RESUMO Objetivos. Implementar e avaliar o uso de amostragem de águas residuais na detecção do coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) em dois distritos costeiros da Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. No distrito de General Pueyrredon, amostras de 400 mL de águas residuais foram coletadas ao longo de 24 horas com um amostrador automático; já no distrito de Pinamar, foram coletados 20 L no total (2,2 L a intervalos de 20 minutos). As amostras foram coletadas uma vez por semana e concentradas por floculação com cloreto de polialumínio. A purificação do RNA e a amplificação e detecção de genes-alvo foram realizadas por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa para diagnóstico clínico de esfregaços nasofaríngeos humanos. Resultados. Detectou-se presença de SARS-CoV-2 em águas residuais dos dois distritos. Em General Pueyrredon, o SARS-CoV-2 foi detectado na semana epidemiológica 28 de 2020, ou seja, 20 dias antes do início de um aumento no número de casos da doença provocada pelo coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) na primeira onda (semana epidemiológica 31) e 9 semanas antes de se registrar o número máximo de casos de COVID-19 confirmados em laboratório. No distrito de Pinamar, o genoma viral foi detectado na semana epidemiológica 51 de 2020, mas não foi possível realizar a amostragem novamente até a semana epidemiológica 4 de 2022, quando a circulação do vírus foi novamente constatada. Conclusões. Foi possível detectar o genoma do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em águas residuais, demonstrando a utilidade da aplicação da epidemiologia baseada em águas residuais para detectar e monitorar o SARS-CoV-2 em longo prazo.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Aplicar y evaluar la utilización de muestreos de aguas residuales como método para la detección del coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo de tipo 2 (SARS-CoV-2) en dos distritos costeros de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Métodos. Se utilizó un dispositivo de muestreo automático para tomar muestras de 400 mL de las aguas residuales de 24 horas en el distrito de General Pueyrredon, mientras que en el distrito de Pinamar se tomaron muestras de 2,2 L a intervalos de 20 minutos hasta un volumen total de 20 L. Los muestreos se realizaron una vez por semana. Las muestras se concentraron mediante floculación con policloruro de aluminio. La purificación del ARN y la amplificación y detección del gen diana se llevaron a cabo mediante la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con retrotranscripción para el diagnóstico clínico a partir de hisopados nasofaríngeos. Resultados. Se observó la presencia de SARS-CoV-2 en las aguas residuales de ambos distritos. En General Pueyrredon, el SARS-CoV-2 se halló en la semana epidemiológica 28 del 2020, es decir, 20 días antes del inicio del aumento de casos de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) registrado en la primera ola (semana epidemiológica 31) y nueve semanas antes de que se alcanzara el número máximo de casos de COVID-19 con confirmación de laboratorio. En el distrito de Pinamar se detectó el genoma viral en la semana epidemiológica 51 del 2020, pero solo se pudo volver a realizar el muestreo en la semana epidemiológica 4 del 2022, en la que se volvió a detectar la circulación del virus. Conclusiones. Se pudo detectar el genoma del virus SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales, lo que muestra la utilidad de la aplicación de la epidemiología de aguas residuales como método para la detección y el seguimiento del SARS-CoV-2 a largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To implement and evaluate the use of wastewater sampling for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in two coastal districts of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Methods. In General Pueyrredon district, 400 mL of wastewater samples were taken with an automatic sampler for 24 hours, while in Pinamar district, 20 L in total (2.2 L at 20-minute intervals) were taken. Samples were collected once a week. The samples were concentrated based on flocculation using polyaluminum chloride. RNA purification and target gene amplification and detection were performed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for clinical diagnosis of human nasopharyngeal swabs. Results. In both districts, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in wastewater. In General Pueyrredon, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in epidemiological week 28, 2020, which was 20 days before the start of an increase in coronavirus virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the first wave (epidemiological week 31) and 9 weeks before the maximum number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases was recorded. In Pinamar district, the virus genome was detected in epidemiological week 51, 2020 but it was not possible to carry out the sampling again until epidemiological week 4, 2022, when viral circulation was again detected. Conclusions. It was possible to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus genome in wastewater, demonstrating the usefulness of the application of wastewater epidemiology for long-term SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring.

