a was more common than 1b. HCV infection was more prevalent among intravenous drug users (33%) than non-injecting users (1.5%). Logistic regression analyses showed independent associations between HCV infection and intravenous drug use, imprisonment and increasing age. In the present study, injecting drug use was the factor most strongly associated to HCV infection and inhaling or sniffing did not represent an increased susceptibility to infection.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil dos farmacêuticos responsáveis técnicos em drogarias e avaliar o conhecimento sobre alguns aspectos da legislação que rege o funcionamento de drogarias e da profissão. MÉTODOS: Com base em 175 drogarias de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo, foram selecionados, por meio de sorteio aleatório, 100 farmacêuticos responsáveis técnicos. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista face a face, orientada por um questionário que avaliava conhecimentos e atitudes. O dados foram processados e analisados utilizando-se Epi Info e Stata e houve busca de associações entre variáveis dependentes e independentes, usando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos farmacêuticos eram mulheres (64%), entre 22 e 29 anos (47%), formadas há cerca de três anos, com habilitação na área industrial (36%) ou em análises clínicas (29%). O conhecimento dos farmacêuticos sobre a legislação sanitária foi avaliado como insuficiente para 28% deles, regular para 50% e bom para 22%. Observou-se baixo conhecimento sobre a exigência legal da permanência de farmacêuticos nas drogarias durante todo o horário de funcionamento, suas atribuições, venda de antibióticos e aplicação de penicilina. Constatou-se que a maioria tem dificuldades com a conceituação de medicamentos genéricos e similares. O baixo nível de conhecimento não se associou com nenhuma variável independente, mostrando que está generalizado, ou seja, presente entre farmacêuticos de várias faixas etárias, de ambos os sexos, independente do tempo de formado e instituição formadora, modalidade de formação entre outros. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que a formação na área de atenção farmacêutica de medicamentos, durante a graduação e, sobretudo, o estágio em farmácia e drogaria está deficiente. Faz-se necessária a divulgação de informações sobre a legislação sanitária para o pleno exercício da profissão, sem ameaças penais ou prejuízo da população.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the profile of pharmacists employed as technical supervisors in drugstores and evaluate their knowledge regarding certain aspects of the legislation controlling drugstores and the profession in general. METHODS: Based on 175 drugstores in the city of Ribeirão Preto, southeastern Brazil, 100 pharmacists/technical supervisors were randomly selected. Data collection was done by means of in-person interviews, and was guided by a questionnaire evaluating knowledge and attitudes. Data were processed and analyzed using Epi Info and Stata software. Associations were sought between dependent and independent variables using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Most pharmacists were women (64%), aged 22-29 years (47%), graduated approximately three years prior to data collection, trained to work in the pharmaceutical industry (36%) or in clinical analysis (29%). Pharmacist's knowledge of sanitary legislation was considered as insufficient for 28% of subjects, regular for 50%, and good for 22%. Low levels of knowledge were observed regarding the legal requirement for the presence of a pharmacist during the entire drugstore opening hours, pharmacists' attributions, sale of antibiotics, and penicillin administration. It was found that most professionals have difficulties handling the concepts of 'generic' and 'similar' drugs. Low level of knowledge was not associated with any of the independent variables, indicating that this is a generalized phenomenon, i.e., one present among pharmacists of all age groups and both sexes, irrespective of the time since graduation, institution attended, and modality of graduation, among others. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that training in the field of drug pharmaceutical care, during undergraduate studies and, especially, during traineeship in pharmacies and drugstores is deficient. It is necessary to divulge information concerning sanitary legislation so that pharmacists may fully exert their profession, without risk of legal threats or hazard to the population.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil dos farmacêuticos responsáveis técnicos em drogarias e avaliar o conhecimento sobre alguns aspectos da legislação que rege o funcionamento de drogarias e da profissão. MÉTODOS: Com base em 175 drogarias de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo, foram selecionados, por meio de sorteio aleatório, 100 farmacêuticos responsáveis técnicos. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista face a face, orientada por um questionário que avaliava conhecimentos e atitudes. O dados foram processados e analisados utilizando-se Epi Info e Stata e houve busca de associações entre variáveis dependentes e independentes, usando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos farmacêuticos eram mulheres (64%), entre 22 e 29 anos (47%), formadas há cerca de três anos, com habilitação na área industrial (36%) ou em análises clínicas (29%). O conhecimento dos farmacêuticos sobre a legislação sanitária foi avaliado como insuficiente para 28% deles, regular para 50% e bom para 22%. Observou-se baixo conhecimento sobre a exigência legal da permanência de farmacêuticos nas drogarias durante todo o horário de funcionamento, suas atribuições, venda de antibióticos e aplicação de penicilina. Constatou-se que a maioria tem dificuldades com a conceituação de medicamentos genéricos e similares. O baixo nível de conhecimento não se associou com nenhuma variável independente, mostrando que está generalizado, ou seja, presente entre farmacêuticos de várias faixas etárias, de ambos os sexos, independente do tempo de formado e instituição formadora, modalidade de formação entre outros. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que a formação na área de atenção farmacêutica de medicamentos, durante a graduação e, sobretudo, o estágio em farmácia e drogaria está deficiente. Faz-se necessária a divulgação de informações sobre a legislação sanitária para o pleno exercício da profissão, sem ameaças penais ou prejuízo da população.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the profile of pharmacists employed as technical supervisors in drugstores and evaluate their knowledge regarding certain aspects of the legislation controlling drugstores and the profession in general. METHODS: Based on 175 drugstores in the city of Ribeirão Preto, southeastern Brazil, 100 pharmacists/technical supervisors were randomly selected. Data collection was done by means of in-person interviews, and was guided by a questionnaire evaluating knowledge and attitudes. Data were processed and analyzed using Epi Info and Stata software. Associations were sought between dependent and independent variables using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Most pharmacists were women (64%), aged 22-29 years (47%), graduated approximately three years prior to data collection, trained to work in the pharmaceutical industry (36%) or in clinical analysis (29%). Pharmacist's knowledge of sanitary legislation was considered as insufficient for 28% of subjects, regular for 50%, and good for 22%. Low levels of knowledge were observed regarding the legal requirement for the presence of a pharmacist during the entire drugstore opening hours, pharmacists' attributions, sale of antibiotics, and penicillin administration. It was found that most professionals have difficulties handling the concepts of 'generic' and 'similar' drugs. Low level of knowledge was not associated with any of the independent variables, indicating that this is a generalized phenomenon, i.e., one present among pharmacists of all age groups and both sexes, irrespective of the time since graduation, institution attended, and modality of graduation, among others. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that training in the field of drug pharmaceutical care, during undergraduate studies and, especially, during traineeship in pharmacies and drugstores is deficient. It is necessary to divulge information concerning sanitary legislation so that pharmacists may fully exert their profession, without risk of legal threats or hazard to the population.

Para investigar o perfil da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB) em profissionais de hemodiálise (N=152) de Goiânia, Goiás, amostras sangüíneas foram testadas para detecção dos marcadores: AgHBs, anti-HBs e anti-HBc. Uma prevalência global de 24,3% (IC 95%: 17,8 - 32) foi encontrada. A análise multivariada dos fatores de risco mostrou que o tempo de profissão, relato de exposição ocupacional e o não uso de equipamentos de proteção estiveram significativamente associados à soropositividade ao VHB. Dos 40 profissionais que apresentaram susceptibilidade a esta infecção, 20 concordaram em participar do programa de vacinação e, após a administração das três doses da vacina (Euvax-B), 18 (90%) apresentaram soroconversão ao anti-HBs com títulos > ou = 10UI/L. Estes dados sugerem, o ambiente dialítico, como possível fonte de transmissão ocupacional do VHB e, enfatizam a necessidade de reavaliação das medidas de controle e prevenção nestas unidades.

In order to investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection profile in hemodialysis staff (n = 152) of Goiânia,Goiás, blood samples were tested for detection of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc markers. An overall HBV infection prevalence of 24.3% (CI 95%: 17.8 - 32) was found. Multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that length of employment, history of occupational exposure and nonuse of protective equipment were significantly associated with HBV seropositivity. Of 40 staff members who were susceptible to this infection, 20 agreed to participate in the vaccination program. After three vaccine doses (Euvax-B), 18 (90%) seroconverted to anti-HBs with titers > or = 10 IU/L. These data suggest the dialytic environmental as a possible source of occupational transmission of HBV, and emphasize the need to evaluate strategies of control and prevention to be followed in these units.