ABSTRACT The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855; Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is one of the most important pests associated with stored grains. It is controlled almost exclusively with synthetic insecticides. Thus, leading to problems such as pollution and resistance development. Hence an alternative is the use of natural compounds such as edible mushrooms derivates. The aim of this research was to assess, under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal and insectistatic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. 1871 against adults of S. zeamais. The parameters assessed were contact and fumigant toxicity, repellency, and antifeedant effect. The highest contact toxicity (57.5% mortality) was achieved with 30 mL extract L-1 solvent. No treatment showed repellent effect; the repellency index (RI) values were higher than 1, and the antifeeding activity < 30%. The fumigant effect showed a maximum of 30% mortality with the highest concentration (300 μL L-1 air). The hydroalcoholic extract of P. ostreatus exerts contact toxicity and interferes with insect reproduction or oviposition of Sitophilus zeamais.

Abstract The international standard ISO 7902: Hydrodynamic plain journal bearing under steady-state conditions - Circular cylindrical bearings, is widely used for the evaluation of plain bearings in different operation conditions. In Cuba, the procedure proposed by this document has been used to evaluate plain bearings in different working conditions and productive sectors of the national economy, both by Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana researchers, and from other universities. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the relevance and feasibility of applying ISO 7902 standard. In this work research, a study of the load capacity calculation for plain bearings, according to the third edition of ISO standard 7902: 20202 is presented. The mentioned procedure was used to simulate the operating conditions and work capacity of a plain bearing support in an HSR7 637-8P generator of a Hyundai Himsen 9H 25/33 engine in a fuel-oil thermal power plant. The results show evidence of similarity between the simulation and the real operating conditions in the plain bearing. In this work, it could be concluded ISO standard 7902:2020 allows establishing a feasible procedure to apply to prevent the effects caused by control actions, working conditions and modification in the design of plain bearing.

Resumen La norma ISO 7902: Hydrodynamic plain journal bearing under steady-state conditions - Circular cylindrical bearings, es empleada ampliamente para la evaluación de cojinetes en diferentes condiciones de trabajo. En Cuba se ha usado el procedimiento propuesto por este documento, para evaluar cojinetes en diferentes condiciones de trabajo y sectores económicos, tanto por investigadores vinculados a la Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana, como en proyectos de otras universidades. El objetivo de esta investigación es evidenciar la actualidad y facilidad de aplicación de la norma ISO 7902. En el presente trabajo se expone el estudio de la tercera edición del procedimiento de cálculo de la norma del año 2020, para la simulación de un apoyo de un generador HSR7 637-8P de un motor Hyundai Himsen 9H 25/33 de una central eléctrica de fuel-oíl, obteniéndose resultados similares a las condiciones reales de operación. Se puede afirmar que se cuenta con una herramienta para prever los efectos que puedan ser provocados por acciones de control sobre el cojinete, modificación de las condiciones de trabajo y variaciones en el diseño.

ABSTRACT Background: the neurosurgical burden of disease is high worldwide. Information regarding this in Peru is limited. We aim to describe epidemiological characteristics and temporal distribution of the neurosurgical burden of disease in a high complexity center in Peru. Material and Methods: we carried a cross-sectional analytical study using the surgery registry from the neurosurgical department of Hospital Nacional María Auxiliadora in Lima-Peru, which contains registers from 2008 to 2020. Diagnoses were classified into main diagnosis, a variable with 10 levels, each a broad category; and specific diagnosis, defining the etiology. Absolute and relative frequencies were described on a diagnosis basis. Temporal distribution was described using a heatmap. Chi-squared test was used to evaluate association between variables and sex. Results: there were 2948 surgeries in the studied period. The median age was 38, and 66,7% were male. Head trauma, hydrocephalus and vascular pathology represent 60,0% of neurosurgical burden of disease in our center. The most frequent specific diagnoses of head trauma were chronic subdural hematoma (20,2%) and epidural hematoma (19,4%). Reinterventions were 7,4% of all procedures. Sex and principal diagnosis were associated (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The most frequent diagnoses were head trauma, hydrocephalus and vascular pathology. We describe an association between principal diagnosis and sex. There is need for further understanding of the neurosurgical burden of disease in Peru.

RESUMEN Introducción: existe una alta carga de enfermedad neuroquirúrgica en el mundo. La información sobre patología neuroquirúrgica en Perú es limitada. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es describir las características epidemiológicas y la distribución temporal de la patología neuroquirúrgica en un centro de alta complejidad. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico usando el registro de cirugías del servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital Nacional María Auxiliadora, en Lima-Perú entre 2008 y 2020. Se categorizó a los diagnósticos según la patología primaria en 10 categorías; y los diagnósticos específicos correspondientes a cada patología primaria. Se describieron frecuencias absolutas y relativas según patología. La distribución temporal se describió mediante un mapa de calor. Se usó la prueba de chi cuadrado para evaluar asociación entre los diagnósticos y el sexo. Resultados: se realizaron 2948 procedimientos quirúrgicos. La mediana de la edad fue de 38 años; y el 66,7% fue del sexo masculino. Los diagnósticos de traumatismo encefalocraneano, hidrocefalia y patología vascular representan el 60,0% de la carga de enfermedad neuroquirúrgica en el centro de estudio. El 20,2% de los TECs fueron hematomas subdurales crónicos y el 19,4% fueron hematomas epidurales. El 7,4% de todos los procedimientos fueron reintervenciones. Se encontró asociación entre el sexo y el diagnóstico primario (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: Los diagnósticos primarios más frecuentes fueron el traumatismo encefalocraneano, la hidrocefalia y los eventos vasculares. Es necesario comprender mejor el perfil de carga de enfermedad neuroquirúrgica en Perú.

Background: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) is a procedure in which plasma and harmful macromolecules are separated from the rest of the blood components by centrifugation or filtration through membranes and are replaced with solutions with albumin and/or plasma. Aim: To communicate our experience using TPE by filtration. Material and Methods: Review of records of 655 TPE sessions performed in 102 patients aged 50 ± 18 years (64% women). The requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and seven days and one year mortality were recorded. Results: Forty five percent of patients had hypertension or diabetes. The main indications for TPE were pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) (62%) and antibody mediated graft rejection (29%), followed by neurological diseases (36%). Fifteen percent of patients required RRT for one year. Mortality at seven days and one year was 20 and 30%, respectively. Out of the total of deaths associated with kidney diseases, 88% corresponded to PRS and ANCA vasculitis. The main complications were thrombocytopenia in 41%, hypocalcemia in 18%, and hypotension in 16%. Conclusions: In our experience, TPE by filtration is a safe technique, with mild and preventable complications. Despite this, the reported mortality is high, which reflects the severity of the diseases that motivated the indication for TPE.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Colombian university students show low reading levels. This problem is caused in part by inadequate government policies to promote reading and affects the results of Saber Pro tests. Objective: Establish the association between academic performance and weekly academic reading time of a sample of university students of Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted in 149 students enrolled in the period 2018-II. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple analyses were performed using logistic regression models. To establish the reading time, an ad hoc questionnaire was applied. In the case of academic performance, the accumulated grades average of the university’s Academic System was consulted. Results: The median cumulative grades average of the participants was 3.90/5.0, IR: 0.5 (women: 4.15; RI: 0.35; men: 3.9; RI: 0.4; p = 0.0038). The median weekly reading was 60 minutes RI: 150 (women: 122.5; RI: 120; men: 60, RI: 160; p = 0.0139). After adjusting by sex, age and socioeconomic status, having an average above 3.9/5.0 was associated with more weekly reading minutes (OR: 1.004, 95% CI: 1.001 - 1.007, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Women have more weekly reading time and better academic average than men. Students who have more weekly reading minutes are more likely to have a cumulative average greater than or equal to 3.9 out of 5.0.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los universitarios colombianos registran bajos niveles de lectura. Esta problemática es causada en parte por políticas de gobierno inadecuadas para el fomento de la lectura e incide en los resultados de las pruebas Saber Pro. Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre el rendimiento académico y el tiempo de lectura académica semanal de una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de cultura física, deporte y recreación. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 149 estudiantes matriculados en el periodo 2018-II. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples usando modelos de regresión logística. Para establecer el tiempo de lectura se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc. En el caso del rendimiento académico se consultó el promedio de notas acumulado del Sistema Académico de la universidad. Resultados: La mediana de promedio acumulado de calificaciones de los participantes fue de 3,90/5,0, RI: 0,5 (mujeres: 4,15; RI: 0,35; hombres: 3,9; RI: 0,4; p = 0,0038). La mediana de lectura semanal fue de 60 minutos RI: 150 (mujeres: 122,5; RI: 120; hombres: 60, RI: 160; p = 0,0139). Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, tener un promedio superior a 3,9/5,0 resultó asociado con más minutos de lectura semanal (OR: 1,004, IC 95 %: 1,001 - 1,007, p = 0,007). Conclusiones: Las mujeres registran más tiempo de lectura semanal y mejor promedio académico que los hombres. Los estudiantes que tienen más minutos de lectura semanal tienen mayor probabilidad de tener un promedio acumulado mayor o igual a 3,9 sobre 5,0.

Resumen Introducción: La agresividad es una variable que se ha venido asociando a problemas sociales y clínicos; a su vez, se ha estimado un incremento de la misma denotando un riesgo mayor en población infanto-juvenil. Objetivo: Describir las características de la conducta agresiva y variables psicosociales asociadas (tipo de relaciones familiares y antecedentes personales), en una muestra de 351 adolescentes ente 12 y 17 años de edad de la ciudad de Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana. Método: Es una investigación cuantitativa de alcance descriptivo transversal. Se empleó un Cuestionario “Ad hoc” y el Cuestionario de Agresividad Premeditada e Impulsiva en Adolescentes (Andreu, 2010), los cuales se aplicaron de forma autoadministrada desde un muestreo no probabilístico. Los resultados se obtuvieron a través del programa estadístico SPSS, realizando un análisis estadístico de medidas de tendencia central y Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se identificó que la agresividad es frecuente en los adolescentes, especialmente de tipo impulsiva (33 %), y predominando en las mujeres (premeditada= 25,4 %; impulsiva= 37,3 %). Los adolescentes con agresividad impulsiva alta se caracterizaban por menor edad (12 años= 7,7 %) y menor nivel académico (séptimo grado o menos= 14,8 %). De forma genérica, quienes tenían agresividad alta, tenían relación distante desde lo afectivo y físico con el padre, y antecedentes de haber tenido problemas con otros por ejercer la agresión. Conclusión: Los hallazgos comprueban la frecuencia de la agresividad en la adolescencia, y llevan a reflexionar sobre posibles cambios en los roles sociales sobre la expresión de las emociones. Es fundamental estudiar la relación de la agresividad con la impulsividad, la edad, la dinámica relacional con los padres, con el fin de brindar mayores aportes en el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención de la conducta disfuncional asociada a la agresividad.

Abstract Introduction: Aggression is a variable that has been associated with social and clinical problems; at the same time, an increase in it has been estimated, denoting a higher risk in the child-adolescent population. Objective: To describe the characteristics of aggressive behavior and associated psychosocial variables (type of family relationships and personal history), in a sample of 351 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age from the city of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. Method: It is a quantitative investigation of transversal descriptive scope. An “Ad hoc” Questionnaire and the Premeditated and Impulsive Aggression Questionnaire in Adolescents (Andreu, 2010) were used, which were self-administered from a non-probabilistic sampling. The results were obtained through the SPSS statistical program, performing a statistical analysis of measures of central tendency and Chi square. Results: It was identified that aggressiveness is frequent in adolescents, especially of the impulsive type (33 %), and predominantly in women (premeditated = 25,4 %; impulsive = 37,3 %). Adolescents with high impulsive aggressiveness were characterized by younger age (12 years = 7,7 %) and lower academic level (seventh grade or less = 14,8 %). In a generic way, those who had high aggressiveness, had a distant emotional and physical relationship with the father, and a history of having had problems with others for exerting aggression. Conclusion: The findings verify the frequency of aggressiveness in adolescence, and lead to reflect on possible changes in social roles on the expression of emotions. It is essential to study the relationship of aggressiveness with impulsivity, age, and relationship dynamics with parents, in order to provide greater contributions in the development of strategies for the prevention of dysfunctional behavior associated with aggressiveness

ABSTRACT Introduction: To the World Health Organization, overweight and obesity are metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Objective: Evaluate the association of overweight and obesity to a history of high blood cholesterol, high arterial pressure and diabetes mellitus. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted of 297 students from a private university in Panama. Overweight-obesity was considered as a dependent variable determined for participants with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. High arterial pressure, diabetes mellitus and high blood cholesterol antecedents were established with the basic questionnaire in the STEPS World Health Organization tool. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple analyses were performed with the use of logistic regression models. Results: 46.12% of the study population were overweight-obese. Statistically significant prevalence was higher in men than in women. 12.45%, 11.11% and 8.75% of the students surveyed reported a history of high arterial pressure, high blood cholesterol and diabetes mellitus, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age and socioeconomic level, participants reporting a history of high blood cholesterol had a greater probability of being overweight-obese (OR = 2.92, CI 95%: 1.07-7.93, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Almost half of the university students were overweight-obese. A higher probability of being overweight-obese was found in students reporting high blood cholesterol. It is necessary to implement strategies fostering the acquisition of healthy living habits by the Panamanian university population, thus reducing future cardiovascular risk.

RESUMEN Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son considerados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como un factor de riesgo metabólico asociado a enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre sobrepeso y obesidad con los antecedentes de colesterol sanguíneo elevado, presión arterial alta y diabetes sacarina. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico, realizado en 297 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Panamá. Se consideró como variable dependiente el sobrepeso-obesidad determinada para los participantes con un IMC ≥ 25 kg/m2. Para establecer los antecedentes de presión arterial alta, diabetes sacarina y colesterol sanguíneo elevado, se aplicó el cuestionario básico del instrumento STEPS de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Fueron realizados análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples utilizando modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: El 46,12 % de la población de estudio presentó sobrepeso-obesidad. Los hombres mostraron una prevalencia estadísticamente significativa más alta que las mujeres. El 12,45 %, 11,11 % y 8,75 % de los estudiantes reportaron antecedente de presión arterial alta, colesterol sanguíneo elevado y diabetes sacarina, respectivamente. Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, los participantes que reportaron antecedente de colesterol sanguíneo elevado en sangre presentaron una mayor probabilidad de tener sobrepeso-obesidad (OR = 2,92, IC 95 %: 1,07-7,93, p = 0,035). Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los universitarios presentaron sobrepeso-obesidad. Se encontró una mayor probabilidad de tener sobrepeso-obesidad en los estudiantes que reportaron colesterol sanguíneo elevado. Es importante la implementación de estrategias que promuevan la adquisición de hábitos de vida saludable en la población universitaria panameña con el objetivo de disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular futuro.

ABSTRACT Alternative methods of control against different parasites affecting livestock and agriculture are currently being sought. The essential oil of Peumus boldus Molina has anthelmintic and insecticidal activity against the nematode Haemonchus contortus and stored cereal insect pests. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro activity of P. boldus essential oil against H. contortus (L3) unsheathed and Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum, and Plodia interpunctella. The essential oil was obtained from leaves of P. boldus and its principal compounds identified by phytochemical analysis. Essential oil was tested at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 mg mL-1 on unsheathed L3 H. contortus larvae and in concentrations of 0, 35, 70, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 μL L-1 air on adult insects. The main constituents detected in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole, terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, γ-terpinene, p-cimene, methyl eugenol, safrole, (E)-germacrene D, β-tujene, and ascaridol. The nematode H. contortus and insects were exposed to the essential oil for 72 h. In a bioassay with H. contortus larvae, treatment with 2.0 mg mL-1 showed the highest toxicity with 99.2% mortality. Regarding insecticidal activity, S. zeamais was the most susceptible species with a mortality of 90% at 200 μL L-1 air. The present study suggests that the essential oil of P. boldus has potential anthelmintic and insecticidal activity.

Resumen Los sistemas de defensa anti-oxidante utilizados por el parásito intracelular Leishmania braziliensis durante el proceso de infección permiten eliminar especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno a expensas de equivalentes reductores derivados de la tripanotiona, evitando daños celulares del patógeno. Con el objetivo de identificar potenciales blancos moleculares para el desarrollo de fármacos contra este parásito, se realizó la detección de la enzima triparedoxina peroxidasa citoplasmática de L. braziliensis (LbTXNPxII), la cual es esencial para disminuir concentraciones tóxicas de peróxido de hidrógeno en el contexto de infección. Para esto se generaron anticuerpos policlonales en modelo aviar, partiendo de la clonación, expresión y purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-SUMO-LbTXNPxII (37kDa) en el sistema heterólogo Escherichia coli. La proteína purificada se utilizó como antígeno para la producción de anticuerpos IgY, cuya implementación en estudios in situ permitió detectar y localizar la enzima LbTXNPxII endógena (22kDa) en el citoplasma de promastigotes fijados y verificar su interacción molecular con la nicotinamida/ nicotinato mononucleótido adenilil transferasa, enzima involucrada en la síntesis del NAD. De este modo, se reporta el desarrollo de una herramienta bioquímica para la identificación y estudio de la enzima LbTXNPxII y su participación en vías del metabolismo energético y de defensa anti-oxidante.

Abstract The antioxidant defense systems used by the intracellular parasite Leishmania braziliensis during the infection process make it possible to eliminate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species at the expense of reducing equivalents derived from trypanothione, avoiding cellular damage of the pathogen. In order to identify potential molecular targets for the development of drugs against this parasite, the cytoplasmic tryparedoxin peroxidase of L. braziliensis (LbTXNPxII), which is essential to reduce toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in the context of infection, was carried out. In this regard, polyclonal antibodies were generated in an avian model, starting from the cloning, expression, and purification of the recombinant protein 6xHis-SUMO-LbTXNPxII (37kDa) in the heterologous system of Escherichia coli. The purified protein was used as an antigen for the production of IgY antibodies, whose implementation in in situ experiments allowed the detection and localization of the endogenous LbTXNPxII enzyme (22kDa) in the cytoplasm of fixed promastigotes, as well as the verification of its molecular interaction with nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of NAD. Thus, the development of a biochemical tool for the identification and study of the LbTXNPxII enzyme and its participation in energy metabolism and antioxidant defense pathways is reported.

Resumo Os sistemas de defesa antioxidante utilizados pelo parasita intracelular Leishmania braziliensis durante o processo de infecção, permitem a eliminação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio em detrimento de equivalentes redutores derivados de tripanotiona, evitando o dano celular do patógeno. Com o objetivo de identificar potenciais alvos moleculares para o desenvolvimento de drogas contra esse parasita, foi detectada a enzima citoplasmática triparedoxina peroxidase de L. braziliensis (LbTXNPxII), essencial para reduzir as concentrações tóxicas de peróxido de hidrogênio no contexto de infecção. Para isso, anticorpos policlonais foram gerados em modelo aviário, a partir da clonagem, expressão e purificação da proteína recombinante 6xHis-SUMO-LbTXNPxII (37kDa) no sistema heterólogo de Escherichia coli. A proteína purificada foi utilizada como antígeno para a produção de anticorpos IgY, cuja implementação em experimentos in situ permitiu a detecção e localização da enzima LbTXNPxII endógena (22kDa) no citoplasma de promastigotas fixos e verificar sua interação molecular com nicotinamida/nicotinato mononucleotídeo adenililtransferase, enzima envolvida na síntese de NAD. Assim, é relatado o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta bioquímica para a identificação e estudo da enzima LbTXNPxII e sua participação no metabolismo energético e nas vias de defesa antioxidante.

ABSTRACT Insect pests of stored cereals cause losses between 10 and 20%, which requires the search for effective and environmentally friendly control alternatives that pose no threat to human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the insecticidal and insectistatic activity of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens foliage powder against Sitophilus zeamais. The studied variables were contact and fumigant toxicity and repellent and anti-feed activity. The contact and fumigant toxicity did not exceed 40% mortality in any of the concentrations evaluated, although the concentration of 8.0% affected the progeny, recording 80.9% inhibition of adult insect emergence (F1) in E. globulus and 86.7% inhibition in E. nitens. All the treatments showed repellency and E. nitens recorded a feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 60.5%. It can be concluded that E. globulus and E.nitens powder has potential as a repellent and inhibitor of the life cycle of S. zeamais.

RESUMEN Los insectos plaga de los cereales almacenados causan pérdidas entre 10 y 20%, lo que hace necesaria la búsqueda de alternativas de control efectivas, amigables con el medio ambiente y que no representen riegos para la salud de las personas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar, en condiciones de laboratorio, la acción insecticida e insectistática del polvo de follaje de Eucalyptus globulus y Eucalyptus nitens para el control de Sitophilus zeamais. Las variables estudiadas fueron toxicidad por contacto y fumigación y actividad repelente y anti-alimentaria. La toxicidad por contacto y fumigación no superó el 40% de mortalidad en ninguna de las concentraciones evaluadas, aunque el tratamiento de 8,0% afectó la progenie, registrando un 80,9% de inhibición de la emergencia de insectos adultos (F1) para E. globulus y de 86,7% en E. nitens. La totalidad de los tratamientos mostró efecto repelente y el polvo de E. nitens presentó un índice de disuasión de la alimentación (IDA) de 60,5%. Se concluye que el polvo de follaje de E. globulus y E.nitens presenta potencial como repelente e inhibidor del ciclo de S. zeamais.

Abstract: Focal cortical dysplasias are a common cause of refractory epilepsy. The findings on magnetic resonance imaging can be subtle, requiring optimal quality examination as well as extensive experience and dedication from the neuroradiologist. Even under the best conditions, there are a considerable number of cases in which an injury cannot be identified. The sensitivity of its detection varies between 20 and 70%. The Morphometric Analysis Program (MAP), is a post-processing program of the magnetic resonance image whose objective is to increase the sensitivity in the detection of focal cortical dysplasia (CFD). This program works by comparing the shape, thickness and distribution of gray matter and white matter of a patient with a database of normal brains. As a result, MAP delivers 3 images that correspond to statistical volumetric maps called the union, extension and thickness map. This article discloses the operation of MAP in its different stages as well as its practical application, through some cases.

Resumen: Las displasias corticales focales son una causa común de Epilepsia Refractaria. Los hallazgos en la resonancia magnética pueden ser sutiles por lo que requiere de un examen de óptima calidad así como de gran expertise y dedicación del neuroradiólogo. Aún en las mejores condiciones, existe un considerable número de casos en que no se logra identificar una lesión. La sensibilidad de su detección varía entre el 20 a 70%. Morphometic Analysis Program (MAP), es un programa de postprocesamiento de la imagen por resonancia magnética cuyo objetivo es aumentar la sensibilidad en la detección de displasis corticales focales (DFC). Este programa funciona comparando la forma, grosor y distribución de sustancia gris y sustancia blanca de un paciente con una base de datos de cerebros normales. MAP entrega, como resultado, 3 imágenes que corresponden a mapas estadísticos volumétricos denominados mapa junction, extension y thickness. Este artículo da a conocer el funcionamiento de MAP en sus distintas etapas así como su aplicación práctica, a través de algunos casos.

Abstract: Biosphere reserves have among their functions to support scientific research, education, training and monitoring. In the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (RBCH), created in 2005, this function has been fulfilled with the creation of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park in 2000, and its implementation in 2008 as a co-founder site of the Chilean Network of Studies Long-Term Socio- Ecological (LTSER-Chile). In 2016, this network has been strengthened with the addition of the new Cape Horn Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Network (LTER-Cape Horn). The latter includes the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, and three new sites added to the monitoring of the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. From south to north, the four sites are: (1) Gonzalo Island (56°31’S; 68°43’O), at the southern end of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, with sub- Antarctic vegetation dominated by grasses and cryptogams, devoid of woody species; (2) Horn Island (55°58’S; 67°13’O), at the southern end of the Cape Horn Archipelago, hosting the southernmost forest ecosystems on the planet, which are dominated by the evergreen beech (Nothofagus betuloides); (3) Omora Ethnobotanical Park (54°57’S; 67°40’O), Navarino Island, an ideal site for studies on climate change and its impact on biota and sub-Antarctic ecosystems, since it protects a watershed that includes a representative mosaic of characteristic habitats of the RBCH in an altitudinal gradient with a thermal decrease analogous to that which occurs with increases in latitude; and (4) Caleta 2 de Mayo Site (54°52’S; 68°41’O), Yendegaia Bay, in an ecotonal zone between evergreen and deciduous forests (product of the local climate gradient), at a site that will be central to future connectivity between Continental Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Navarino Island, and the RBCH. In 2015, UNESCO approved the Report of the First Periodic Review of the RBCH that proposed the protection of the Diego Ramírez Archipelago and the creation of the Diego Ramírez Islands-Drake Passage Marine Park. This goal was achieved with the promulgation of this new park on February 2, 2018, and its entry into force on January 21, 2019 with the publication of the creation decree in the Diario Oficial of Chile. In this context, the new LTER-Cape Horn network acquires great local, national and global relevance. At the local scale, it covers a representative environmental heterogeneity of the great diversity of landscapes and terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems of the RBCH and the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. At the national scale, it incorporates sub-Antarctic sites, located at the southern end of South America, to LTSER-Chile and to the Monitoring Network of the Ministry of the Environment. On a global scale, the terrestrial ecosystems of the LTER-Cape Horn network stands out for two main reasons: (1) these sub-Antarctic ecosystems lack a geographical replicate in other continents of the southern hemisphere, and (2) high latitude ecosystems are especially sensitive to global climate change. Thus, the LTER-Cape Horn network helps to overcome critical geographical gaps in the implementation of the International Network for Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER). In order to articulate these four sites and strengthen the training of technical capacities and knowledge transfer to decision makers in the area of special interest tourism and other sustainable economic activities, the LTER-Cape Horn network will be managed locally from the new Cape Horn Sub-Antarctic Center (Cape Horn Center) that will be inaugurated in Puerto Williams in 2021. The implementation of the LTER-Cape Horn network is based on a close collaboration with various public institutions: Ministry of National Assets, Ministry of the Environment, Subsecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Ministry of Economy Development and Tourism, National Forestry Service, General Water Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works, Navy of Chile, Chilean Police (Carabineros), Municipality of Cape Horn, Provincial Government of Chilean Antarctica, and the Regional Government of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica. In the following phases, the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center aim to strengthen the participation of the local community, especially the Yahgan Indigenous Community of Bahía Mejillones, artisanal fisheries, tour operators, and the educational community, including private actors. Located at the “southern summit” of the Americas, Puerto Williams, capital of the Chilean Antarctic Province emerges as a global hub for transdisciplinary sub-Antarctic research, equipped with a new center and the network of long-term socio-ecological studies. Collaboration with regional, national and international actors will allow the LTER-Cape Horn network and the Cape Horn Center to: (i) provide critical data, which will open up new opportunities for monitoring climate change and its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems in sub-Antarctic latitudes; (ii) consolidate long-term monitoring, which is an essential component to effectively design mitigation and adaptation actions; (iii) strengthen a local sustainable development model that, associated with the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, contributes from the south of the world, to a biocultural conservation model that meets the needs of socio-economic well-being and environmental sustainability at multiple regional and planetary scales.

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